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Selected Abstracts

Lymphocyte antigens in sheep: linkage to the MHC class II DRB1 gene

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 4 2001
B. M. Jugo
Summary In this work a typing battery of sera was developed to test lymphocyte antigens in sheep. Eight antigens were detected in a Latxa sheep sample. The serological determination of these antigens is described. As some of the detected antigens segregated in close linkage with class II DRB1 SSCP patterns in two half-sib families, we can conclude that they are coded by genes located in the MHC. Gene frequencies were very similar in Latxa Mutur Gorria and Latxa Mutur Beltza, the two varieties of the Latxa breed. Although few animals were typed in the comparison with other typing sera, it seems that two of our sera clusters detect the same antigens as those detected by other research groups working in other breeds with their own typing batteries. [source]

Population genetic analysis of the Brahman cattle (Bos indicus) in Colombia with microsatellite markers

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2010
M.A. Novoa
Summary The Brahman is one of the most popular breeds for meat production in the Neotropics. However, genetic studies of the breed in Latin American countries have only recently begun. In total, 178 animals of the Brahman breed from 20 Colombian provinces were genotyped at 11 microsatellite markers with the aim of studying the genetic diversity of this population and its genetic relationships with zebuine and taurine breeds. The outcomes of multivariate analyses, Bayesian inferences and inter-individual genetic distances suggested that there is no genetic sub-structure in the population, because of the high rate of animal migration among provinces. The population shows a high degree of heterozygosity and allelic diversity compared with other breeds, reflecting its multibreed origin. The study of the genetic relationships among the breeds reveals that the Brahman breed belongs to the zebuine group. However, it is the population nearest to taurine breeds with high frequencies of taurine alleles. Intensive artificial selection may have favoured the taurine alleles after the breed was formed. There has also been some degree of mixture with local taurine breeds while the Brahman breed has evolved in Colombia. [source]

Effects of breed, sex and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in pork longissimus muscle

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 4 2009
S. Zhang
Summary The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of breed, sex, and halothane (HAL-1843TM) genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) extracted from porcine longissimus muscle (LM). Purebred Yorkshire (n = 131), Duroc (n = 136), Hampshire (n = 49), Spotted (n = 35), Chester White (n = 74), Poland China (n = 51), Berkshire (n = 169) and Landrace (n = 82) pigs (n = 727; 427 barrows and 300 gilts) from the 1994 and 2001 National Barrow Show Sire Progeny Tests were used. For statistical analyses, a mixed model was used that included fixed effects of breed, sex, HAL-1843TM genotype, year, slaughter date within each year, interaction of breed × sex and random effects of sire and dam within breed. Breeds and sex were significantly associated with the percentages of the majority fatty acids in TAG. Duroc pigs had greater total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < 0.05) contents than did pigs of all other breeds except Berkshire (p > 0.05). The concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the greatest in Hampshire pigs (p < 0.05). The content of total SFA was greater (p < 0.01), whereas the concentrations of total MUFA and PUFA were lower (p < 0.01) in barrows than those in gilts. The contents of major SFA in PL did not differ significantly among pigs from different breeds and sex groups. However, breed and sex significantly affected the concentrations of major MUFA and PUFA in PL and strong negative correlation between the total contents of MUFA and PUFA in PL was observed in the current study. Chester White pigs had greater total MUFA and lower total PUFA contents (p < 0.05) in PL than did pigs of all other breeds except Spotted (p > 0.05). In contrast to breed and sex effects, the concentrations of fatty acids in PL were more affected by HAL-1843TM genotype than those in TAG. The content of C16:0, a major SFA in PL, differed significantly in pigs with different HAL-1843TM genotypes. In conclusion, these results suggest that breed and sex are important sources of the variations for fatty acid composition of TAG and PL in LM. [source]

Tuscany autochthonous cattle breeds: an original genetic resource investigated by AFLP markers

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 1 2006
R. Negrini
Summary The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of four autochthonous cattle breeds of Tuscany and their relationships in comparison with Italian Friesian and Italian Brown, using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. A total of 212 individuals were genotyped with three primer combinations generating 102 polymorphic markers. Average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 in Mucca Pisana to 0.26 in Chianina, Italian Friesian, Italian Brown and Maremmana. The differences resulted not significant (Kruskall,Wallis test, p = 0.416). Gst-B index revealed that 86% of the total genetic variance is retained within population and only 14% is accounted by the between populations component. Multivariate analysis at individual and population level indicated that: (i) Calvana and Chianina are quite separate from the other breeds as an effect of the bottleneck experienced or as a signature of different origin; (ii) Podolian, Maremmana and Italian Brown clustered with the double purpose Mucca Pisana, revealing their contribution to its admixed genetic make up; (iii) Italian Friesian behaved always as out group. The ,analysis of molecular variance' recovered a significant subdivision clustering the six populations into three groups: Italian Friesian and Italian Brown versus Maremmana and Mucca Pisana versus Chianina and Calvana (6% of the total variance). [source]

