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Only Effective (only + effective)
Terms modified by Only Effective Selected AbstractsWhy promises and threats need each otherEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Christopher P. Reinders Folmer Despite the pervasive use of promises and threats in social life, very little research has been devoted to examining the effectiveness of these interpersonal tactics in promoting cooperation in social dilemmas. Based on the Goal-Prescribes-Rationality principle, we hypothesized that cooperation should be most strongly enhanced when promises and threats are communicated in combination, rather than in isolation. Also, we hypothesized that the combination of promises and threats should be especially effective among individuals with prosocial rather than proself orientations. Two studies provided good evidence for the latter hypothesis, in that the combination of promises and threats was only effective in people with prosocial orientations, people who are concerned with equality and collective interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Single QTL mapping and nucleotide-level resolution of a physiologic trait in wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strainsFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 6 2007Philippe Marullo Abstract Natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains exhibit very large genotypic and phenotypic diversity. However, the link between phenotype variation and genetic determinism is still difficult to identify, especially in wild populations. Using genome hybridization on DNA microarrays, it is now possible to identify single-feature polymorphisms among divergent yeast strains. This tool offers the possibility of applying quantitative genetics to wild yeast strains. In this instance, we studied the genetic basis for variations in acetic acid production using progeny derived from two strains from grape must isolates. The trait was quantified during alcoholic fermentation of the two strains and 108 segregants derived from their crossing. A genetic map of 2212 markers was generated using oligonucleotide microarrays, and a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was mapped with high significance. Further investigations showed that this QTL was due to a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism that targeted the catalytic core of asparaginase type I (ASP1) and abolished its activity. This QTL was only effective when asparagine was used as a major nitrogen source. Our results link nitrogen assimilation and CO2 production rate to acetic acid production, as well as, on a broader scale, illustrating the specific problem of quantitative genetics when working with nonlaboratory microorganisms. [source] Improvement of the sterile insect technique for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) to facilitate expansion of field applicationJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2010M. J. B. Vreysen Abstract The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) is a key pest of pome fruit (apple, pear and quince) and walnut orchards in most temperate regions of the world. Efforts to control the codling moth in the past mostly relied on the use of broad spectrum insecticide sprays, which has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance, and the disruption of the control of secondary pests. In addition, the frequent reliance and use of these insecticides are a constant threat to the environment and human health. Consequently, there have been increased demands from the growers for the development of codling moth control tactics that are not only effective but also friendly to the environment. In that respect, the sterile insect technique (SIT) and its derivative, inherited sterility (IS), are, together with mating disruption and granulosis virus, among the options that offer great potential as cost-effective additions to available control tactics for integration in area-wide integrated pest-management approaches. In support of the further development of the SIT/IS for codling moth control, the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a 5-year Coordinated Research Project (CRP) entitled ,Improvement of codling moth SIT to facilitate expansion of field application'. Research focussed on sterile codling moth quality and management (e.g. mobility and life-history traits in relation to rearing strategy, dispersal, flight ability, radiosensitivity and mating compatibility) and a better understanding of the basic genetics of codling moth to assist the development of genetic sexing strains (e.g. cytogenetics, the development of dominant conditional lethal mutations, molecular characterization of the sex chromosomes, sex identification in embryos and cytogenetic markers). The results of the CRP are presented in this special issue. [source] EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON THE AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF SOLUTE FROM SUGAR BEET TISSUE PRETREATED BY A PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2005KAMAL