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Selected AbstractsHierarchical Integration: The Dollar Economy and the Rupee EconomyDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2008Anirudh Krishna ABSTRACT While contemporary globalization makes the world more interconnected, it also reworks and builds on existing cleavages and uneven development. This is an under-researched dimension of the emerging twenty-first century international division of labour. The core question is whether new developments (associated with exports, offshoring and outsourcing) spin off to the majority in the countryside and the urban poor. This article examines the relationship between the dollar economy and the rupee economy in India. It documents the ways in which inequality is built into and sustains India's development. The authors discuss other instances of multi-speed economies and analytics that seek to come to grips with these relations, from combined and uneven development to global value chains. They present three ways of capturing contemporary inequality: asymmetric inclusion, enlargement-and-containment and hierarchical integration, each of which captures different dimensions of inequality. [source] ,She's manipulative and he's right off': A critical analysis of psychiatric nurses' oral and written language in the acute inpatient settingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 2 2006Bridget Hamilton ABSTRACT:, Remarks such as ,she's manipulative' and ,he's right off' are familiar to psychiatric nurses. This paper critiques the language nurses use in acute inpatient psychiatry services, highlighting the diverse discourses implicated in nurses' writing and speaking about patients. Based on a review of the literature, this paper examines ethnographic studies and discourse analyses of psychiatric nurses' oral and written language. A prominent debate in the literature surrounds nurses' use of standardized language, which is the use of set terms for symptoms and nursing activities. This review of spoken descriptions of patients highlights nurses' use of informal and local descriptions, incorporating elements of moral judgement, common sense language and empathy. Research into written accounts in patient files and records show nurses' use of objectifying language, the dominance of medicine and the emergence of the language of bureaucracy in health services. Challenges to the language of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing arise from fields as diverse as bioscience, humanism and social theory. Authors who focus on the relationship between language, power and the discipline of nursing disagree in regard to their analysis of particular language as a constructive exercise of power by nurses. Thus, particular language is in some instances endorsed and in other instances censured, by nurses in research and practice. In this paper, a Foucauldian analysis provides further critique of taken-for-granted practices of speech and writing. Rather than censoring language, we recommend that nurses, researchers and educators attend to nurses' everyday language and explore what it produces for nurses, patients and society. [source] Arrhythmogenesis of T Wave Alternans Associated with Surface QRS Complex Alternans and the Role of Ventricular Prematurity: Observations from a Canine Model of LQT3 SyndromeJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002MASAOMI CHINUSHI M.D. Intramural TWA and Its Arrhythmogenesis.Introduction: T wave alternans (TWA) is characterized by cycle-to-cycle changes in the QT interval and/or T wave morphology. It is believed to amplify the underlying dispersion of ventricular repolarization. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms and arrhythmogenesis of TWA accompanied by QRS complex and/or blood pressure (BP) waveform alternans, using transmural ventricular electrogram recordings in an anthopleurin-A model of long QT syndrome. Methods and Results: The cardiac cycle length was gradually shortened by interruption of vagal stimulation, and TWA was induced in six canine hearts. Transmural unipolar electrograms were recorded with plunge needle electrodes from endocardial (Endo), mid-myocardial (Mid), and epicardial (Epi) sites, along with the surface ECG and BP. The activation-recovery interval (ARI) was measured to estimate local refractoriness. During TWA, ARI alternans was greater at the Mid than the Epi/Endo sites, and it was associated with the development of marked spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization. As TWA increased, ventricular activation of the cycles associated with shorter QT intervals displayed delayed conduction at the Mid sites as a result of a critically longer ARI of the preceding cycle and longer QT interval, while normal conduction was preserved at the Epi site. Delayed conduction at the Mid sites manifested as surface ECG QRS and BP waveform alternans, and spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias developed in absence of ventricular prematurity. In other instances, in absence of delayed conduction during TWA, ventricular premature complexes infringed on a prominent spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization of cycles with long QT intervals and initiated ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Conclusion: TWA accompanied by QRS alternans may signal a greater ventricular electrical instability, since it is associated with intramural delayed conduction, which can initiate ventricular tachyarrhythmia