Genetic diversity measures of the bovine Alberes breed using microsatellites: variability among herds and types of coat colour,

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2004
J. Casellas
Summary The Alberes population is a native bovine breed of Catalonia with an unclear origin, which historically some authors have assumed as being composed of two different colour varieties (black and fawn). Sixteen microsatellite loci were analysed, all of them included in the AIRE2066 European Concerted Action list. Overall expected and observed heterozygosities reached values of 0.649 and 0.662, respectively. Genetic differences among black and fawn varieties were not significant (FST = 0.007), and therefore the population is a single variety with a great colour gradation. On the contrary, we detected significant genetic differences among herds (FST = 0.026; p < 0.001), showing a genetic heterogeneity over short geographical distances. The number of migrants per generation among pairs of herds oscillates between 1.46 (Roig and Freixe herds) and 5.62 (Castanyers and Roig herds). Moreover, inbreeding and bottleneck situations can be rejected. The Alberes breed has been grouped within the Cantabrian trunk, closely related to the Asturiana de la Montaña and Alistana breeds, although some other breeds may also have influenced the population along its history. Zusammenfassung Die Rasse Alberes ist eine einheimische Rinderrasse Kataloniens mit unklarer Herkunft, von der historisch einige Autoren vermuten, dass sie eine Zusammensetzung aus zwei verschiedenen Farbvarianten ist (schwarz und hellbraun). Es wurden sechzehn Mikrosatelliten, die alle aus der ,,AIRE2066 European Concerted Action list,, stammen, analysiert. Der gesamte erwartete und beobachtete Heterozygotiegrad erreichte Werte von 0,649 beziehungsweise 0,662. Die genetischen Unterschiede zwischen den schwarzen und hellbraunen Varianten waren nicht signifikant (Fst = 0,007), so dass die Rasse als eine einzige Variante mit einer großen Farbabstufung gilt, die wir erhalten müssen. Im Gegensatz dazu entdeckten wir signifikante genetische Unterschiede innerhalb der Herden (Fst = 0,026, p < 0,001), die eine genetische Heterogenität innerhalb kurzer geografischer Distanzen aufzeigten. Die Anzahl an Migranten pro Generation innerhalb der Herdpaare schwankt zwischen 1,46 (Roig - und Freixe -Herden) und 5,62 (Castanyers - und Roig -Herden). Darüberhinaus kann Inzucht und eine Flaschenhalssituation zurückgewiesen werden. Die Rasse Alberes wurde innerhalb eines Cantabrischen Astes gruppiert, in enger Verwandtschaft zu den Rassen Asturiana de la Montaña und Alistana, obwohl im Laufe der Geschichte auch einige andere Rassen die Population beeinflusst haben könnten. [source]

Diversity in five goat populations of the Lombardy Alps: comparison of estimates obtained from morphometric traits and molecular markers

