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Optimal Mode (optimal + mode)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	66%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	33%

Selected Abstracts

THE OPTIMAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE FINANCING POLICY: DOES THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MATTER?

ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 3 2007
NILOY BOSE
This paper explores how the optimal mode of public finance depends on the level of economic development. The theoretical analysis suggests that in the presence of capital market imperfection and liquidity shocks, the detrimental effect of inflation on growth is stronger (weaker) at lower (higher) levels of economic development. Consequently, income taxation (seigniorage) is a relatively less distortionary way of financing public expenditure for low-income (high-income) countries. We provide empirical support for our model's predictions using a panel of 21 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries and 40 developing countries observed over the period 1972,1999. (JEL E44, E6, H6, O42) [source]

What is the optimal mode of delivery for the haemophilia carrier expecting an affected infant-vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery?

HAEMOPHILIA, Issue 3 2010
B. MADAN
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Longer and better lives for patients , and their centers: A strategy for building a home hemodialysis program

HEMODIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2008
Melville H. HODGE
Abstract Physicians should prescribe the dialysis mode most likely to result in the best outcome for the end-stage renal disease patient, not leave it to the patient or dialysis center to choose. That prescription, in order of decreasing desirability, should be for frequent home nocturnal hemodialysis, frequent home short-daily, or least efficacious, 3x in-center or peritoneal dialysis. Patient limitations may require prescribing a less than optimal mode. Physician-patient discussions should focus on expected clinical outcomes and health benefits, not patient convenience or "lifestyle." In order to overcome natural fears, qualified patients should participate in a short in-center frequent dialysis personal clinical trial to experience the benefits. The financial health of dialysis centers will be enhanced by shifting continually inflating labor costs from the center to patients and home caregivers. This shift from 3x in-center to frequent (optimally 6x nocturnal) home dialysis may reasonably be expected to enhance the survival and well-being of both the patient and the center. [source]

Review article: Intravenous vs intramuscular ketamine for pediatric procedural sedation by emergency medicine specialists: a review

PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 9 2010
CONOR DEASY MB, FCEM, MRCS A & E ED
Summary Ketamine is a general anesthetic agent widely used for pediatric procedural sedation outside the operating theater by nonanesthesiologists. In a setting where efficacy and safety of the agent are paramount, there are conflicting recommendations in terms of optimal mode of parenteral administration, as well as optimal dosage and need for the coadministration of adjunctive agents to decrease side effects. We investigated existing evidence to determine whether ketamine should be best administered intravenously or intramuscularly. This analysis was made difficult by limited direct comparisons of both modes of parenteral administration and a lack of consistent definitions for key outcomes such as ,effectiveness,',adverse events,',hypoxia,',ease of completion of the procedure,' and ,satisfaction' across studies that have evaluated ketamine. Based on large data sets, the safety and efficacy of both modes of administration are broadly similar. Although data on head to head comparisons of intravenous and intramuscular ketamine is limited, based on our analysis, we conclude that the trends indicate ketamine is ideally administered intravenously. [source]

Costly contracting in a long-term relationship

THE RAND JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2008
Pierpaolo Battigalli
We examine a model of contracting where parties interact repeatedly and can contract at any point in time, but writing formal contracts is costly. A contract can describe the external environment and the parties' behavior in a more or less detailed way, and the cost of writing a contract is proportional to the amount of detail. We consider both formal (externally enforced) and informal (self-enforcing) contracts. The presence of writing costs has important implications both for the optimal structure of formal contracts, particularly the tradeoff between contingent and spot contracting, and for the interaction between formal and informal contracting. Our model sheds light on these implications and generates a rich set of predictions about the determinants of the optimal mode of contracting. [source]

Severe asphyxia due to delivery-related malpractice in Sweden 1990,2005

BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
S Berglund
Objective, To describe possible causes of delivery-related severe asphyxia due to malpractice. Design and setting, A nationwide descriptive study in Sweden. Population, All women asking for financial compensation because of suspected medical malpractice in connection with childbirth during 1990,2005. Method, We included infants with a gestational age of ,33 completed gestational weeks, a planned vaginal onset of delivery, reactive cardiotocography at admission for labour and severe asphyxia-related outcomes presumably due to malpractice. As asphyxia-related outcomes, we included cases of neonatal death and infants with diagnosed encephalopathy before the age of 28 days. Main outcome measure, Severe asphyxia due to malpractice during labour. Results, A total of 472 case records were scrutinised. One hundred and seventy-seven infants were considered to suffer from severe asphyxia due to malpractice around labour. The most common events of malpractice in connection with delivery were neglecting to supervise fetal wellbeing in 173 cases (98%), neglecting signs of fetal asphyxia in 126 cases (71%), including incautious use of oxytocin in 126 cases (71%) and choosing a nonoptimal mode of delivery in 92 cases (52%). Conclusion, There is a great need and a challenge to improve cooperation and to create security barriers within our labour units. The most common cause of malpractice is that stated guidelines for fetal surveillance are not followed. Midwives and obstetricians need to improve their shared understanding of how to act in cases of imminent fetal asphyxia and how to choose a timely and optimal mode of delivery. [source]