without ventricular premature complexes. [source] Regulators of G Protein SignalingJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2000A Bestiary of Modular Protein Binding Domains Abstract: Members of the newly discovered regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) families of proteins have a common RGS domain. This RGS domain is necessary for conferring upon RGS proteins the capacity to regulate negatively a variety of G, protein subunits. However, RGS proteins are more than simply negative regulators of signaling. RGS proteins can function as effector antagonists, and recent evidence suggests that RGS proteins can have positive effects on signaling as well. Many RGS proteins possess additional C- and N-terminal modular protein-binding domains and motifs. The presence of these additional modules within the RGS proteins provides for multiple novel regulatory interactions performed by these molecules. These regions are involved in conferring regulatory selectivity to specific G,-coupled signaling pathways, enhancing the efficacy of the RGS domain, and the translocation or targeting of RGS proteins to intracellular membranes. In other instances, these domains are involved in cross-talk between different G,-coupled signaling pathways and, in some cases, likely serve to integrate small GTPases with these G protein signaling pathways. This review discusses these C- and N-terminal domains and their roles in the biology of the brain-enriched RGS proteins. Methods that can be used to investigate the function of these domains are also discussed. [source] ,I hereby come out': What sort of speech act is coming out?JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 1 2003Deborah A. Chirrey The process of coming out linguistically as a lesbian or as a gay man is occasionally referred to as a speech act (e.g. Harvey 1997: 72; Liang 1997: 293). This analogy is taken as a starting point to explore the extent to which coming out is a performative act, and what sort of speech act coming out may be. The discussion draws on the perspective of both the speaker and the hearer to consider how the acts involved in coming out are open to interpretation. Parallels are drawn between the act of coming out as a lesbian or a gay man and other instances of self,disclosure or of individuals' constructions of new facets of their identities. [source] Contesting meaning: Newfie and the politics of ethnic labellingJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 4 2002Ruth King The ethnic label Newfie is a site of ideological dispute: for some, it is simply an informal term for residents and expatriates of the Canadian province of Newfoundland, for others it may function as an in,group term of solidarity which takes on negative connotations when used by non,Newfoundlanders, and for still others it is the equivalent of a racial slur. In this study we first trace the history of the term, a fairly recent innovation. We then examine present,day attitudes as expressed in (provincial and national) media discourse and in self,report data. We argue that debate over Newfie is part of a larger ideological struggle concerning the commodification of an ,invented' Newfoundland culture, which itself must be understood in terms of Newfoundland's socioeconomic position as Canada's poorest province. Finally, we compare the Newfie case to other instances of contested group labelling. [source] Identifying similar pages in Web applications using a competitive clustering algorithmJOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, Issue 5 2007Andrea De Lucia Abstract We present an approach based on Winner Takes All (WTA), a competitive clustering algorithm, to support the comprehension of static and dynamic Web applications during Web application reengineering. This approach adopts a process that first computes the distance between Web pages and then identifies and groups similar pages using the considered clustering algorithm. We present an instance of application of the clustering process to identify similar pages at the structural level. The page structure is encoded into a string of HTML tags and then the distance between Web pages at the structural level is computed using the Levenshtein string edit distance algorithm. A prototype to automate the clustering process has been implemented that can be extended to other instances of the process, such as the identification of groups of similar pages at content level. The approach and the tool have been evaluated in two case studies. The results have shown that the WTA clustering algorithm suggests heuristics to easily identify the best partition of Web pages into clusters among the possible partitions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Emerging views on tmRNA-mediated protein tagging and ribosome rescueMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Reynald Gillet Transfer- messenger RNA (tmRNA), also known as SsrA or 10Sa RNA, is a bacterial ribonucleic acid that recycles 70S ribosomes stalled on problematic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also contributes to the degradation of incompletely synthesized peptides. tmRNA acts initially as transfer RNA (tRNA), being aminoacylated at its 3,-end by alanyl-tRNA synthetase, to add alanine to the stalled polypeptide chain. Resumption of translation ensues not on the mRNA on which the ribosomes were stalled but at an internal position in tmRNA. Termination soon occurs, tmRNA recruiting the appropriate termination factors allowing the release of the tagged protein that is subsequently recognized and degraded by specific cytoplasmic and periplasmic proteases, and permits ribosome recycling. Recent data suggest that tmRNA tags bacterial proteins in three other instances; when ribosomes stall at internal sites; during ,readthrough' of canonical termination codons; and when ribosomes are at the termination codon of intact messages. The importance of bacterial tmRNAs for survival, growth under stress, and pathogenesis is also discussed. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have identified novel ligands of tmRNA. Based on the available experimental evidences, an updated model of tmRNA mediated protein tagging and ribosome rescue in bacteria is presented. [source] A comparison of DA white dwarf temperatures and gravities from Lyman and Balmer line studiesMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2001M.A. Barstow We present measurements of the effective temperatures and surface gravities for a sample of hot DA white dwarfs, using the Lyman line data available from the HUT, ORFEUS and FUSE FUV space missions. Comparing the results with those from the standard Balmer line technique, we find that there is a general good overall agreement between the two methods. However, significant differences are found for a number of stars, but not always of a consistent nature in that sometimes the Balmer temperature exceeds that derived from the Lyman lines and in other instances it is lower. We conclude that, with the latest model atmosphere calculations, these discrepancies probably do not arise from an inadequate theoretical treatment of the Lyman lines but rather from systematic effects in the observation and data reduction processes, which dominate the statistical errors in these spectra. If these systematic data reduction effects can be adequately controlled, the Lyman line temperature and gravity measurements are consistent with those obtained from the Balmer lines when allowance is made for reasonable observational uncertainties. [source] Phacomatosis Pigmentokeratotica: A 20-Year Follow-up with Malignant Degeneration of Both Nevus ComponentsPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Teresa Martínez-Menchón M.D. The disorder is a consequence of the so-called twin spot genetic mechanism. We describe the first occurrence involving malignant degeneration of both nevus components, giving rise to three basal cell carcinomas over the sebaceous nevus and a malignant melanoma of the superficial spreading type over the speckled lentiginous nevus. This observation, in concert with the other instances reported in the literature, points to the need for adequate patient follow-up to ensure early detection and treatment of any possible associated malignant degeneration. [source] Medicare Reform Preferences: Before and After Education and DeliberationPOLITICS & POLICY, Issue 3 2009SAMANTHA WOOLSEY Using the case of Medicare reform, this article provides data on whether certain deliberative democracy efforts result in higher quality public opinion. Through a survey of preexisting social groups before and after a review of educational materials and participation in group discussion, the study hypothesized that: (1) respondents would change their reform preferences due to participation in an educational and deliberative forum; and (2) respondents' reform and value preferences would be more congruent after the forum than they were before it. Results supported these hypotheses. Reform preference changes were influential in terms of overall public opinion. In three cases, opinion changes resulted in the majority response changing from opposition or uncertainty to support. In other instances, preference change was evident in the magnitude of support indicated for particular reform proposals. Congruence between respondent value preferences and related reform proposals increased for all five major policy variables and their corresponding values, indicating higher quality opinion. Utilizando el caso de la reforma al sistema de salud, este artículo provee información acerca de si algunos foros de democracia deliberativa ocasionan una mayor calidad de la opinión pública. A través de una encuesta a grupos sociales pre-existentes antes y después de la revisión de los materiales educacionales y participación en la discusión de grupo, el estudio plantea que: (1) los encuestados cambiarían sus preferencias de reforma debido a la participación en un foro educacional y deliberativo; y (2) las preferencias y valores de reforma de los encuestados serían más congruentes después del foro que antes del mismo. Los resultados apoyaban estas hipótesis. Los cambios en las preferencias de reforma fueron influyentes en términos del conjunto de la opinión pública. En tres casos, los cambios de la opinión resultaron en que la respuesta de la mayoría cambiara de la oposición o indecisión al apoyo. Por otro lado, el cambio en la preferencia fue evidente en la magnitud del apoyo indicado para una propuesta de reforma particular. La congruencia entre el valor de la preferencia del encuestado y las propuestas de reforma relacionadas incrementó en todas las cinco variables políticas más importantes y sus valores correspondientes, indicando una mayor calidad de la opinión. [source] A qualitative proteome investigation of the sediment portion of human urine: Implications in the biomarker discovery processPROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2009Diane Mataija-Botelho