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Selected AbstractsPurring and similar vocalizations in mammalsMAMMAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2002G. Peters ABSTRACT The terms purr and purring have been used for vocalizations produced by a variety of mammalian species in different orders. A few other mammalian vocalizations that are structurally somewhat similar to felid purring but have been given another term have also been described in the literature. Because use of the same term implies ,sameness', which in an evolutionary sense can only mean that the vocalizations so named are homologous (= share the same ancestral vocalization type), the terms purr and purring ought to be restricted to vocalizations homologous with felid purring, and any mammalian vocalization homologous with felid purring ought to be named accordingly. According to present knowledge ,true' purring is established only in the families Viverridae and Felidae of the Carnivora. Vocalizations very similar in structure occur in matching behavioural contexts in other families of the Carnivora and several other mammalian orders. Most of these vocalization types are likely to have evolved convergently. [source] Rubber Erasures, Rubber Producing Rights: Making Racialized Territories in West Kalimantan, IndonesiaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2009Nancy Lee Peluso ABSTRACT This article makes connections between often-disparate literatures on property, violence and identity, using the politics of rubber growing in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as an example. It shows how rubber production gave rise to territorialities associated with and productive of ethnic identities, depending on both the political economies and cultural politics at play in different moments. What it meant to be Chinese and Dayak in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia, as well as how categories of subjects and citizens were configured in the two respective periods, differentially affected both the formal property rights and the means of access to rubber and land in different parts of West Kalimantan. However, incremental changes in shifting rubber production practices were not the only means of producing territory and ethnicity. The author argues that violence ultimately played a more significant role in erasing prior identity-based claims and establishing the controls of new actors over trees and land and their claims to legitimate access or ,rightfulness'. Changing rubber production practices and reconfigurations of racialized territories and identity-based property rights are all implicated in hiding the violence. [source] The Declaration of Hawaii andClarence BlomquistACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 399 2000J. O. Ottosson The international code of ethics of psychiatry, the Declaration of Hawaii was in the main the achievement of Clarence Blomquist. There were several prerequisites for the success of this work. 1. The unique profile of the education of Clarence Blomquist, combining training to be a specialist in psychiatry with a doctor's degree in practical philosophy. 2. An outstanding competence in analyzing complicated issues and in putting thoughts into words. 3. The courage to challenge the Hippocratic ethics and adapt the principles of ethics to modern health care. 4. A scholarship at the Institute of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, where he could test his ideas in an intellectual interdisciplinary atmosphere. 5. Support from the late Professor Leo Eitinger, Norway and Professor Gerdt Wretmark, Sweden, who together with Clarence Blomquist constituted a task force on ethics of the World Psychiatric Association. 6. A continuous backing-up by Dr Denis Leigh, the then secretary general of the World Psychiatric Association. Denis Leigh was convinced that a code of ethics was the only means to reconcile the various member countries on issues of misuse of psychiatry and, in addition, would raise the quality of psychiatric care throughout the world. [source] The Court in England, 1714,1760: A Declining Political Institution?HISTORY, Issue 297 2005HANNAH SMITH Although recent studies of eighteenth-century English politics have moved beyond viewing political activity solely in parliamentary terms and consider the extra-parliamentary dimensions to political life, the royal court has not been included in this development. This article seeks to reassess the political purpose of the court of George I, and particularly that of George II, by analysing how the court functioned both as an institution and as a venue. Although the court was losing ground as an institution, with the royal household declining in political importance, the article argues that the household should not be the only means of measuring the court's political role. Through analysing the court's function as a venue for political brokerage and as a type of political theatre, it is argued that the court retained a political significance throughout the period from 1714 to 1760. The article examines the importance of the court as a place where certain forms of patronage might be obtained, and as a location for political negotiation by ministers and lower-ranking politicians. Moreover, it also analyses how the court was employed as a stage for signalling political opinion through attendance, ceremony, gesture, and costume. [source] Insecticide-treated cattle for tsetse control: the power and the problemsMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2000J. W. Hargrove Summary