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Selected AbstractsExtinction risk scales better to generations than to yearsANIMAL CONSERVATION, Issue 5 2008J. J. O'Grady Abstract It is critical to search for, and to apply, robust generalizations in conservation biology as species-specific data on endangered species are often limited. While generalizations are common in conservation genetics, where processes are treated on the scale of generations, the unique population dynamics of species are often stressed in ecology and conservation management. Is the apparent uniqueness of population attributes partly an artefact of measurement scale? One facet of this debate is the question of whether extinction risk scales better to years or to generations. To resolve this issue, the extinction risk of 100 well-studied vertebrate taxa was estimated using stochastic computer projections and analyses conducted to determine whether risk related better to years or generations. Relative strengths of evidence for alternative hypotheses were assessed using information theory. Extinction risk, assessed as the population size required for a 90% probability of persistence for 100 years, was strongly related to generation length. Conversely, when extinction risk was assessed for a fixed number of generations, there was no support for a relationship between risk and years. This finding has ramifications for assessing and reporting extinction risk because it shows that (1) crucial signals for the effective management of threatened species may not be detected when risk is measured on a scale of years alone; (2) correcting for generation length will allow data from a wider range of species to be used as defaults for species with limited data; (3) generational-scale tests of factors affecting extinction risk are more powerful than year-based ones. We recommend that extinction risk be routinely reported on a generational scale, with results on a year scale added where warranted. [source] Chromatin looping mediates boundary element promoter interactionsBIOESSAYS, Issue 1 2007Susan E. Celniker One facet of the control of gene expression is long-range promoter regulation by distant enhancers. It is an important component of the regulation of genes that control metazoan development and has been appreciated for some time but the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation have remained poorly understood. A recent study by Cleard and colleagues1 reports the first in vivo evidence of chromatin looping and boundary element promoter interaction. Specifically, they studied the function of a boundary element within the cis -regulatory region of the Abdominal-B (Abd-B) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. BioEssays 29: 7,10, 2007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The essential stakeholder dialogueCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2002Peter R. Downey Sheffield Hallam University for the last 15 years, I suspect in common with many organizations, has been on a journey. There has been a progression from a serious concern about the institution's impact upon the environment and a sincere wish to minimize that impact to today's position with the recognition that environmental concern alone is not enough. Now it is seen as only one facet of the overall role the university plays in society and, in particular, the immediate regional community. Indeed, the very jargon has changed. There has been a movement from talking about the environment and being ,green' to recognition of the full definition of what is meant and required by ,sustainability'. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [source] The multifaceted structure of nursing: an Aristotelian analysis,NURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2002Beverly J. B. Whelton PhD MSN RN Abstract A careful reading of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics focusing on his treatment of politics reveals a multifaceted discipline with political science, legislation, practice and ethics. These aspects of the discipline bear clear resemblance to the multiple conceptions of nursing. The potential that nursing is a multifaceted discipline, with nursing science as just one facet challenges the author's own conception of nursing as a practical science. Aristotle's discussion would seem to argue that nursing science is nursing, but nursing is more. Nursing is also ethical practice, or art, and legislative for health. The multifaceted discipline of politics is united by the end, the common good, a just community that makes human happiness possible. Reasoning in this way, nursing is unified by its end, health of individuals and communities. Since nursing is not unique in having health as its end, this discussion ends with the question of where its uniqueness lies, i.e. within the activities or the personal presence of its practitioners. This discussion also contains some of the contemporary ethical and legislative challenges with which nursing is confronted. [source] Oil price movements and globalisation: is there a Connection?OPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Robert Looney There has been considerable speculation over the years concerning the cost of large oil price movements ("shocks") to consuming countries. For the advanced industrial countries, the conventional wisdom appears to be that, because these economies are becoming more service,oriented, less energy is needed per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) and hence a lessening of the economic costs associated with increased oil prices. On the other hand, because many newly industrialised or catching,up countries are entering a phase of energy,intensive industrialisation, the same oil shocks are placing an increasing burden on these economies. One can easily argue, however, that industrialisation is only one facet of economic change taking place in the world economy. Conceivably, the rapid pace of increased globalisation may significantly modify these patterns. To test this proposition, an operational definition of globalisation is developed and shown to be positively associated with the strength of oil price shocks. The main finding of the study is that increased globalisation appears to be strengthening the impact of oil price shocks in the advanced industrial countries, but to a much lesser extent in the newly industrialising countries. [source] | ||||||||||