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Ongoing Development (ongoing + development)
Selected AbstractsAn evolutionary view on tooth development and replacement in wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2008A. Huysseune SUMMARY To gain an insight into the evolution of tooth replacement mechanisms, we studied the development of first-generation and replacement teeth on the dentary of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), a protacanthopterygian teleost, using serially sectioned heads of early posthatching stages as well as adults. First-generation teeth develop within the oral epithelium. The anlage of the replacement tooth is first seen as a placode-like thickening of the outer dental epithelium of the predecessor, at its lingual and caudal side. Ongoing development of the replacement tooth germ is characterized by the elaboration of a population of epithelial cells, termed here the middle dental epithelium, apposed to the inner dental epithelium on the lingual side of the tooth germ. Before the formation of the new successor, a single-layered outer dental epithelium segregates from the middle dental epithelium. The dental organs of the predecessor and the successor remain broadly interconnected. The absence of a discrete successional dental lamina in salmon stands in sharp contrast to what is observed in other teleosts, even those that share with salmon the extraosseous formation of replacement teeth. The mode of tooth replacement in Atlantic salmon displays several characters similar to those observed in the shark Squalus acanthias. To interpret similarities in tooth replacement between Atlantic salmon and chondrichthyans as a case of convergence, or to see them as a result of a heterochronic shift, requires knowledge on the replacement process in more basal actinopterygian lineages. The possibility that the middle dental epithelium functionally substitutes for a successional lamina, and could be a source of stem cells, whose descendants subsequently contribute to the placode of the new replacement tooth, needs to be explored. [source] Treatment of a Chromate-Contaminated Soil Site by in situ Gaseous ReductionGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 1 2007E.C Thornton A proof-of-concept field test for the treatment of hexavalent chromium in the vadose zone using in situ gaseous reduction was successfully completed by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Defense in a joint demonstration conducted at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The test involved injecting hydrogen sulfide, diluted in air, into contaminated vadose zone sediment to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The gaseous mixture was injected directly into the contaminated sediment through a central injection well and vacuum extracted through the flow field with six boreholes at the site periphery over a 76-d period. Comparison of soil samples taken before and after the test indicated 70% of the total mass of hexavalent chromium originally present at the site was reduced and immobilized. The zone of highest contamination was nearly completely treated, with average Cr(VI) concentrations decreasing in this interval from an average of 8.1 mg/kg before treatment to 1.1 mg/kg after treatment. Treatment was best in higher permeability clean gypsum sands and less effective in zones containing greater amounts of silt and clay and a slightly higher iron content. All hexavalent chromium concentrations measured in the posttest samples, however, were well below the remedial goal and regulatory limit of 30 mg/kg. In addition, the field test demonstrated that vadose zone treatment of contamination can be safely conducted using diluted hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures. Ongoing development of the technology is being directed toward addressing the limitations of gaseous treatment arising from variations in sediment permeability and iron content and assessing the relationship between hydrogen sulfide consumption and reaction kinetics. [source] Sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of childrenALLERGY, Issue 2006N. Pham-Thi Children with controlled intermittent mild-to-moderate asthma, controlled rhinitis and a single sensitivity may be appropriate candidates for sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Positive effects of SLIT may depend on initiation in early childhood and a long duration of treatment. To ensure optimum compliance, sociological, economic and familial factors should also be taken in to consideration when prescribing SLIT. Evidence from recent long-term trials indicates that SLIT interfered with the atopic march and the allergic progression from rhinitis to asthma without any severe adverse side effects. Local immune response has been seen to be blunted with SLIT, which suggests that treatment has an immunomodulatory effect. In addition, it may also decrease the risk of new sensitizations. Ongoing developments in SLIT, particularly advances in dosing and new indications, such as food allergies, will increase the use of this treatment modality in children. [source] In vivo functions of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain oxygen sensors: direct route to the treatment of anaemia and the protection of ischaemic tissuesACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009D. M. Katschinski Abstract The prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) 1,3 enzymes have been identified based on their ability to regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor , subunits and thus to modify hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Transgenic mouse models provided insights into the isoform-specific functions of these oxygen sensors with physiological implications for angiogenesis, erythropoiesis/oxygen transport, cardiovascular function, metabolism and tissue homeostasis. This knowledge is important for the ongoing development of small molecule PHD inhibitors that are currently tested in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of anaemia and for cytoprotection. This review aims at summarizing the insights obtained from key mouse knock-out models as well as first experiences in the therapeutic application of PHD inhibitors. [source] Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a problem that will not go awayACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2007S. M. Stahl