Abstract Inherent to the biomarker discovery process is a comparative analysis of physiological states. It is therefore critical that the proteome detection protocol does not bias the analysis. With urine, the sediment portion, obtained upon thawing frozen urine, is routinely discarded prior to proteome analysis. However, our results demonstrate that such a practice inadvertently induces bias, having significant implications in the biomarker discovery process. We present the first proteome investigation of human urinary sediments, identifying 60 proteins in this phase by MS. Many sediment proteins were also detected in the urinary supernatant, indicating that several proteins partition between the two phases. This partitioning is dependant on the pH of the sample, as well as the degree of sample agitation. As a consequence of discarding the sediment portion of urine, the concentration of potential candidate biomarkers in the supernatant phase will be altered or, in other instances, may be completely removed from the sample. To minimize this, the pH of all samples should first be normalized, and the samples vigorously vortexed prior to discarding the sediments. For more comprehensive biomarker investigations, we suggest that urinary sediments be analyzed along with the supernatant proteins. [source] Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information EnvironmentAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006Jennifer Jerit In a democracy, knowledge is power. Research explaining the determinants of knowledge focuses on unchanging demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. This study combines data on the public's knowledge of nearly 50 political issues with media coverage of those topics. In a two-part analysis, we demonstrate how education, the strongest and most consistent predictor of political knowledge, has a more nuanced connection to learning than is commonly recognized. Sometimes education is positively related to knowledge. In other instances its effect is negligible. A substantial part of the variation in the education-knowledge relationship is due to the amount of information available in the mass media. This study is among the first to distinguish the short-term, aggregate-level influences on political knowledge from the largely static individual-level predictors and to empirically demonstrate the importance of the information environment. [source] Review of case reports of inadvertent intrathecal administration of vincristine: Recommendations to reduce occurrenceASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Peter J GILBAR Abstract Vincristine has been in clinical use for over 40 years with initial publication of the results from successful trials in 1962. Catastrophic neurotoxicity has been associated with the administration of vincristine directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Since the first case in 1968 there have been numerous other instances, of which 23 have been reported in the literature. Of these cases 18 resulted in death. The most prominent damage on autopsy was generally in the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, with severity tending to be greater in the neurons adjacent to the CSF. Fatalities appeared due to a progressive ascending myeloencephalopathy. Early recognition and immediate treatment with CSF drainage and intrathecal exchange appears to be the only intervention that has improved patient survival. The volume of injection, dose and time from the incident until the ventriculo-lumbar washout appear critical, as these factors might contribute to the extent of drug distribution in the CNS. Although several antidotes for vincristine have been suggested, including folinic acid and glutamic acid, supportive evidence for their effectiveness is scant. Several recommendations regarding prevention of this catastrophic event have been proposed. [source] Usefulness of mec -associated direct repeat unit (dru) typing in the epidemiological analysis of highly clonal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ScotlandCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 10 2008R. V. Goering Abstract The incidence of the epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA) strains EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16 in Scotland has increased dramatically, now accounting for c. 70% and c. 20% of isolates, respectively. Epidemiological tracking of these EMRSA strains is difficult, as c. 50% of EMRSA-15 and c. 35% of EMRSA-16 isolates are indistinguishable using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and other typing methods. The usefulness of mec -associated direct repeat unit (dru) sequence analysis as a more sensitive approach to tracking the persistence and spread of these ,clonal' EMRSA strains in Scotland was evaluated. Analysis of 47 EMRSA-15 and 57 EMRSA-16 isolates (including two separately cultured isolates of the Harmony collection type strain) obtained from 22 hospital laboratories over an 8-year period (1997,2005) revealed 13 and 12 different dru types, respectively. Whereas some types appeared to be endemic in multiple hospitals, subtypes that may represent specific strain movement among hospitals in a given geographical region were identified in other instances. These results suggest that mec -associated dru typing may have potential for identifying and tracking specific subtypes of otherwise indistinguishable epidemic MRSA isolates such as those in Scotland. [source] | ||||||||||||||||