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 3 2001
P. Crepaldi
Phenotypic and genetic variability were studied within and between the goat populations of Bionda dell'Adamello, Frisa, Orobica, Verzaschese and Val di Livo. These are populations reared for most of the year on pastures of the Lombardy Alps, numbering a minimum of 1000 and a maximum of 8000 individuals per breed. The first four are standardized breeds of recent formation; at present they are supported by the European Union measures for the conservation of rare breeds. On the basis of its visible genetic profile the Val di Livo goat may be classified as a primary population. Phenotypic variability was estimated on the basis of six somatic measurements on 60,140 adult goats per breed, whereas genetic variation was measured on the basis of 201 AFLP loci. The partition of the total molecular variation into the within and between breed components indicates that the majority of the molecular variability is conserved within populations, whereas only 8.8% can be attributed to between population variation. Morphometric and molecular marker data produced unrelated distance values and different topology of UPGMA clusters. It may be hypothesized that the morphometric originality of the Val di Livo goat is mostly determined by environmental factors and selection pressure rather than by different origin and genome evolution. Conversely Orobica seems to have diverged from the other breeds at the genome level, which may be explained by an undocumented Southern Italian origin. An objective evaluation of conservation priorities may in the near future be based on the integrated use of molecular markers and of information on quantitative traits and allelic variation with adaptive relevance. Diversité dans cinq populations de chèvres des Alpes lombardes: comparaisons entre estmations obtenues par des mesures somatiques et par des marqueurs moléculaires On a etudié la variabilité phénotypique et génétique entre et parmi les populations de chèvres Bionda dell'Adamello, Frisa, Orobica, Verzaschese et Val di Livo. Il s'agit de populations qui content entre 1000 et 8000 sujets, elevés pour la plus part de l'année sur les pâturages des Alpes de Lombardie. Les quatre premières, actuellement sauvegardées par des mesures communautaires, sont des races à standard recemment constituées. La chèvre de la Val di Livo peut être rangée parmi les races primaires. La diversité phénotypique a été montrée par un dendrogramme obtenus des distances euclidiennes calculées à partir de six mesures somatiques qui avaient été prises sur 60,140 chèvres adultes pour chaque race. La diversité génétique a été montrée par un dendrogramme bâti sur la matrice des distances de Nei obtenues des 201 marqueurs moléculaires AFLP, produits par 7 combinaisons de primers, sur 30 sujets pour chaque race. La décomposition de la variabilité génétique totale estimée par les données moléculaires a montré que la plus part de la variabilité est conservée parmi la population, tandis que seulement l,8,8% peut être imputé aux différences entre populations. Les données moléculaires et somatiques ont donné lieu à des distances qui ne sont pas corrélées et à des cluster avec une topologie nettement différente. La comparaison entre les deux approches permet d'avancer l'hypothèse que l'originalité somatique de la chèvre de la Val di Livo pourrait être due à des facteurs d'environnement et/ou à la pression de sélection plutôt qu'à des facteurs liés à l'évolution du genome. Au contraire ces derniers seraient responsables de l'originalité génétique de la race Orobica et confirmeraient des témoignages orals non documentés. Un choix objectif des ressources génétiques qui méritent d'être conservées pourra probablement se baser sur l'employ conjoint des marqueurs et de renseignements sur les caractères quantitatifs et sur les variantes alléliques des gènes qui ont une valeur adaptative. Diversität in fünf Ziegenpopulationen der lombardischen Alpen: Vergleich von Schätzungen auf der Basis morphologischer Eigenschaften und molekularer Marker Es wurden die phänotypische und genetische Variabilität innerhalb und zwischen Bionda dell'Adamello, Frisa, Orobica, Verzaschese und Val di Livo Ziegenpopulationen untersucht. Diese Populationen, mit Größen zwischen 1000 und 8000 Tieren, werden den größten Teil des Jahres auf Weiden der lombardischen Alpen gehalten. Die vier erstgenannten Populationen sind erst kürzlich standardisierte Rassen; gegenwärtig werden sie mit EU-Mitteln für die Erhaltung seltener Rassen, unterstützt. Auf der Basis des erkennbaren genetischen Profils muß die Rasse Val di Livo als eine Primärpopulation eingeordnet werden. Phänotypische Variabilität wurde auf der Basis von sechs Körpermaßen an 60,140 ausgewachsenen Ziegen je Rasse geschätzt, die genetische Variation wurde auf der Basis von 201 AFLP-Loci gemessen. Die Aufteilung der gesamten molekularen Varianz in Varianzkomponenten innerhalb und zwischen Populationen zeigt, daß der größte Teil der molekularen Variabilität innerhalb der Populationen auftritt, und nur 8,8% der Gesamtvarianz auf die Varianz zwischen den Populationen entfällt. Morphologische und molekulare Marker erzeugten unabhängige Distanzwerte und unterschiedliche upgma-Cluster. Es kann die Hypothese aufgestellt werden, daß die morphologische Einzigartigkeit der Val di Livo Ziege stärker auf Umwelteffekte und Selektionsdruck als auf eine unterschiedliche Herkunft oder genomische Evolution zurückzuführen ist. Dagegen scheint Orobica auf Genomebene von den anderen Rassen abzuweichen, was durch einen nicht dokumentierten süditalienischen Ursprung erklärt werden könnte. Eine objektive Bewertung von Prioritäten für Konservierungsmaßnahmen dürfte in Zukunft auf einen integrierten Gebrauch molekularer Marker, Informationen über quantitative Merkmale sowie der genetischen Variation bezüglich der Adaptationsfähigkeit basieren. [source]

Aortic stenosis in the Dogue de Bordeaux

JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 9 2008
M. Höllmer
Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of aortic stenosis and establish echocardiographic reference values in the Dogue de Bordeaux in Denmark. Methods: Fifty-three dogs were auscultated for evidence of a cardiac murmur and a full echocardiographic examination was performed. The criterion for the diagnosis of aortic stenosis was a peak aortic velocity greater than 2·5 m/s from a subcostal transducer location. Results: A left-basilar ejection murmur was detected in 38 (72 per cent) of the dogs. An aortic ejection velocity greater than 2·5 m/s was identified in 9 (17 per cent) of the dogs from a subcostal view. The aortic annulus in Dogue de Bordeaux was smaller than that considered normal in other breeds with comparable body size. Furthermore, a decreased aortoseptal angle was noticed in dogs with aortic stenosis. Clinical Significance: The Dogue de Bordeaux may be highly predisposed to aortic stenosis. The small aortic annulus noted in healthy and affected Dogue de Bordeaux and a decreased aortoseptal angle noted in affected dogs in this study might reflect key aetiological features in the development of aortic stenosis. [source]

