Only Type (only + type)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Novel polyketides synthesized with a higher plant stilbene synthase

FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 13 2001
Hiroyuki Morita
The physiological function of the stilbene synthase (STS) from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is the formation of resveratrol. The enzyme uses 4-coumaroyl-CoA, performs three condensations with malonyl-CoA, and folds the resulting tetraketide into a new aromatic ring system. We investigated the capacity for building novel and unusual polyketides from alternative substrates. Three types of products were obtained: (a) complete reaction (stilbene-type), (b) three condensations without formation of an aromatic ring (CTAL-type pyrone derailment), and (c) two condensations (BNY-type pyrone derailment). All product types were obtained from 4-fluorocinnamoyl-CoA and analogs in which the coumaroyl moiety was replaced by furan or thiophene. Only type (b) and (c) products were synthesized from other 4-substituted 4-coumaroyl-CoA analogs (-Cl, -Br, -OCH3). Benzoyl-CoA, phenylacetyl-CoA, and medium chain aliphatic CoA esters were poor substrates, and the majority of the products were of type (c). The results show that minor modifications can be used to direct the enzyme reaction to form a variety of different and new products. Manipulation of the biosynthesis of polyketides by synthetic analogs could lead to the development of a chemical library of pharmaceutically interesting novel polyketides. [source]


Epidemiology of sharka disease in Spain

EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2006
M. Cambra
PPV was first detected in Spain in 1984 in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl) cv. Red Beaut and spread very quickly to other Japanese and European plums and apricot cultivars but left peach cultivars unaffected. In the years following the detection of PPV, the predominant aphid species visiting Prunus orchards in Mediterranean areas were Aphis gossypii followed by Aphis spiraecola, the latter being the main aphid species found at present. Both species are considered to be the main vectors of PPV in Spanish early Prunus growing areas. Spatial analysis of the spread of PPV-D in Japanese plum and apricot trees confirmed the lack of significant association between immediately adjacent trees. The observed spatial pattern of sharka suggests a lack of movement of PPV-viruliferous aphid vectors to immediately adjacent trees and indicates their preferential movement to trees several tree spaces away. PPV-D is the only type currently present in Spain, with the exception of a PPV-M outbreak that was detected in and successfully eradicated from Aragón in 2002. The short-distance spread of PPV-M infection occurred as far as 12 m along the rows of peach trees. However, PPV-D has not been observed to spread through peach cultivars, despite being grown in the vicinity of heavily infected plots of apricot or Japanese plum trees. [source]


Lymphoproliferative disorders in autoimmune diseases in Japan: Analysis of clinicopathological features and Epstein-Barr virus infection

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2004
Yoshihiko Hoshida
Abstract Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) occasionally develop in individuals with immune deficiencies such as immunosuppressive conditions and autoimmune diseases (AID). In our study, the clinicopathologic features and virus status were analyzed in 53 cases with LPD developing in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other AID. AID in only 4 of 53 patients had been treated with some sort of immunosuppressive therapy, including methotrexate. Median age at the diagnosis of LPD in AID was 60 years old with marked female predominance (M/F = 0.4). The median interval between the onset of AID and LPD development was 45 months, and longer in RA patients than in other AID (p < 0.01). The primary site of lymphoma was nodal in 21 cases and extra-nodal in 24, with clinical Stage I in 17, II in 5, III in 13, and IV in 13. Immunohistochemistry showed that 39 cases were B cell type, 10 were T cell type and 4 were Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Then majority of B cell cases were diffuse large B cell lymphomas, and 2 were diffuse polymorphic type. EBER-1 in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) showed positive signals in tumor cells in 16 of 53 (30.2%) cases. The EBV-positive rate in T cell LPD (70%) was much higher than that in B cell LPD (12.8%) (p < 0.01). All 4 cases of HL were EBV-positive. Immunohistochemistry showed a latency II pattern of EBV infection (LMP-1+ and EBNA-2,). Five-year overall survival rate was 33%. Multivariate analysis showed that only type of AID was an independent factor for survival of patients, i.e., LPD in RA showed the most favorable prognosis. In conclusion, LPD in AID generally shared common features with sporadic LPD except for a much higher EBV-positive rate in T cell LPD. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Political legitimacy: new criteria and anachronistic theories

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 196 2009
Mattei Dogan
Two of the three types of legitimacy identified by Max Weber over a century ago, traditional and charismatic, are virtually inapplicable today. The third and only type that remains valid, rational legitimacy, has become an amalgamation of many different varieties, an incoherent collection of cases. Due to this diversity the type is no longer meaningful. Weber's typology is therefore out of touch with the contemporary world. The reasons behind this obsolescence are analysed empirically and the need for new distinctions demonstrated. The role of elites in the legitimation and delegitimation processes is given particular attention, as well as the links between illegitimacy and mistrust. [source]


Distribution of fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subjects with various periodontal conditions

