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Medical Sciences	50%
Life Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success in a large lake: interplay between availability of suitable prey and size at release

ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 4 2005
P. Hyvärinen
Abstract , Factors affecting long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success were examined in a large lake, Lake Oulujärvi, in central Finland. Brown trout were stocked in spring (late May to early June) in 1974,1991 and in summer (late June to early July) in 1992,2001. The biomass of the vendace, Coregonus albula (L.), population (prey) at release time had the largest positive effect on stocking success within both periods: biomass of adult vendace in spring and both 0+ and adult vendace in summer. Increasing the size of stocked fish had a positive effect if the vendace available at release were only adults. The increasing trend of predator-catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) [combined CPUE of northern pike Esox lucius L., burbot Lota lota (L.), and pike-perch Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)] through the study period and its negative effect on trout stocking success suggested an increasing effect of predation within the entire time series. Resumen 1. Dado lo impredecible que son los resultados de las repoblaciones, se hace necesario conocer los mecanismos que afectan el éxito de los peces soltados para minimizar los riesgos de error en altas inversiones de repoblaciones. Podría existir una ventana óptima para las sueltas que produzca las condiciones más favorables - tales como la ausencia de predadores en la zona de suelta y la disponibilidad de presas apropiadas - bajo las que cualquier pez soltado pueda sobrevivir y generar una producción máxima. El fin de este estudio fue examinar como factores tales como la abundancia de las poblaciones de presas y predadores, y las tasas, tamaños y estaciones de repoblación pueden explicar las variaciones anuales a largo plazo (años 1974,1991) en el éxito de repoblación de Salmo trutta L. en el Lago Oulujärvi (928 km2, Finlandia central). 2. Individuos de S. trutta fueron repoblados en primavera (finales de Mayo , principios de Junio) durante los años 1974,1991 y en verano (finales de Junio , principios de Julio) durante los años 1992,2001. Los resultados de análisis de regresión por pasos mostró que la biomasa de Coregonus albula (L.) adultos (i.e., presas) en el momento de la suelta tuvieron el mayor efecto positivo sobre el éxito de la repoblación en dos períodos: la biomasa de adultos de C. albula en primavera y ambos dos, juveniles 0+ y adultos en verano. Incrementar el tamaño de los peces repoblados tuvo un efecto positivo si los C. albula disponibles en el momento de la suelta fueron solamente adultos (repoblaciones primaverales). La tendencia a incrementar los CPUE-predadores (CPUE combinadas de Esox lucius L., Lota lota (L.), y Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)) a lo largo del periodo de estudio y su efecto negativo sobre el éxito de las repoblaciones de S. trutta sugirió un mayor efecto de la predación sobre la series temporales completas. 3. Concluimos que el momento de la repoblación juega un papel más importante como determinante de la mejor ventana para la repoblación de S. trutta de lagos. Individuos de S. trutta de tamaños <200 g deberían ser repoblados solo si presas de pequeño tamaño (individuos 0+ de C. albula en verano) son también abundantes en el momento y en el área de la suelta. Si las presas disponibles son solos grandes (adultos de C. albula en primavera), el tamaño de repoblación debería ser mayor con individuos de S. trutta claramente mayores de 200 g porque el mayor tamaño amplia el rango de tamaños de las presas disponibles. [source]

Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach

EPILEPSIA, Issue 5 2010
Anthony K. Ngugi
Summary Purpose:, To estimate the burden of lifetime epilepsy (LTE) and active epilepsy (AE) and examine the influence of study characteristics on prevalence estimates. Methods:, We searched online databases and identified articles using prespecified criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate the median prevalence in developed countries and in urban and rural settings in developing countries. The impact of study characteristics on prevalence estimates was determined using meta-regression models. Results:, The median LTE prevalence for developed countries was 5.8 per 1,000 (5th,95th percentile range 2.7,12.4) compared to 15.4 per 1,000 (4.8,49.6) for rural and 10.3 (2.8,37.7) for urban studies in developing countries. The median prevalence of AE was 4.9 per 1,000 (2.3,10.3) for developed countries and 12.7 per 1,000 (3.5,45.5) and 5.9 (3.4,10.2) in rural and urban studies in developing countries. The estimates of burden for LTE and AE in developed countries were 6.8 million (5th,95th percentile range 3.2,14.7) and 5.7 million (2.7,12.2), respectively. In developing countries these were 45 (14,145) million LTE and 17 (10,133) million AE in rural areas and 17 (5,61) million LTE and 10 (5,17) million AE in urban areas. Studies involving all ages or only adults showed higher estimates than pediatric studies. Higher prevalence estimates were also associated with rural location and small study size. Conclusions:, This study estimates the global burden of epilepsy and the proportions with AE, which may benefit from treatment. There are systematic differences in reported prevalence estimates, which are only partially explained by study characteristics. [source]

Exchange, affiliation, and protective interventions in semifree-ranging brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2006
Renata G. Ferreira
Abstract The "social intelligence" hypothesis proposes that intelligence evolved as a consequence of the need for behavioral maneuvering to deal with the complexities of social life. As a result, coalitions have received considerable attention. Here we present the patterns of coalitionary behavior observed in a semifree-ranging group of Cebus apella and explore the effects of kinship, spatial proximity, and rank. In contrast to descriptions of Old World monkeys and to some descriptions of capuchins, kinship did not influence the pattern of coalitionary behavior, although individuals tended to help those that remained in close proximity. Rank had the greatest influence on coalitions: those that interfered in conflicts (often the alpha) were higher ranking than both contestants and supported the most subordinate (younger) interactant. However, rank did not influence the coalitionary support when conflicts involved only adults. We found no evidence that individuals were making use of triadic knowledge, and most of the coalitions can best be described as protective interventions involving immatures. The overall low rate of coalitions may be due to a period of social stability. Am. J. Primatol. 68:765,776, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2008
Ying Liao
Abstract Aim: Since the mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease continues to increase, research into dyslipidemia has been emphasized in not only adults but also paediatric populations. We aimed to study the risk factors of dyslipidemia in Chinese children. Methods: Nine hundred and sixty-two children, aged 6,18 years, in Beijing were enrolled. For each child, data were collected on body height (cm), body weight (kg), sitting height (cm), waist circumference, upper arm circumference, serum lipid levels, as well as familial history of dyslipidemia and early onset cardiovascular disease. Subgroups were determined on the basis of age and sex. Results: The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was 11.1% (107/962). Children with dyslipidemia differed significantly from those without, in sitting height, upper arm circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and diastolic and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that WHR, diastolic blood pressure and positive familial history were risk factors for dyslipidemia in children. Conclusion: Sitting height, upper arm circumference, BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and systolic pressure were significantly higher in dyslipidemic children than in normal subjects in China. BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and familial history of dyslipidemia and early-onset cardiovascular disease were risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children. [source]