EL-BELGHITI ABSTRACT In this article, the centrifugal aqueous extraction of solute from sugar beet tissue is investigated at ambient temperature after a pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment. Two kinds of samples of fresh sugar beet were used: a sample with a determined discoid shape and gratings. Both samples were pretreated by a PEF with 250 rectangular pulses of 100 µS each. The PEF intensity was fixed at 940 V/cm for the disk samples and 670 V/cm for gratings. The pretreated samples were placed in distilled water at ambient temperature with a water-to-solid ratio equal to 3 and subjected to different centrifugal accelerations. The centrifugal field significantly enhanced the kinetics of extraction from the electrically pretreated tissues of sugar beet. However, the increase of centrifugal acceleration was only effective up to a certain value (5430 × g for disk samples and 600 × g for gratings). The centrifugal extraction can be assumed to proceed in two stages: a first rapid washing followed by a slow diffusion stage. A two-exponential kinetics model taking into account these two stages was applied and correctly described the centrifugal extraction from beet samples (disks and gratings). [source] Relationship between the hepatitis C viral load and the serum interferon concentration during the first week of peginterferon-alpha-2b-ribavirin combination therapyJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 10 2010Catherine Franēois Abstract In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, the current standard of care (combination therapy with pegylated alpha interferon (PEG-IFN,) and ribavirin) is only effective in around 50% of cases. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the HCV load and the PEG-IFN concentration during the first week of treatment. Fifteen treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C infection (genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) underwent PEG-IFN,-2b/ribavirin combination therapy. Blood samples were collected before the first injection (T0) and then at different time points until the next injection a week later. The PEG-IFN concentration and the HCV load were assayed. The serum interferon concentration peaked 2 days after the first injection (mean value for the study population; Tmax,=,40.9,hr; Cmax,=,490,pg/ml) and a trough in viral load was seen at day 3. The PEG-IFN,-2b concentration decreased from day 2 to day 7, enabling a viral rebound in all patients. The change in viral load between day 0 and day 3 differed significantly according to whether the patients were responders at week 12 (,log,d0/d3,=,2.729,±,1.419,log10,IU/ml) or not (,log,d0/d3,=,1.102,±,0.472,log10,IU/ml). Our results emphasize the potential clinical importance of achieving viral decay immediately after initiation of interferon,ribavirin combination therapy. J. Med. Virol. 82:1640,1646, 2010. 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cryoprotective additives and cryostabilisation effects on muscle fillets of the freshwater teleost fish Rohu carp (Labeo rohita) during prolonged frozen storageJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 15 2006Shashi Kiran Jasra Abstract The effects of various cryoprotective additives separately and in combination were studied on the myofibrillar protein integrity, biochemical enzyme activity levels and muscle ultrastructure in the freshwater teleost fish Rohu carp (Labeo rohita). Fish muscle samples were divided into eight groups and immersed in different mixtures of cryoprotective additives (S1,S8), then frozen at , 20 or , 30 °C for 24 months. Electrophoretic studies revealed early (within 6 months) alteration of the myofibrillar proteins myosin light chain, ,-actinin and tropomyosin. Reduction of the storage temperature from , 20 to , 30 °C slowed down the degradative processes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that fish muscle treated with cryoprotective mixture S8 (40 g L,1 sorbitol/3 g L,1 sodium tripolyphosphate/4 g L,1 sodium alginate) showed minimal post mortem changes in myofibrillar proteins. Ultrastructural results also revealed post mortem damage to the muscle, seen earliest (within 6 months) in the sample frozen-stored without additives (S2), as compared with the normal, unfrozen muscle (S1). The influence of cryoprotectants alone and in combination on fish muscle structural proteins, myosin and actin filaments (A and I bands), during prolonged frozen storage was investigated. After 12 months, samples frozen-stored with various cryoprotective additives (S2-S7), except S8, showed signs of myofibrillar disintegration. Beyond that time the degradative processes started showing up in all samples, with minimal muscle ultrastructural damage in sample S8. Again, reducing the storage temperature from , 20 to , 30 °C slowed down the degradative processes. Ultrastructural results correlated well with levels of biochemical enzymes (Ca2+ myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase) during frozen storage. This is the first report of the cryoprotective effects of these additives on this popular edible fish species. Of the various combinations of additives tested, cryoprotective mixture S8 was found to preserve the muscle structure longest under frozen storage conditions. However, even this mixture was only effective for 18 months at , 30 °C. Beyond that time the myofibrillar degradative processes were apparent with correlative electrophoretic, biochemical and ultrastructural studies. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Consumption of raw brown onions variably modulate plasma lipid profile and lipoprotein oxidation in pigs fed a high-fat dietJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2005Nicholas K Gabler Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the effects of two commercially available brown onion varieties, ,Cavalier' and ,Destiny', supplemented at two different levels, on blood lipid and oxidative status using the pig as a model. Twenty-five female cross-bred pigs were allocated to one of five dietary treatments that consisted of a high-fat control diet with no onion added, a low onion dose of 10 g onion MJ,1 DE and a high dose of 25 g onion MJ,1 DE for each variety of onion. Supplementation with ,Destiny' onion resulted in a 21% (p < 0.05) reduction in the averaged fasted and postprandial plasma triacylglyceride (TG) measurements taken over the six-week period in comparison with the control pigs. The average fasting and postprandial plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced by 5.5 and 12.4% in pigs that consumed the low and high dose of ,Destiny' onion, respectively (p < 0.010), while ,Cavalier' was only effective at lowering cholesterol levels by 10% at the lower dose of supplementation. Inhibition in the rate of serum lipoprotein oxidation, measured as lag time, was increased by 23% (p < 0.05) in plasma obtained from pigs that consumed ,Cavalier' compared with the control and ,Destiny' onion diets. These data indicate that onion consumption level may provide a dietary means of manipulating some of the risk indices associated with coronary heart disease, but the responses varied with type and dose of onion. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Assessment of professional behaviour in undergraduate medical education: peer assessment enhances performanceMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 9 2007Johanna Schönrock-Adema Objectives, To examine whether peer assessment can enhance scores on professional behaviour, with the expectation that students who assess peers score more highly on professional behaviour than students who do not assess peers. Methods, Undergraduate medical students in their first and second trimesters were randomly assigned to conditions with or without peer assessment. Of the total group of 336 students, 278 students participated in the first trimester, distributed over 31 tutorial groups, 17 of which assessed peers. The second trimester involved 272 students distributed over 32 groups, 15 of which assessed peers. Professional behaviour was rated by tutors on 3 dimensions: Task Performance; Aspects of Communication, and Personal Performance. The rating scale ranged from 1 (poor) to 10 (excellent). Data were analysed using multivariate repeated measures multilevel analysis. Results, Assessment scores were found to have generally increased in the second trimester, especially the personal performance scores of students who assessed peers. In addition, female students were found to have significantly higher scores than male students. Conclusions, In undergraduate medical education, peer assessment has a positive influence on professional behaviour. However, the results imply that peer assessment is only effective after students have become adjusted to the complex learning environment. [source] Is AGN feedback necessary to form red elliptical galaxies?MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2008A. Khalatyan ABSTRACT We have used the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code gadget-2 to simulate the formation of an elliptical galaxy in a group-size cosmological dark matter halo with mass Mhalo, 3 × 1012 h,1 M, at z= 0. The use of a stellar population synthesis model has allowed us to compute magnitudes, colours and surface brightness profiles. We have included a model to follow the growth of a central black hole and we have compared the results of simulations with and without feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN). We have studied the interplay between cold gas accretion and merging in the development of galactic morphologies, the link between colour and morphology evolution, the effect of AGN feedback on the photometry of early-type galaxies, the redshift evolution in the properties of quasar hosts, and the impact of AGN winds on the chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We have found that the early phases of galaxy formation are driven by the accretion of cold filamentary flows, which form a disc galaxy at the centre of the dark matter halo. Disc star formation rates in this mode of galaxy growth are about as high as the peak star formation