Diseases associated with pronounced eosinophilia: a study of 105 dogs in Sweden

JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 6 2000
I. Lilliehöök
Records of 105 dogs with pronounced eosinophilia (>2.2 X l09 eosinophils/litre) were evaluated in a retrospective study to determine diseases associated with the abnormality in dogs in Sweden. Inflammatory disease in organs with large epithelial surfaces, such as the gut, lungs or skin, was found in 36 per cent of the dogs. A further one-quarter of the 105 cases were placed in the ,miscellaneous' category, which comprised various diseases found at low frequency. The most well defined diagnosis was pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils in 12 per cent of the dogs. A further 11 per cent had parasitic disease caused by either sarcoptic mange or nasal mite. No atopic dog was found and rottweilers were over-represented in most disease groups. Pronounced eosinophilia, in many cases transient, seems to be associated with a variety of disorders in dogs. In the present study, rottweilers appeared to be more prone to a high eosinophil response than other breeds. [source]

Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2007
Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
Background: Idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia has been reported in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). However, studies investigating the prevalence of this disorder in a large population of MS are lacking. Hypothesis: Hypertriglyceridemia is prevalent in healthy MS. Animals: This study used 192 healthy MS and 38 healthy dogs of other breeds (control dogs). Methods: Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured and statistically compared in both the MS and control group. Dogs were categorized based on their age, and median serum triglyceride concentrations were compared among different age groups. Results: A total of 63 (32.8%) of the 192 MS had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. In contrast, of the 38 control dogs, only 2 (5.3%) had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. The median serum triglyceride concentration in MS was 73.5 mg/dL, which was significantly higher as compared to that of the control group (median, 55 mg/dL; P= .0005). Serum cholesterol concentration was above the reference range in 9 (9.0%) of 100 MS and in 2 (5.3%) of the control dogs. Mean serum cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P= .1374). Median serum triglyceride concentrations in MS increased significantly with age (P < .0001), and there was a significant positive correlation between serum triglyceride concentrations and age (Spearman r = 0.47; P < .0001). There was no difference in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female MS (P= .48). Conclusion: Healthy MS have a high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia as compared to healthy dogs of other breeds. Both the prevalence and severity of hypertriglyceridemia increase with age. [source]

Intestinal Neoplasia in Horses

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2006
S.D. Taylor
Background:Intestinal neoplasia of horses is inadequately described. Hypothesis:Intestinal neoplasia of horses has characteristic clinicopathologic features. Animals:Thirty-four horses with intestinal neoplasia. Methods:Retrospective study. Results:Anamnesis, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and pathologic findings in 34 adult horses diagnosed histologically with intestinal neoplasia were reviewed. The horses ranged in age from 2 to 30 years (mean 16.6 years at presentation). The Arabian breed was most represented and there was no sex predisposition. The most common presenting complaints were weight loss, colic, anorexia, and fever. The most consistent clinical signs were poor body condition, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, and diarrhea. Useful diagnostic tools included rectal examination, routine blood analyses, abdominocentesis, ultrasonographic examination, rectal biopsy, and exploratory laparotomy. Alimentary lymphoma was the most common intestinal neoplasia identified, followed by adenocarcinoma and smooth muscle tumors. The small intestine was the most common segment of intestine affected for all neoplasms. Intestinal neoplasia was diagnosed antemortem in 13 of 34 (38%) horses. The median time from onset of clinical signs to death or euthanasia was 1.9 months. The discharge rate was 15%. Although the longest survival was observed in horses with jejunal adenocarcinoma, all horses were eventually euthanized because of intestinal neoplasia. Conclusions: Arabian horses were 4.5 times more likely to have intestinal neoplasia diagnosed than were other breeds. [source]