Objective:, Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are a common, enduring, and debilitating component of the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Although efforts thus far to elucidate a distinct schizophrenia subtype based upon negative symptoms have yielded mixed results, there are nevertheless neurobiological correlates of the negative symptom typology. Method:, A review of nosology, typology, and assessment tools for determining core negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Results:, Negative symptoms can be difficult to evaluate objectively. Current rating scales ,capture' key domains of negative symptoms, in spite of considerable overlap between these domains. However, each objective assessment trades off methodological rigor and detail against brevity of assessment and ease of use. Conclusion:, The description of new methods for measuring these devastating symptoms, coupled with the ongoing development of novel antipsychotics and agents that augment antipsychotics have fuelled renewed interest in the evaluation of negative symptoms and optimism that better treatments for negative symptoms can be found. [source] Function of a long-term, GLP-1-treated, insulin-secreting cell line is improved by preventing DPP IV-mediated degradation of GLP-1DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 5 2005B. D. Green Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important insulinotropic hormone with potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the short biological half-life of the peptide after cleavage by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) is a major limitation. Inhibition of DPP IV activity and the development of resistant GLP-1 analogues is the subject of ongoing research. In this study, we determined cell growth, insulin content, insulin accumulation and insulin secretory function of a insulin-secreting cell line cultured for 3 days with either GLP-1, GLP-1 plus the DPP IV inhibitor diprotin A (DPA) or stable N -acetyl-GLP-1. Native GLP-1 was rapidly degraded by DPP IV during culture with accumulation of the inactive metabolite GLP-1(9,36)amide. Inclusion of DPA or use of the DPP IV-resistant analogue, N -acetyl-GLP-1, improved cellular function compared to exposure to GLP-1 alone. Most notably, basal and accumulated insulin secretion was enhanced, and glucose responsiveness was improved. However, prolonged GLP-1 treatment resulted in GLP-1 receptor desensitization regardless of DPP IV status. The results indicate that prevention of DPP IV action is necessary for beneficial effects of GLP-1 on pancreatic , cells and that prolonged exposure to GLP-1(9,36)amide may be detrimental to insulin secretory function. These observations also support the ongoing development of DPP-IV-resistant forms of GLP-1, such as N -acetyl-GLP-1. [source] Servier: establishing research and education partnershipsFUTURE PRESCRIBER, Issue 3 2008Article first published online: 19 JAN 200 This series of company profiles looks at some of the major players in the UK pharmaceutical industry, their current areas of expertise and forthcoming products and initiatives that will have an impact on therapeutics and prescribing in the near future. In this article we provide an overview of Servier Laboratories and its top products, as well as Servier's ongoing development of research and education partnerships. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Development of New Analytic Elements for Transient Flow and Multiaquifer FlowGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2006O.D.L. Strack We deal in this paper with an ongoing development of the analytic element method. We present in outline new analytic line elements that are suitable to model general flow fields, i.e., flow fields that possess a continuously varying areal inflow or outflow. These elements are constructed specifically to model the leakage through leaky layers that separate aquifers in leaky systems and to model transient effects. The leakage or release from storage underneath linear features is modeled precisely by the new elements; the singularity in leakage is matched exactly by the approximate solution. Applications are given for a problem involving leakage and for a case of transient flow. We note that the analytic elements can be used also to reproduce the effect of continuously varying aquifer properties, e.g., the hydraulic conductivity or the elevation of the base of the aquifer. In the latter case, the elements would reproduce the rotation of the flow field caused by the variation in properties, rather than the divergence as for the case of leakage. [source] Perceptions of a service redesign by adults living with type 2 diabetesJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 7 2009Joan R.S. McDowell Abstract Title.,Perceptions of a service redesign by adults living with type 2 diabetes. Aim., This article is a report of a study conducted to explore the perceptions of adults with type 2 diabetes towards the service redesign. Background., Diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions and the management of this chronic illness is changing in response to this challenge. In the United Kingdom, there is ongoing restructuring of healthcare services for people with chronic illnesses to ensure that their general health and clinical needs are met predominantly in primary care. Method., An explorative qualitative approach was used. Eight focus groups were conducted with 35 people with type 2 diabetes in one urban location between 2003 and 2004. Five focus groups were conducted with people who had recently experienced the restructured service and three groups with people who had up to 2 years' experience of the new service. Concurrent data collection and thematic analysis were conducted by three researchers and credibility and verification sought by feedback to participants. Findings., Five main themes were identified: impact of living with diabetes; understanding diabetes; drivers for organizational change; care in context and individual concerns. Participants identified issues for ongoing development of the service. Conclusion., People with type 2 diabetes appreciate their care management within the primary care setting where there has been investment in staff to deliver this care. Healthcare resources are required to support the development of staff and the necessary infrastructure