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Other Antimicrobials (other + antimicrobial)
Selected AbstractsAdaptive resistance to benzalkonium chloride, amikacin and tobramycin: the effect on susceptibility to other antimicrobialsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002J.A. Joynson Aims:,To produce strains of antimicrobial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa via adaptation to benzalkonium chloride, amikacin and tobramycin and to then examine the incidence, or otherwise, of cross-resistance between antibiotics and between antibiotics and benzalkonium chloride. Methods and Results: ,Adaptation was obtained by progressive subculturing in subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 10421 adapted to grow in high concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BC) had lower MIC to antibiotics than the wild type, whereas Ps. aeruginosa adapted to grow in antibiotics had greater MIC to benzalkonium by a small degree. Conclusions: ,Adaptive resistance to BC of Ps. aeruginosa generally produced cultures with a decrease in resistance to several antibiotics. Adaptive resistance to the aminoglycosides Ak and Tm produced a low-level increase in tolerance to BC. The adaptive mechanisms of resistance appear to be different for the different types of antimicrobials used. Significance and Impact of the Study: ,The relationships between biocide and antibiotic resistance are complex. It appears, from this study, that an organism resistant to a common biocide can become sensitive to antibiotics, but the converse was not true. Could this observation be used in a strategy to alleviate antibiotic resistance? [source] Reflection paper on the use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins in food producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal healthJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2009Scientific Advisory Group on Antimicrobials of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins is rapidly increasing in bacteria infecting humans. Although many of these problems are linked to human to human transmission and to use of antimicrobials in human medicine, the potential role of community reservoirs such as food producing animals needs to be scrutinized. Resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins is emerging in enteric bacteria of food producing animals and also in food of animal origin. The genes encoding resistance to these cephalosporins are transferrable and often linked to other resistance genes. Systemic use of third and fourth cephalosporins selects for resistance, but co-selection by other antimicrobials is also likely to influence prevalence of resistance. Although there are many uncertainties, the potential consequences of a further increase of resistance to this critically important class of antimicrobials in bacteria colonising animals are serious. Measures to counter a further increase and spread of resistance among animals should therefore be considered. [source] High prevalence and level of resistance to metronidazole, but lack of resistance to other antimicrobials in Helicobacter pylori, isolated from a multiracial population in KuwaitALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2006M. JOHN ALBERT Summary Background The primary treatment regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection for Kuwaitis does not contain metronidazole, but that for expatriates does. There is also increasing failure of antimicrobial therapy. Aim To determine the susceptibility of H. pylori from upper gastrointestinal biopsies of Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis to find out if differences existed in the susceptibilities of the isolates from the two different populations. Methods The susceptibilities of 96 H. pylori isolates were tested against metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and tetracycline by the E test. The rdxA gene was analysed from selected metronidazole-susceptible and metronidazole-resistant strains to find out polymorphism and the basis of metronidazole resistance. Results Approximately, 70% of isolates from both populations were metronidazole resistant with 65% isolates showing high minimum inhibitory concentration values of >256 ,g/mL. No resistance to the other three antimicrobials was found. There were novel nonsense and missense mutations with no deletion in the rdxA gene by insertion of mini-IS605. Conclusions The prevalence and level of metronidazole resistance in H. pylori in the two populations was high with no difference, in spite of different treatment regimens. Metronidazole resistance in this transitional country appeared to be independent of prior metronidazole use for treatment of H. pylori infection. [source] Effect of Veillonella parvula on the antimicrobial resistance and gene expression of Streptococcus mutans grown in a dual-species biofilmMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008S. B. I. Luppens Introduction:, Our previous studies showed that Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula dual-species biofilms have a different acid production profile and a higher resistance to chlorhexidine than their single-species counterparts. The aim of the current study was to test whether the susceptibility of S. mutans grown in the presence of V. parvula is also decreased when it is exposed to various other antimicrobials. Furthermore, the aim was to identify other changes in the physiology of S. mutans when V. parvula was present using transcriptomics. Methods:, Susceptibility to antimicrobials was assessed in killing experiments. Transcript levels in S. mutans were measured with the help of S. mutans microarrays. Results:, When V. parvula was present, S. mutans showed an increase in survival after exposure to various antimicrobials. Furthermore, this co-existence altered the physiology of S. mutans. The expression of genes coding for proteins involved in amino acid synthesis, the signal recognition particle-translocation pathway, purine metabolism, intracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and protein synthesis all changed. Conclusion:, Growing in a biofilm together with a non-pathogenic bacterium like V. parvula changes the physiology of S. mutans, and gives this bacterium an advantage in surviving antimicrobial treatment. Thus, the study of pathogens implicated in polymicrobial diseases, such as caries and periodontitis, should be focused more on multispecies biofilms. In addition, the testing of susceptibility to currently used and new antimicrobials should be performed on a multispecies microbial community rather than with single pathogens. [source] Antimicrobial prescribing trends in primary care: implications for health policy in Bahrain,,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 4 2008Khalid A. J. Al Khaja PhD Abstract Purpose To evaluate antimicrobial prescribing pattern by primary care physicians. Methods A nation-wide, retrospective, multi-centric prescription-audit was carried out in primary care health centres in Bahrain. Results Systemic antimicrobials ranked the fourth most common class of drugs prescribed. Amoxycillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole were prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) more often than by family physicians (FPs) (p,<,0.05). With respect to prescribing of other antimicrobials and anthelmintic mebendazole, the differences between GPs and FPs were nonsignificant. Seventy-seven per cent of systemic antimicrobials prescribed were for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Topical antimicrobial preparations for ear and eye infections were prescribed by GPs in a rate significantly higher than by FPs (p,<,0.05); of these, chloramphenicol and Locacorten vioform® (flumethasone,+, clioquinol) ear drops and sulphacetamide eye drops were more often prescribed by GPs (p,<,0.05). There were no significant differences in prescribing between GPs and FPs as regards topical antimicrobials used for oropharyngeal, skin and vulvovaginal infections. Conclusion Antimicrobials were extensively used in primary care, mainly for treating RTIs. The general practitioners were more avid prescribers of antimicrobials compared to the FPs. Rational use of antimicrobials in primary care should be encouraged and the reasons for the observed differences in prescribing of antimicrobials between the GPs and FPs need further evaluation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||