Retrospective Analysis of Spinal Arachnoid Cysts in 14 Dogs

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2002
Helena Rylander
Spinal cord dysfunction secondary to spinal arachnoid cysts (SACs) has been reported previously in dogs. This retrospective study reviews the clinical signs, radiographic findings, and outcome after surgical resection of SACs in 14 dogs. Plain vertebral column radiographs and myelography were done in all dogs. Computed tomography (CT) was done in 7 dogs and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 3 dogs. Affected dogs were between 1 and 12 years of age, and 8 of 14 were Rottweilers. Abnormalities detected on neurological examination depended on the location of the SAC. Five dogs had bilobed or multiple SACs. SACs were located in the cervical vertebral column in 11 dogs and in the thoracic vertebral column in 4 dogs. All dogs had dorsally or dorsolaterally located SACs. Two dogs also had additional ventrally located SACs. Spinal cord compression secondary to intervertebral disc extrusion or protrusion was demonstrated at the site of the SACs in 2 dogs. Surgical resection of the SACs was completed in all dogs. Eleven dogs were available for follow-up. Five weeks postoperatively, 7 dogs improved in neurological function, with some residual ataxia and paresis in 6 of these dogs. Neurological function had deteriorated in 4 dogs. It was concluded from this study that Rottweilers have a higher incidence of SACs than other breeds of dog. Furthermore, bilobed or multiple SACs can occur commonly, and myelography effectively localized SACs in dogs. Surgical resection of SACs resulted in improvement in neurological function in the majority of treated dogs. [source]

Chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisolone (COP) in Cats with Malignant Lymphoma: New Results with an Old Protocol

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2002
Erik Teske
This retrospective study in 61 cats with malignant lymphomas examined the efficacy of a well-established chemotherapy protocol (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone [COP]) in the Netherlands, a country with a low prevalence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Twenty-two cats (36.1%) had mediastinal lymphoma, 11 (18.0%) had alimentary lymphoma, 7 (11.5%) had peripheral lymphoma, 8 (13.1%) had nasal lymphoma, and 13 (21.3%) had miscellaneous lymphoma (including renal lymphoma in 2 [3.3%]). Of the 54 cats that were tested, only 4 (7.4%) were FeLV positive. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 46 of the 61 cats (75.4%). The estimated 1- and 2-year disease-free periods (DFPs) in the 46 cats with CR were 51.4 and 37.8%, respectively, whereas the median duration of remission was 251 days. The overall estimated 1-year survival rate in all cats was 48.7%, and the 2-year survival rate was 39.9%, with a median survival of 266 days. The median survival time and the 1-year survival rate for mediastinal lymphoma were 262 days and 49.4%, respectively. Siamese cats had a more favorable prognosis for survival and remission than other breeds. Response to therapy in this study was shown to be a significant prognostic indicator. CR is necessary for long-term survival. Cats that did not achieve CR had little chance of survival for longer than 1 year. Young Siamese cats in this study had a greater tendency to develop mediastinal malignant lymphoma at a young age, and all were FeLV negative. In comparison with results reported in other studies with different combination chemotherapy protocols, these are among the highest percentages of remission and the longest survival rates for cats with malignant lymphoma. [source]

Mutation Causing von Willebrand's Disease in Scottish Terriers

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2000
Patrick J. Venta
Von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) in the Scottish Terrier breed is a serious, often fatal, hereditary bleeding disorder. Elimination of the mutated gene by selective breeding is an important goal for the health of this breed. Although the standard protein-based tests are accurate for identification of affected Scottish Terriers, they are not reliable for the identification of carriers of the mutant gene unless multiple replicate assays are performed. A simple, highly accurate test for carriers of the disease is needed so that veterinarians can counsel clients on which animals to use in their breeding programs. The complete coding region of von Willebrand factor (vWF) complementary DNA (cDNA) was sequenced from an affected animal, and a single base deletion in the codon for amino acid 85 of the prepro-vWF cDNA that leads to Scottish Terrier vWD was identified. A highly accurate polymerase chain reaction assay was developed that can distinguish homozygous normal animals from those that are homozygous affected or heterozygous. In a voluntary survey of 87 animals provided by Scottish Terrier owners, 15 were carriers and 4 were affected with vWD, 2 of which had previously been shown to have undetectable vWF. The determination of the complete canine vWF cDNA sequence should facilitate the identification of additional vWD alleles in other breeds and other species. [source]

Skull Typology of Adult Male Kangal Dogs

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2001
V. Onar
In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean ±,SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 ± 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 ± 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 ± 3.891, a facial index-1 of 81.67 ± 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 ± 1.425, a basal index-1 of 57.91 ± 1.365, a length-length index-2 of 1.08 ± 0.045, a length-width index-2 of 1.99 ± 0.041, a length-width index-4 of 2.18 ± 0.108, a palatal index-1 of 62.24 ± 2.528, a palatal index-2 of 65.37 ± 2.208, a palato-basal ratio of 55.44 ± 1.975, a palato-basal ratio-1 of 54.47 ± 1.716, a palato-palatine ratio of 33.71 ± 0.860, a palato-palatine ratio-1 of 34.30 ± 0.733, a cranio-facial ratio of 107.87 ± 4.819 and a cranio-facial ratio-1 of 144.17 ± 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff-like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed. [source]

East Friesian sheep carry a Myostatin allele known to cause muscle hypertrophy in other breeds