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004
C. G. Missailidis
Fimbria encoded by the gene fimA is considered one of the main factors in the colonization of the oral cavity by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Allelic variation in fimA led to the classification of strains of P. gingivalis into six genotypes. The occurrence of P. gingivalis was determined by polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA primers in 302 subgingival samples obtained from 102 Brazilian subjects exhibiting different periodontal conditions. Distribution of fimA genotypes was assessed in 146 P. gingivalis positive samples by polymerase chain reaction using primers pairs homologous to the different fimA genes. P. gingivalis was detected in 51 of 57 (89.4%) patients with periodontal attachment loss, in six of 20 gingivitis patients (30.0%) and in two of 25 (8.0%) subjects with a healthy periodontium. Variant type II was the only type detected in 53 sites (39.3%), distributed among 19 periodontitis patients (37.3%) and in one patient with no periodontal destruction. Type Ib was the second most prevalent genotype in periodontitis patients (19.6%). Genotype V was not detected in the studied population. Type IV was the most commonly type found among gingivitis patients, either alone or in combination with other genotypes. Multiple genotypes were detected in nine sites (6.1%). A fimA genotype was not identified in 26 sites (17.8%) of 146 sites positive for P. gingivalis, suggesting that other alleles of fimA not yet sequenced may be prevalent in this population. These data demonstrated that P. gingivalis type II strains followed by type Ib are more prevalent in periodontitis patients from a multiracial population in Brazil, suggesting an increased pathogenic potential of these types. [source]


Histology and Mucin Histochemistry of The Digestive Tract of Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2009
X. J. Cao
Summary The histology and characteristics of mucins secreted by epithelial mucous cells of the digestive tract in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated using light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The digestive tract was divided into a pharynx, oesophagus, U-shaped stomach (with a cardiac, fundic and pyloric part) and intestine, composed of anterior intestine, middle intestine and posterior intestine, which consisted of a mucosa (epithelial layer), lamina propria-submucosa, muscularis and serosa. A large number of isolated longitudinal striated muscular bundles were present in the lamina propria-submucosa of pharynx. Goblet cells were observed throughout the digestive tract, except in the stomach. In the cardiac and fundic stomach, a plenty of gastric glands were observed, whereas they were absent in the pyloric part. Numerous mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the columnar epithelial cells of the intestine, especially of the anterior part. The epithelial mucous cells contained neutral or other two mixtures of acid and neutral mucins, the first being the most common. The neutral mucin was the only type of mucins in the stomach, anterior intestine and middle intestine. The results of this study will be helpful for understanding the digestive physiology and diagnosing some gastrointestinal diseases in yellow catfish. [source]


Multiple human papilloma virus types in cervical infections: competition or synergy?

APMIS, Issue 5 2010
NINA MEJLHEDE
Mejlhede N, Pedersen BV, Frisch M, Fomsgaard A. Multiple human papilloma virus types in cervical infections: competition or synergy? APMIS 2010; 118: 346,52. Coinfection with multiple human papilloma virus (HPV) types is common in cervical HPV infection. To evaluate if infections with different HPV types occur independently, we examined 3558 women above 15 years of age suspected of cervical HPV infection. Among them, 1842 (52%) women were HPV negative and 1716 (48%) were HPV positive as analysed by a PCR-based commercial microarray assay for mucosal types. Of the HPV-positive samples, 824 (48%) had single infections, while 892 (52%) had multiple infections. Observed numbers of concurrent HPV types differed from expected numbers under the assumption of independence between infections by the various HPV types. Significant positive associations were observed for 16 pairs of HPV types in statistical analysis accounting for mass significance. Significant negative associations were also found, i.e. women with HPV-16 infection had 0.4 times the odds of having HPV-51 compared with women not infected with HPV-16. HPV-16 was the only type with odds ratios <1 for all pairwise combinations. While our findings of statistically significant coexistence do not prove biological dependence among HPV types, they do suggest that infections with some HPV types may depend on the existence of certain other HPV types. Any interaction between coexisting HPV types could either decrease or increase the efficacy of current HPV vaccines that offer mainly type-specific protection, depending on whether the types vaccinated against compete with other HPV types or not. [source]


Development and characterization of a tissue engineered pancreatic substitute based on recombinant intestinal endocrine L-cells

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009
Heather Bara
Abstract A tissue engineered pancreatic substitute (TEPS) consisting of insulin-producing cells appropriately designed and encapsulated to support cellular function and prevent interaction with the host may provide physiological blood glucose regulation for the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes (IDD). The performance of agarose-based constructs which contained either a single cell suspension of GLUTag-INS cells, a suspension of pre-aggregated GLUTag-INS spheroids, or GLUTag-INS cells on small intestinal submucosa (SIS), was evaluated in vitro for total cell number, weekly glucose consumption and insulin secretion rates (GCR and ISR), and induced insulin secretion function. The three types of TEPS studied displayed similar number of cells, GCR, and ISR throughout 4 weeks of culture. However, the TEPS, which incorporated SIS as a substrate for the GLUTag-INS cells, was the only type of TEPS tested which was able to retain the induced insulin secretion function of non-encapsulated GLUTag-INS cells. Though improvements in the expression level of GLUTag-INS cells and/or the number of viable cells contained within the TEPS are needed for successful treatment of a murine model of IDD, this study has revealed a potential method for promoting proper cellular function of recombinant L-cells upon incorporation into an implantable three-dimensional TEPS. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 828,834. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]