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One Layer (one + layer)
Selected AbstractsMatters of the heart: the physiology of cardiac function and failureEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Godfrey Smith Heart failure as a result of a myocardial infarction (MI) is a common condition with a poor prognosis. The adaptive changes in the surviving myocardium appear to be insufficient in terms of both mechanical/contractile performance and electrical stability. The modification of the underlying myocardial physiology is complex, varying across the different layers within the wall of the ventricle and within one layer. Two therapeutic strategies are briefly discussed, as outlined here. (i) Enhancing contractility by alteration of the expression of a single protein (e.g. sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, SERCA) could potentially reverse both mechanical and electrical abnormalities. However, experimental data involving the upregulation of SERCA suggest that the therapeutic range of this approach is narrow. (ii) The use of regular exercise training to improve cardiac performance in heart failure. This appears to act by normalizing a number of aspects of myocardial physiology. [source] Ku-band substrate integrated waveguide transitions between layersMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 11 2009Kaijun Song Abstract Two types of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) transitions between layers are presented in this letter. The SIW circuits have been used to achieve the transition from one layer to other layer. These two types of SIW transitions between layers operating in Ku-band have been designed and fabricated. The measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth of the transition between adjacent layers is about 7 GHz, and the measured 1-dB insertion loss bandwidth is about 5 GHz; the measured 13-dB return loss bandwidth of the unadjacent-layers transition is demonstrated to be about 3.7 GHz, and the measured insertion losses are less than 2 dB from 11.2 GHz to 15 GHz. The simulated and measured results indicate that these two SIW transitions take the advantages of broadband, low insertion loss, and low profile. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2585,2588, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24685 [source] A combined imaging, microthermal and spectroscopic study of a multilayer packaging systemPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004I. Woodward Abstract The effectiveness of a packaging solution for the pharmaceutical and food industry is dependent on the integrity of the constituent layers and the interfaces formed between them. The deconvolution and analysis of the many intimate layers found in packaging is analytically challenging, requiring techniques capable of identifying sub-micron regions. Here we have characterized the chemical and physical nature of the layers in a multilayer packaging system along with the interfaces, using a combination of high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM), microthermal analysis using scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In particular, localized thermal analysis is shown to reveal the thermal transitions of the individual layers, but it was found that care must be exercised when melting through one layer to the next, as this can result in overestimates of melting temperatures of the underlying layer due to excess power loss from the SThM probe to the already molten top layer surrounding the probe. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prenatal Development of the Human Epicardiac GangliaANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 3 2009I. Saburkina Summary The aim of this study was to determine the developmental anatomy of intrinsic cardiac ganglia with respect to epicardiac ganglionated nerve plexus in the human fetuses at different gestation stages. Twenty fetal hearts were investigated applying a technique of histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase to visualize the epicardiac neural ganglionated plexus with its subsequent examinations on total (non-sectioned) hearts. Most epicardiac ganglia embodied multilayered neurons and were oval in shape, but some ganglia involved neurons lying in one layer or had the irregular appearance because of their extensions along inter-ganglionic nerves. The mean ganglion area of fetuses at gestation stages of 15,40 weeks was 0.03 ± 0.008 mm2. The largest epicardiac ganglia, reaching in area 0.4 mm2, were concentrated on the dorsal surface of both atria. The particular fused or "dual" ganglia were identified at the gestation stages of 23,40 weeks, but they composed only 2.3 ± 0.7% of all found epicardiac ganglia. A direct positive correlation was determined between the fetal age and the ganglion area (mm2) as well as between the fetal age and the number of inter-ganglionic nerves. The revealed appearance of epicardiac ganglia in the human fetuses at 15,40 weeks of gestation confirms their prenatal development and presumable intrinsic remodelling. [source] Bis(1,3,4-trimethylpyridinium) tetrachloridocuprate(II) and bis(1,3,4-trimethylpyridinium) tetrabromidocuprate(II): an examination of the A2CuX4Fdd2 structure typeACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 8 2009Marcus R. Bond The title bis(1,3,4-trimethylpyridinium) tetrahalidocuprate(II) structures, (C8H12N)2[CuCl4], (I), and (C8H12N)2[CuBr4], (II), respectively, consist of flattened [CuX4]2, tetrahedral complex anions and planar 1,3,4-trimethylpyridinium cations. Chloride compound (I) is a rare example of an A2CuCl4 structure with an elongated unit cell in the polar space group Fdd2. The [CuCl4]2, anions have twofold rotational symmetry and are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packed (hcp) layers, which are interleaved with layers of cations, each in a four-layer repeat sequence, to generate the elongated axis. The organic cations stack along [101] or [10] in alternating layers. The methyl groups meta on the cation ring and the larger of the trans Cl,Cu,Cl angles both face the same direction along the polar axis and are the most prominent features determining the polarity of the structure. Bromide compound (II) crystallizes in a centrosymmetric structure with a similar layer structure but with only a two-layer repeat sequence. Here, symmetry-inequivalent cations are segregated into alternating layers with cations, forming hcp layers of inversion-related cation pairs in one layer and parallel stacks of cations in the other. The change in space group when the larger Br, ion is present suggests that the 1,3,4-trimethylpyridinium ion has a minimal size to allow the Fdd2 A2CuX4 structure type. [source] The coordination polymers poly[,-4,4,-bipyridyl-di-,-formato-copper(II)] and catena -poly[[[diaqua(1-benzofuran-2,3-dicarboxylato)copper(II)]-,-1,2-di-4-pyridylethane] dihydrate]ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 5 2009Rajesh Koner The title compounds, [Cu(CHO2)2(C10H8N2)]n, (I), and {[Cu(C10H4O5)(C12H12N2)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, (II), are composed of one-dimensional linear coordination polymers involving copper(II) ions and bidentate bipyridyl species. In (I), the polymeric chains are located on twofold rotation axes at (x, x, 0) and are arranged in layered zones centered at z = 0, , ½ and parallel to the ab plane of the tetragonal crystal. Weak coordination of the formate anions of one layer to the copper centers of neighboring layers imparts a three-dimensional connectivity to this structure. In (II), the polymeric chains propagate parallel to the a axis of the crystal. Noncoordinated water molecules link the chains through O,H...O hydrogen bonding in directions perpendicular to c, imparting to the entire structure three-dimensional connectivity. The metal ions adopt distorted octahedral and square-based pyramidal environments in (I) and (II), respectively. This study indicates that, under the given conditions, extended coordination involves CuII centers associating with the bipyridyl ligands rather than with the competing benzofurandicarboxylate entities. [source] | |||||||||||||