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2010
C. W. Bignell
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Genetic structure and differentiation of the Japanese extremely long-tailed chicken breed (Onagadori), associated with plumage colour variation: suggestions for its management and conservation

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 6 2009
R. Tadano
Summary The Onagadori is a distinguished chicken breed that is characterized by an extremely long tail in the male. In this breed, three different plumage colour varieties have been developed (black-breasted white, black-breasted red and white) in which the black-breasted white is believed to be the original colour of the Onagadori, based on historical records. To establish a conservation strategy, 176 birds were genotyped for autosomal microsatellites. Significant genetic distinctness was found between the original (black-breasted white) and two derivative varieties (FST = 0.091 and 0.093). At the same time, a Bayesian model-based clustering revealed that the majority of individuals belonging to the black-breasted red and white varieties had an extremely low proportion of the genome shared with the original type (black-breasted white). This suggests that derivative varieties were created by crossing with other breeds, with low introgression of the original-type genome. We propose that the three plumage colour varieties should be treated as separate genetic units in a conservation programme. [source]

A GYS1 gene mutation is highly associated with polysaccharide storage myopathy in Cob Normand draught horses

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2009
B. Herszberg
Summary Glycogen storage diseases or glycogenoses are inherited diseases caused by abnormalities of enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. Deleterious mutations in many genes of the glyco(geno)lytic or the glycogenesis pathways can potentially cause a glycogenosis, and currently mutations in fourteen different genes are known to cause animal or human glycogenoses, resulting in myopathies and/or hepatic disorders. The genetic bases of two forms of glycogenosis are currently known in horses. A fatal neonatal polysystemic type IV glycogenosis, inherited recessively in affected Quarter Horse foals, is due to a mutation in the glycogen branching enzyme gene (GBE1). A second type of glycogenosis, termed polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), is observed in adult Quarter Horses and other breeds. A severe form of PSSM also occurs in draught horses. A mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase gene (GYS1) was recently reported to be highly associated with PSSM in Quarter Horses and Belgian draught horses. This GYS1 point mutation appears to cause a gain-of-function of the enzyme and to result in the accumulation of a glycogen-like, less-branched polysaccharide in skeletal muscle. It is inherited as a dominant trait. The aim of this work was to test for possible associations between genetic polymorphisms in four candidate genes of the glycogen pathway or the GYS1 mutation in Cob Normand draught horses diagnosed with PSSM by muscle biopsy. [source]

Genetic differentiation in pointing dog breeds inferred from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequence

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2008
D. Parra
Summary Recent studies presenting genetic analysis of dog breeds do not focus specifically on genetic relationships among pointing dog breeds, although hunting was among the first traits of interest when dogs were domesticated. This report compares histories with genetic relationships among five modern breeds of pointing dogs (English Setter, English Pointer, Epagneul Breton, Deutsch Drahthaar and German Shorthaired Pointer) collected in Spain using mitochondrial, autosomal and Y-chromosome information. We identified 236 alleles in autosomal microsatellites, four Y-chromosome haplotypes and 18 mitochondrial haplotypes. Average FST values were 11.2, 14.4 and 13.1 for autosomal, Y-chromosome microsatellite markers and mtDNA sequence respectively, reflecting relatively high genetic differentiation among breeds. The high gene diversity observed in the pointing breeds (61.7,68.2) suggests contributions from genetically different individuals, but that these individuals originated from the same ancestors. The modern English Setter, thought to have arisen from the Old Spanish Pointer, was the first breed to cluster independently when using autosomal markers and seems to share a common maternal origin with the English Pointer and German Shorthaired Pointer, either via common domestic breed females in the British Isles or through the Old Spanish Pointer females taken to the British Isles in the 14th and 16th centuries. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence indicates the isolation of the Epagneul Breton, which has been formally documented, and shows Deutsch Drahthaar as the result of crossing the German Shorthaired Pointer with other breeds. Our molecular data are consistent with historical documents. [source]

High genetic divergence in miniature breeds of Japanese native chickens compared to Red Junglefowl, as revealed by microsatellite analysis

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2008
R. Tadano
Summary A wide diversity of domesticated chicken breeds exist due to artificial selection on the basis of human interests. Miniature variants (bantams) are eminently illustrative of the large changes from ancestral junglefowls. In this report, the genetic characterization of seven Japanese miniature chicken breeds and varieties, together with institute-kept Red Junglefowl, was conducted by means of typing 40 microsatellites located on 21 autosomes. We drew focus to genetic differentiation between the miniature chicken breeds and Red Junglefowl in particular. A total of 305 alleles were identified: 27 of these alleles (8.9%) were unique to the Red Junglefowl with high frequencies (>20%). Significantly high genetic differences (FST) were obtained between Red Junglefowl and all other breeds with a range of 0.3901,0.5128. Individual clustering (constructed from combinations of the proportion of shared alleles and the neighbour-joining method) indicated high genetic divergence among breeds including Red Junglefowl. There were also individual assignments on the basis of the Bayesian and distance-based approaches. The microsatellite differences in the miniature chicken breeds compared to the presumed wild ancestor reflected the phenotypic diversity among them, indicating that each of these miniature chicken breeds is a unique gene pool. [source]

