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Other Adjuvants (other + adjuvant)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	75%

Selected Abstracts

Glycolipid-activated NKT cells support the induction of persistent plasma cell responses and antibody titers

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
Scott Devera
Abstract NKT cell activation with CD1d-binding glycolipid ,-galactosylceramide (,-GC) enhances antibody responses to co-administered T-dependent antigen. The efficacy of ,-GC relative to other CD1d-binding glycolipids and adjuvants is not known. There is little information on how NKT cells affect antibody production beyond initial booster-stimulated recall responses. We therefore tested the hypothesis that ,-GC stimulates induction of plasma cells and antibody responses as effectively as Th1- and Th2-skewing variants of ,-GC and several other adjuvants. C57BL/6 and CD1d,/, mice were immunized with nitrophenol-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP-KLH) plus ,-GC or NP-KLH plus adjuvants before administration of an NP-KLH booster and assessing antibody responses and plasma cell frequency. ,-GC boosted long-term antibody responses as efficiently as all other agents tested and induced plasma cells that were detected in bone marrow 13,weeks after immunization. We then determined whether NKT cells were required in the presence of other adjuvants. CD1d,/, mice had a reduced induction of plasma cells in response to NP-KLH/Alum as compared to C57BL/6 mice. However, NKT cells were not required for the continued presence of those cells that were induced. Although NKT cells are capable of inducing persistent plasma cell responses, they may not play a major role in supporting longevity post-induction. [source]

Number II Pemphigus vulgaris

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 3 2005
M Black
Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or mucosal blistering. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), the most common variant, is characterized by circulating IgG antibodies directed against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), with about half the patients also having Dsg1 autoantibodies. There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles and ethnic groups such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean and Indian origin, are especially liable. Oral lesions are initially vesiculobullous but readily rupture, new bullae developing as the older ones rupture and ulcerate. Biopsy of perilesional tissue, with histological and immunostaining examination are essential to the diagnosis. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected using both normal human skin and monkey oesophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Before the introduction of corticosteroids, PV was typically fatal mainly from dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using corticosteroids, with azathioprine or other adjuvants or alternatives but newer therapies with potentially fewer adverse effects, also appear promising. [source]

Effect of additives in aqueous formulation on the foliar uptake of dimethomorph by cucumbers

PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 4 2009
Ju-Hyun Yu
Abstract BACKGROUND: The efficacy enhancement of dimethomorph formulation by several adjuvants is thought to be through increased foliar uptake. In order to identify the most effective adjuvants, the adjuvancy of 36 additives was examined in aqueous formulations in relation to the absorption of dimethomorph by cucumber leaves. RESULTS: Polyethylene glycol monohexadecyl ethers with ethylene oxide (EO) contents of between 7 and 20, polyethylene glycol monooctadecyl ethers with EO contents of between 10 and 20 and polyethylene glycol monooctadecenyl ethers with EO contents of between 6 and 20 were effective adjuvants for promoting dimethomorph uptake from both aqueous acetone solutions and aqueous wettable powder (WP) suspensions into cucumber leaves. Polyethylene glycol monododecyl ethers with EO contents of between 7 and 9 were effective in promoting dimethomorph uptake from aqueous WP suspensions but less effective relative to the other adjuvants tested with aqueous acetone solutions. Foliar uptake of dimethomorph was also facilitated by the addition of methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecenoate and methyl octadecadienoate. CONCLUSIONS: Although the foliar uptake of dimethomorph from both aqueous WP suspensions and aqueous acetone solutions was greatest in the presence of fatty alcohol ethoxylates generally having a C16 or C18 lipophile, uptake from aqueous surfactant,acetone solutions was, on average, 7.6-fold greater than that from aqueous WP suspensions containing surfactant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source]