to undertake management in primary care. Policy makers need to address the balance of resources between primary and secondary care. [source] Numeracy for adults with Down syndrome: it's a matter of quality of lifeJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2005R. Faragher Abstract Background Numeracy development is widely accepted as critical for adults in the general community which is equally the case for adults with Down syndrome. This paper reports some of the findings of a study including the research question: What is the justification for numeracy development for adults with Down syndrome? Investigating this question led to the search for a framework to support the ongoing development of numeracy. Method The research used a case study methodology. Five adults were observed and interviewed in two contexts each. The data were analyzed to identify links to the quality of life model. Results The research illustrates how a quality of life approach can be used to justify and guide the lifelong development of numeracy. Data from the case studies linked numeracy to quality of life under the principles of personal contexts, variability, life-span perspective, values, choices and personal control, perceptions and self-image. Conclusions The principles of quality of life can provide a framework for the development of numeracy in the context of adulthood and Down syndrome. Preparation for the numeracy needs of a long and satisfying adulthood should begin in early childhood, continue in schools with the teaching of underlying mathematics concepts and skills, and be modified and refined throughout adulthood by the use of a numeracy development plan. Carers and professionals interacting in the contexts need to adopt a teaching role for numeracy. [source] The Dimensionality of DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders Among Adolescent and Adult Drinkers and Symptom Patterns by Age, Gender, and Race/EthnicityALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2009Thomas C. Harford Background:, There is limited information on the validity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) alcohol use disorders (AUD) symptom criteria among adolescents in the general population. The purpose of this study is to assess the DSM-IV AUD symptom criteria as reported by adolescent and adult drinkers in a single representative sample of the U.S. population aged 12 years and older. This design avoids potential confounding due to differences in survey methodology when comparing adolescents and adults from different surveys. Methods:, A total of 133,231 current drinkers (had at least 1 drink in the past year) aged 12 years and older were drawn from respondents to the 2002 to 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. DSM-IV AUD criteria were assessed by questions related to specific symptoms occurring during the past 12 months. Factor analytic and item response theory models were applied to the 11 AUD symptom criteria to assess the probabilities of symptom item endorsements across different values of the underlying trait. Results:, A 1-factor model provided an adequate and parsimonious interpretation for the 11 AUD criteria for the total sample and for each of the gender,age groups. The MIMIC model exhibited significant indication for item bias among some criteria by gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Symptom criteria for "tolerance,""time spent," and "hazardous use" had lower item thresholds (i.e., lower severity) and low item discrimination, and they were well separated from the other symptoms, especially in the 2 younger age groups (12 to 17 and 18 to 25). "Larger amounts,""cut down,""withdrawal," and "legal problems" had higher item thresholds but generally lower item discrimination, and they tend to exhibit greater dispersion at higher AUD severity, particularly in the youngest age group (12 to 17). Conclusions:, Findings from the present study do not provide support for the 2 separate DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol abuse and dependence among either adolescents or adults. Variations in criteria severity for both abuse and dependence offer support for a dimensional approach to diagnosis which should be considered in the ongoing development of DSM-V. [source] Longitudinal Trajectories of Ethnic Identity During the College YearsJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 4 2009Moin Syed The goals of this study were to examine trajectories of change in ethnic identity during the college years and to explore group-level and individual-level variations. Participants were 175 diverse college students who completed indices of ethnic identity exploration and commitment, self-esteem, and domain-general identity resolution. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that exploration and commitment continued to increase during the college years. Although there were ethnic differences in initial levels of ethnic identity, the rate of change did not vary by ethnicity. Domain-general identity was positively associated with exploration and commitment and mediated the association between self-esteem and commitment. The findings highlight the ongoing development of ethnic identity beyond adolescence and suggest that ethnic identity is part of the larger identity project. [source] A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND ASSESSMENT METHOD: THE CALIFORNIA EXPERIENCE,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2006Martha A. Sutula ABSTRACT: Wetland rapid assessment methods (RAMs) can provide a cost effective, scientifically defensible estimate of wetland and riparian condition for use in ambient and project monitoring in resource management and regulatory programs. Those who have chosen to develop a RAM to assess wetland and riparian condition are faced with a range of issues and important choices that they must make throughout the development process. This paper is intended as a practical guide to RAM development. Six basic stages in the RAM development process are discussed: (1) organize RAM development by identifying the intended applications, assessment endpoints, and geographic scope of the RAM and forming appropriate teams to advise and review the development process and its products; (2) build a scientific foundation for method development by conducting a literature review, choosing a wetland classification system, building conceptual models, and