Trypanosomiasis control increasingly involves financial input from livestock owners and their active participation. If control is carried out on smaller scales than in the past, methods such as aerial and ground spraying and sterile insect techniques will have reduced application. There will be increased reliance on trypanocidal drugs, and bait methods of tsetse control , where flies are attracted to point sources and killed. If drug resistance develops, cheap and simple bait methods offer the only means of disease control that might be applied, and paid for, by stockowners themselves. The methods have been effective in some circumstances, but not in others, and it is important to understand the reasons for the successes and the failures. Analysis is presented of the results of two Tanzanian tsetse control campaigns involving the use of insecticide-treated cattle. Between 1991, &, 1996, following the introduction of widespread dipping in the Kagera Region, trypanosomiasis declined from > 19 000 cases to < 2400 and deaths from > 1000 to 29. On four ranches in the region, tsetse have been almost eliminated and trypanosomiasis prophylaxis is no longer used. Similarly aggressive use of pyrethroids on Mkwaja Ranch in Tanga Region has not had such dramatic effects. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis are still common, despite high levels of prophylaxis and the deployment of , 200 odour-baited targets. The difference in the results is attributed to a combination of the much smaller area covered by treated animals at Mkwaja, a greater susceptibility to re-invasion and a more suitable habitat for the flies. A better understanding of the dynamics of the use of insecticide-treated cattle is needed before we can predict confidently the outcome of particular control operations. [source] Review article: Early detection of chronic kidney disease in Australia: Which way to go?NEPHROLOGY, Issue 4 2009TIMOTHY MATHEW SUMMARY Early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) followed by appropriate clinical management appears the only means by which the increasing burden on the health-care system and affected individuals will be reduced. The asymptomatic nature of CKD means that early detection can only occur through testing of individuals. The World Health Organization principles of screening for chronic disease can now be largely fulfilled for CKD. The risk groups to be targeted, the expected yield and the tests to be performed are reviewed. For a screening programme to be sustainable it must carry a greater benefit than risk of harm for the participant and be shown to be cost-effective from the community point of view. Whole population screening for CKD is impractical and is not cost-effective. Screening of those at increased risk of CKD could occur either through special events run in the community, workplace or in selected locations such as pharmacies or through opportunistic screening of high-risk people in general practice. Community screening programmes targeted at known diabetics, hypertensives and those over 55 years have been described to detect 93% of all CKD in the community. The yield of CKD stages 3,5 from community screening has been found to vary from 10% to 20%. The limitations of screening programmes including the cost and recruitment bias are discussed. The most sustainable and likely the most cost-efficient model appears to be opportunistic general practice screening. The changing structure of general practice in Australia lends itself well to the requirements for early detection of CKD. [source] Biosimilars: pharmacovigilance and risk management,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 7 2010Leyre Zuñiga Ph.D. Abstract Biosimilars cannot be authorised based on the same requirements that apply to generic medicines. Despite the fact that the biosimilar and reference drug can show similar efficacy, the biosimilar may exhibit different safety profile in terms of nature, seriousness or incidence of adverse reactions. However, the data from pre-authorisation clinical studies normally are insufficient to identify all potential differences. Therefore, clinical safety of similar biological medicinal products must be monitored closely on an ongoing basis during the post-approval phase including continued risk,benefit assessment. The biosimilar applicant must provide the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) with a risk management plan (EU-RMP) and pharmacovigilance programme with its application, including a description of the potential safety issues associated with the similar biological medicinal product that may be a result of differences in the manufacturing process from the reference biologic. The most critical safety concern relating to biopharmaceuticals (including biosimilars) is immunogenicity. Risk management applies scientifically based methodologies to identify, assess, communicate and minimise risk throughout a drug's life cycle so as to establish and maintain a favourable benefit,risk profile in patients. The risk management plan for biosimilars should focus on heightens the pharmacovigilance measures, identify immunogenicity risk and implement special post-marketing surveillance. Although International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) served as a useful tool in worldwide pharmacovigilance, for biologicals they should not be relied upon as the only means of product identification. Biologicals should always be commercialised with a brand name or the INN plus the manufacturer's name. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prenatal diagnosis in a family with X-linked hydrocephalusPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 10 2005Maria Panayi Abstract The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Its expression is essential during embryonic development of the nervous system and it is involved in cognitive function and memory. Mutations in the L1CAM gene are responsible for four related L1 disorders; X-linked hydrocephalus/HSAS (Hydrocephalus as a result of Stenosis of the Aqueduct of Sylvius), MASA (Mental retardation, Aphasia, Shuffling gait, and Adducted thumbs) syndrome, X-linked complicated spastic paraplegia type I (SPG1) and X-linked Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC). These four disorders represent a clinical spectrum that varies both between and within families. The main clinical features of this spectrum are Corpus callosum hypoplasia, mental Retardation, Adducted thumbs, Spastic paraplegia and Hydrocephalus (CRASH syndrome). Since there is no biochemically assayed disease marker, molecular analysis of the L1CAM gene is the only means of confirming a clinical diagnosis. Most L1CAM mutations reported to date are point mutations (missense, nonsense, splice site) and only a few patients with larger rearrangements have been documented. We have characterised a rare intragenic deletion of the L1CAM gene in a sample of DNA extracted from a chorionic villus biopsy (CVB) performed at 12 weeks' gestation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Variation mode and effect analysis: an application to fatigue life predictionQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2009Pär Johannesson Abstract We present an application of the probabilistic branch of variation mode and effect analysis (VMEA) implemented as a first-order, second-moment reliability method. First order means that the failure function is approximated to be linear around the nominal values with respect to the main influencing variables, while second moment means that only means and variances are taken into account in the statistical procedure. We study the fatigue life of a jet engine component and aim at a safety margin that takes all sources of prediction uncertainties into account. Scatter is defined as random variation due to natural causes, such as non-homogeneous material, geometry variation within tolerances, load variation in usage, and other uncontrolled variations. Other uncertainties are unknown systematic errors, such as model errors in the numerical calculation of fatigue life, statistical errors in estimates of parameters, and unknown usage profile. By treating also systematic errors as random variables, the whole safety margin problem is put into a common framework of second-order statistics. The final estimated prediction variance of the logarithmic life is obtained by summing the variance contributions of all sources of scatter and other uncertainties, and it represents the total uncertainty in the life prediction. Motivated by the central limit theorem, this logarithmic life random variable may be regarded as normally distributed, which gives possibilities to calculate relevant safety margins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] 3-[1-(4-Sulfamoylphenyl)-5- p -tolyl-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid and 3-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid,dichloromethane,diethyl ether,water (2/0.72/1/1)ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 6 2009Isuru R. Kumarasinghe The syntheses of 3-[1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-5- p -tolyl-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid, C19H19N3O4S, (I), and 3-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid,dichloromethane,diethyl ether,water (2/0.72/1/1), 2C18H16BrN3O4S·0.72CH2Cl2·C4H10O·H2O, (II), are regiospecific. However, correct identification by spectroscopic techniques of the regioisomer formed is not trivial and single-crystal X-ray analysis provided the only means of unambiguous structure determination. Both structures make extensive use of hydrogen bonding and while compound (I) forms a straightforward unsolvated Z, = 1 structure, compound (II) crystallizes as an unusual mixed solvate, with two crystallographically unique molecules of the pyrazole derivative present in the asymmetric unit. The structure of (II) also features Br...Br interactions. [source] 3-[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propionic acid and the corresponding methyl esterACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 4 2009Isuru R. Kumarasinghe The synthesis of 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propionic acid, C19H17ClN2O3, (I), and its corresponding methyl ester, methyl 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H -pyrazol-3-yl]propionate, C20H19ClN2O3, (II), is regiospecific. However, correct identification of the regioisomer formed by spectroscopic techniques is not trivial and single-crystal X-ray analysis provided the only means of unambiguous structure determination. Compound (I) crystallizes with Z, = 2. The propionic acid groups of the two crystallographically unique molecules form a hydrogen-bonded dimer, as is typical of carboxylic acid groups in the solid state. Conformational differences between the methoxybenzene and pyrazole rings give rise to two unique molecules. The structure of (II) features just one molecule in the asymmetric unit and the crystal packing makes greater use than (I) of weak C,H...A interactions, despite the lack of any functional groups for classical hydrogen bonding. [source] | ||||||||||||||||