Mutations in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene are associated with coat colours in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 5 2006
L. Fontanesi
Summary We sequenced almost the complete coding region of the MC1R gene in several domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and identified four alleles: two wild-type alleles differing by two synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (c.333A>G;c.555T>C), one allele with a 30-nucleotide in-frame deletion (c.304_333del30) and one allele with a 6-nucleotide in-frame deletion (c.280_285del6). A polymerase chain reaction-based protocol was used to distinguish the wild-type alleles from the other two alleles in 263 rabbits belonging to 37 breeds or strains. All red/fawn/yellow rabbits were homozygous for the c.304_333del30 allele. This allele represents the recessive e allele at the extension locus identified through pioneering genetic studies in this species. All Californian, Checkered, Giant White and New Zealand White rabbits were homozygous for allele c.280_285del6, which was also observed in the heterozygous condition in a few other breeds. Black coat colour is part of the standard colour in Californian and Checkered breeds, in contrast to the two albino breeds, Giant White and New Zealand White. Following the nomenclature established for the rabbit extension locus, the c.280_285del6 allele, which is dominant over c.304_333del30, may be allele ED or allele ES. [source]

Identification of a novel germline MET mutation in dogs

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 3 2006
A.T. Liao
Summary The MET proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that mediates multiple functions such as migration, cycling and survival by binding to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Dysregulation of MET through inappropriate expression or mutation has been shown to play an important role in human cancers. Furthermore, inherited mutations in MET are known to contribute to the development of gastric and renal cancer in humans. Lastly, mouse models of MET mutations lead to the development of a wide variety of cancers including lymphomas, sarcomas and some forms of carcinoma. In the process of cloning canine MET, a novel germline point mutation was found in the juxtamembrane domain (G966S) in two of the templates used for cloning, both of which were derived from Rottweiler dogs, a breed believed to be at high risk for the development of several cancers. Screening of germline DNA from a variety of breeds revealed that this mutation was present in approximately 70% of Rottweiler dogs and <5% of all other breeds examined, suggesting a breed-specific heritable mutation. Stable transfection of the G966S mutant form of MET into NIH3T3 cells resulted in enhanced baseline scattering and migration of the cells, which was further increased in the presence of HGF. This study supports the notion that particular dog breeds may carry germline mutations that contribute to high rates of cancer in a manner similar to heritable, cancer-associated mutations in humans. [source]

TYRP1 is associated with dun coat colour in Dexter cattle or how now brown cow?

ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 3 2003
T. G. Berryere
Summary Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1), which is involved in the coat colour pathway, was mapped to BTA8 between microsatellites BL1080 and BM4006, using a microsatellite in intron 5 of TYRP1. The complete coding sequence of bovine TYRP1 was determined from cDNA derived from skin biopsies of cattle with various colours. Sequence data from exons 2,8 from cattle with diluted phenotypes was compared with that from non-diluted phenotypes. In addition, full-sib families of beef cattle generated by embryo transfer and half-sib families from traditional matings in which coat colour was segregating were used to correlate TYRP1 sequence variants with dilute coat colours. Two non-conservative amino acid changes were detected in Simmental, Charolais and Galloway cattle but these polymorphisms were not associated with diluted shades of black or red, nor with the dun coat colour of Galloway cattle or the taupe brown colour of Braunvieh and Brown Swiss cattle. However, in Dexter cattle all 25 cattle with a dun brown coat colour were homozygous for a H424Y change. One Dexter that was also homozygous Y434 was red because of an ,E+/E+' genotype at MC1R which lead to the production of only phaeomelanin. None of the 70 remaining black or red Dexter cattle were homozygous for Y434. This tyrosine mutation was not found in any of the 121 cattle of other breeds that were examined. [source]

The T allele at the g.1471620G>T in the EDG1 gene associated with high marbling in Japanese Black cattle is at a low frequency in breeds not selected for marbling

ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010
Naoto WATANABE
ABSTRACT Our previous study detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.1471620G>T, in the 5, flanking region of the endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (EDG1) gene, which has been considered as a positional functional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling, and showed association of the g.1471620G>T SNP with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle. In the present study, we investigated the allele frequency distribution of the g.1471620G>T SNP among the 5 cattle breeds, Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, Japanese Short Horn, Holstein, and Brown Swiss breeds. The T allele at the g.1471620G>T SNP associated with high marbling was found at high frequency in Japanese Black breed that has been subjected to a strong selection for high marbling, while the allele was absent or at very low frequencies in the other breeds that have not been strongly selected for high marbling. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that the pressure of the strong selection for high marbling in Japanese Black breed has increased the frequency of the T allele at the g.1471620G>T SNP in the EDG1. [source]

Histochemical properties of skeletal muscles in Japanese cattle and their meat production ability

ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003
Takafumi GOTOH
ABSTRACT The compositional characteristics of the three basic types of myofiber, namely type I (slow-twitch oxidative), type IIA (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) and type IIB (fast-twitch glycolytic), are clarified in the skeletal muscles of Japanese Black cattle. The myofiber composition, which is characteristic of the muscles of Japanese Black cattle, markedly changes during their growth, when some type IIA myofibers are transformed into type I or IIB, depending on the different muscles. Independent of these changes with growth, inter- and intramuscular variations of myofiber type distribution is evident. The small extensor muscles in deep regions around bone contain a lot of type I myofibers, whereas the large muscles at surface regions have many type II myofibers. Japanese Black cattle have typical white muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Semitendinosus, containing half the myofibers as red (type I + IIA). The muscles of Japanese Black cattle show a tendency to contain a higher percentage of type I myofibers than other breeds over an intrabreed variation of the myofiber type composition. In the big muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris, a great diversity of myofiber type composition is observed among the different regions. When fattened, heifers produce Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris muscles of smaller weight than steers, but in heifers the myofiber size in each type is rather larger. In the Psoas major, Vastus lateralis and Serratus ventralis muscles, heifers contain a higher frequency of red (type I + IIA) myofibers with no differences in myofiber size. Among the several muscles of fattened Japanese Black steers, the percentage distribution of type I myofibers has a positive correlation with the percentage amount of intramuscular fat. From these results, the high potential of Japanese Black cattle to produce marbled beef could be based on the histochemical properties of myofibers in their skeletal muscles. [source]

Soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours in dogs; clinical behaviour and response to surgery

AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 12 2003
M BAKER-GABBy
Objective To characterise the types of canine soft tissue sarcoma and mast cell tumour treated surgically at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney. To evaluate the success of surgical treatment of these tumours and identify variables predictive of local recurrence and survival. To establish whether conclusions drawn from previous international studies are applicable to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, dog population and vice versa. Design Clinical presentation and results of surgical excision of 54 soft tissue sarcomas and 70 mast cell tumours affecting the trunk and limbs of dogs at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, between 1989 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. Results Cross-bred dogs and Rhodesian Ridgebacks were at significantly greater risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas, and Boxers, Australian Cattle Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers were at significantly greater risk of developing mast cell tumours than other breeds. Fine needle aspiration biopsy yielded a correct diagnosis in 62.5% of soft tissue sarcomas and 96% of mast cell tumours. Local recurrence was encountered after surgical excision in 7.4% of soft tissue sarcomas and 7.3% of mast cell tumours. Metastasis occurred in 6% of soft tissue sarcomas and 12% of mast cell tumours. The most significant risk factors for local recurrence were contaminated surgical margins (soft tissue sarcomas) and histological grade (mast cell tumours). Due to the low number of animals experiencing metastasis, no conclusions could be drawn about significant risk factors. Conclusions Aggressive surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours is associated with a low incidence of local recurrence. The type, location and behaviour of mast cell tumours and soft tissue sarcomas in the population of dogs presented to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney are similar to those reported by others. [source]

Continence and some properties of the urethral striated muscle of male greyhounds

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2000
B.A. Van Der Werf
Objective To determine the properties of the striated muscle of the greyhound (dog) urethra and to consider its role in maintaining continence. Materials and methods The thickness of the muscle layers and the muscle types were determined by examining sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome. These factors were correlated with the mechanical and electrical responses of muscle strips to nerve stimulation, and compared with muscle from other breeds of dog and other parts of the animal. Results The striated muscle formed ,70% of the membranous urethra and was predominantly (68%) type IIa muscle (i.e. fast but fatigue-resistant). The mean resting membrane potential was ,74 mV; nerve stimulation produced an action potential with a mean amplitude of 97 mV and contraction lasting about 200 ms. All responses were abolished by d -tubocurarine. The contractions were well maintained with continuous or intermittent stimulation. The properties were intermediate between those of the anconeus (slow) and the extensor carpi radialis (fast) muscles. Conclusions The distribution, fibre type and contractile characteristics would enable the striated urethral muscle to maintain tension for continence at rest and provide additional continence during sprints. [source]