rates attained at a later epoch in galaxy mergers. When the dark matter halo is sufficiently massive to support the propagation of a stable shock, the gas in the filaments is heated to the virial temperature, cold accretion is shut down, and the star formation rate begins to decline. Mergers transform the spiral galaxy into an elliptical one, but they also reactivate star formation by bringing gas into the galaxy. Without a mechanism that removes gas from the merger remnants, the galaxy ends up with blue colours, which are atypical for its elliptical morphology. We have demonstrated that AGN feedback can solve this problem even with a fairly low heating efficiency. Our simulations support a picture where AGN feedback is important for quenching star formation in the remnant of wet mergers and for moving them to the red sequence. This picture is consistent with recent observational results, which suggest that AGN hosts are galaxies in migration from the blue cloud to the red sequence on the colour,magnitude diagram. However, we have also seen a transition in the properties of AGN hosts from blue and star forming at z, 2 to mainly red and dead at z, 0. Ongoing merging is the primary but not the only triggering mechanism for luminous AGN activity. Quenching by AGN is only effective after the cold filaments have dried out, since otherwise the galaxy is constantly replenished with gas. AGN feedback also contributes to raising the entropy of the hot IGM by removing low-entropy tails vulnerable to developing cooling flows. We have also demonstrated that AGN winds are potentially important for the metal enrichment of the IGM a high redshift. [source] Decay of a cut-off low and contribution to stratosphere-troposphere exchangeTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 564 2000H. Gouget Abstract We present a case study of the decay of a cut-off low over north-west Europe in June 1996, to establish how the stratospheric air initially contained within it was transferred to the troposphere. Two mechanisms for stratosphere-troposphere exchange are examined: direct convective erosion of the base of the low, and filamentation of the outer layers of the low along the flank of the polar jet stream. The approach taken relies on a combination of in-situ ozone and humidity measurements by MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone and water vapour by Airbus In-service aircraft) aircraft and ozonesondes, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses. MOZAIC ozone is used to choose two analyses eight days apart at the genesis (14 June 1996) and decay (22 June 1996) of the low which have a consistent ozone/potential-vorticity relationship. Trajectories (both isentropic and three dimensional (3D)) between these two analyses reveal a consistent pattern; at the base of the low (310 K, 450 mb) all the trajectories attain tropospheric PV values whereas, at 320 K, those trajectories that leave the low experience a decrease in PV and those that do not leave the low retain their initial PV. We propose that air parcels leaving the low were stretched into thin filaments along the flank of the jet stream, which made them vulnerable to 3D mixing. A MOZAIC flight on 21 June 1996 provides direct evidence for this process. Up to 22 June 1996 (by which time the low had lost its closed circulation) the satellite images showed very little convection beneath the corresponding PV anomaly. Mixing was only effective at the very base of the stratospheric air at 310 K. On 22 June the remaining remnant of high PV was advected into a region of deep convection over central and eastern Europe, mixing the remaining stratospheric air into the troposphere. Of the initial mass of 1015 kg of stratospheric air contained in the low, 6 × 1014 kg was stripped into filaments along the jet and 4 × 1014 kg remained to be mixed by convection during the period 22,23 June 1996. [source] Quantitative trait locus mapping of resistance in apple to Cydia pomonella and Lyonetia clerkella and of two selected fruit traitsANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009S. Stoeckli Abstract Apple, Malus×domestica, is the most important fruit grown within the temperate zonobiome. It is attacked by both fruit-damaging and leaf-damaging lepidopteran pest insects, which require regular control such as the carpophagous codling moth, Cydia pomonella, or frequent control such as the phyllophagous apple leaf miner, Lyonetia clerkella. As many environmentally friendly pest control tactics are only effective at low levels of infestation, host plant resistance is a promising future component of integrated pest management systems, but knowledge is still lacking on such genetically based approaches against lepidopteran pests. The aim of the study was to identify molecular markers linked to C. pomonella and L. clerkella resistance or susceptibility in commercial apple as well as markers linked to selected fruit traits. The number of C. pomonella -infested fruits and the number of L. clerkella mines were quantified as measures of apple resistance or susceptibility to the studied moth species. Herbivore surveys on 160 apple genotypes, representing a segregating F1 cross of the apple cultivars ,Fiesta' and ,Discovery', were carried out during two consecutive years and at two sites in Switzerland. Broad-sense heritability was 29.9% (C. pomonella), 18.2% (L. clerkella), 21.9% (fruit number) and 16.6% (fruit diameter). A subsequent analysis identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated to C. pomonella susceptibility on the Discovery linkage group 10. The closest marker to this QTL was the random amplified polymorphic marker Z19-350. No significant QTL was identified for resistance to L. clerkella. A putative QTL associated to fruit number was identified on Fiesta linkage group 12. The presented QTL associated with C. pomonella susceptibility and the putative QTL linked to fruit number may facilitate marker-assisted breeding of resistant apple cultivars with cropping traits desirable for optimal fruit production. [source] Modelling strategic use of the national antiviral stockpile during the CONTAIN and SUSTAIN phases of an Australian pandemic influenza responseAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2 2010Jodie McVernon Abstract Objective: To define optimum use of the national antiviral stockpile during the early phases of the response to pandemic influenza in Australia, to inform the 2008 revision of the Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza. Methods: A mathematical model was used to compare strategic uses of antiviral agents for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis to limit transmission until availability of a strain-specific vaccine. The impact of provision of pre-exposure prophylaxis to healthcare workers (HCWs) on the ability to control the epidemic was also assessed. Results: Optimal constraint of epidemic growth was achieved by intensive ascertainment of contacts of cases for post-exposure prophylaxis for as long as feasible. While pre-exposure prophylaxis of healthcare workers utilised a substantial proportion of the stockpile, this did not impede disease control or the ability to treat cases. Absolute delays to outbreak depended on both the intervention strategy and the growth rate of the epidemic. As vaccination was only effective when introduced before explosive growth, this timing was critical to success. Conclusions and implications: Liberal distribution of antiviral drugs to limit disease spread for as long as is feasible represents optimal use of these agents to constrain epidemic growth. In reality, additional non-pharmaceutical control measures are likely to be required to control transmission until vaccines can definitively contain pandemic influenza outbreaks. [source] Characterization of the Interaction of TZT-1027, a Potent Antitumor Agent, with TubulinCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 7 2000Tsugitaka Natsume TZT-1027, a derivative of dolastatin 10 isolated from the Indian Ocean sea hare Dolabella auricularia in 1987 by Pettit et al., is a potent antimicrotubule agent. We have compared the activity of TZT-1027 with that of dolastatin 10 as well as the vinca alkaloids vinblastine (VLB), vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VDS). TZT-1027 and dolastatin 10 inhibited microtubule polymerization concentration-dependently at 1,100 ,M with IC50 values of 2.2±0.6 and 2.3±0.7 ,M, respectively. VLB, VCR and VDS inhibited microtubule polymerization at 1,3 ,M with IC50 values of 2.7±0.6, 1.6±0.4 and 1.6±0.2 ,M, respectively, but showed a slight decrease in inhibitory effect at concentrations of 10 ,M or more. TZT-1027 also inhibited monosodium glutamate-induced tubulin polymerization concentration-dependently at 0.3,10 ,M, with an IC50 of 1.2 ,M, whereas VLB was only effective at 0.3,3 ,M, with an IC50 of 0.6 ,M, and caused so-called "aggregation" of tubulin at 10 ,M. Scatchard analysis of the binding data for [3H]VLB suggested one binding site (Kd 0.2±0.04 ,M and Bmax 6.0±0.26 nM/mg protein), while that for [3H]TZT-1027 suggested two binding sites, one of high affinity (Kd 0.2±0.01 ,M and Bmax 1.7±0.012 nM/mg protein) and the other of low affinity (Kd 10.3±1.46 ,M, and Bmax 11.6±0.83 nM/mg protein). [3H]TZT-1027 was completely displaced by dolastatin 10 but only incompletely by VLB. [3H]VLB was completely displaced by dolastatin 10 and TZT-1027. Furthermore, TZT-1027 prevented [3H]VLB from binding to tubulin in a non-competitive manner according to Lineweaver-Burk analysis. TZT-1027 concentrationdependently inhibited both [3H]guanosine 5,-triphosphate (GTP) binding to and GTP hydrolysis on tubulin. VLB inhibited the hydrolysis of GTP on tubulin concentration-dependently to a lesser extent than TZT-1027, but no inhibitory effect of VLB on [3H]GTP binding to tubulin was evident even at 100 ,M. Thus, TZT-1027 affected the binding of VLB to tubulin, but its binding site was not completely identical to that of VLB. TZT-1027 had a potent inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization and differed from vinca alkaloids in its mode of action against tubulin polymerization. [source] | ||||||||||||||||