identifying the major assumptions underlying the model; (3) assemble the method as a system of attributes and metrics that describe a full range of conditions; (4) verify the ability of the method to distinguish between wetlands along a continuum of conditions; (5) calibrate and validate the method against sets of quantitative data representing more intensive measures of wetland condition; and (6) implement the method through outreach and training of the intended users. Important considerations within each of these stages lead to choices in accuracy, precision, robustness, ease of use, and cost. These are identified and the tradeoffs of the various options discussed. Experience with the ongoing development and implementation of the California Rapid Assessment Method (CRAM) is used to illustrate these stages and associated choices in RAM development. [source] Ketorolac in the Era of Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Selective Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Side Effects, and Regulatory IssuesPAIN MEDICINE, Issue 4 2001Alex Macario MD Objective., The recent introduction of oral COX-2 selective NSAIDs with potential for perioperative use, and the ongoing development of intravenous formulations, stimulated a systemic review of efficacy, side effects, and regulatory issues related to ketorolac for management of postoperative analgesia. Design.,To examine the opioid dose sparing effect of ketorolac, we compiled published, randomized controlled trials of ketorolac versus placebo, with opioids given for breakthrough pain, published in English-language journals from 1986,2001. Odds ratios were computed to assess whether the use of ketorolac reduced the incidence of opioid side effects or improved the quality of analgesia. Results., Depending on the type of surgery, ketorolac reduced opioid dose by a mean of 36% (range 0% to 73%). Seventy percent of patients in control groups experienced moderate-severe pain 1 hour postoperatively, while 36% of the control patients had moderate to severe pain 24 hours postoperatively. Analgesia was improved in patients receiving ketorolac in combination with opioids. However, we did not find a concomitant reduction in opioid side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting). This may be due to studies having inadequate (to small) sample sizes to detect differences in the incidence of opioid related side effects. The risk for adverse events with ketorolac increases with high doses, with prolonged therapy (>5 days), or invulnerable patients (e.g. the elderly). The incidence of serious adverse events has declined since dosage guidelines were revised. Conclusions., Ketorolac should be administered at the lowest dose necessary. Analgesics that provide effective analgesia with minimal adverse effects are needed. [source] Simulation and implementation of a porous silicon reflector for epitaxial silicon solar cellsPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 5 2008Filip Duerinckx Abstract One of the main challenges in the ongoing development of thin film crystalline silicon solar cells on a supporting silicon substrate is the implementation of a long-wavelength reflector at the interface between the epitaxial layer and the substrate. IMEC has developed such a reflector based on electrochemical anodization of silicon to create a multi-layer porous silicon stack with alternating high and low porosity layers. This innovation results in a 1,2% absolute increase in efficiency for screenprinted epitaxial cells with a record of 13·8%. To reach a better understanding of the reflector and to aid in its continued optimization, several extensive optical simulations have been performed using an in-house-developed optical software programme. This software is written as a Microsoft Excel workbook to make use of its user-friendliness and modular structure. It can handle up to 15 individual dielectric layers and is used to determine the influence of the number and the sequence of the layers on the internal reflection. A sensitivity analysis is also presented. A study of the angle at which the light strikes the reflector shows separate regions in the physical working of the reflector which include a region where the Bragg effect is dominant as well as a region where total internal reflection plays the largest role. The existence of these regions is proved using reflection measurements. Based on these findings, an estimate is made for the achievable current gain with an ideal reflector and the potential of epitaxial silicon solar cells is determined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Expression of SV2 in the Seveloping Chick Cerebellum: Comparison with Calbindin and AMPA Glutamate Receptors 2/3THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Detlev Grabs Abstract The well-organized cerebellum is an ideal model to investigate the developmental appearance and localization of pre- and postsynaptic structures. One of the synaptic proteins abundant in the central nervous system and localized in presynaptic vesicle membranes is the synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2). SV2 was shown to be involved in priming and modulating synaptic vesicles and having an effect in epileptic diseases. So far there are no data available describing the developmental localization of this protein in the cerebellum. We followed the expression pattern of SV2 and compared it with the expression of the neuronal calcium-binding protein Calbindin and the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits 2/3 (GluR 2/3), both shown to be early expressed in the developing chick cerebellum predominantly in Purkinje cells. We detected the expression of SV2 in presynaptic terminals (mainly from climbing and mossy fibers) as soon as they are formed at embryonic day 16 in the inner molecular layer. Purkinje cells express Calbindin and GluR 2/3 in the soma and postsynaptically in the primary dendrites at this stage. With ongoing development, the pattern of SV2 expression follows the development of Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer, suggesting a synaptic refinement of labeled climbing and later parallel fibers. Anat Rec, 291:538,546, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An inventory of shedding data from clinical gene therapy trialsTHE JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, Issue 10 2007Ellen A. M. Schenk-Braat Abstract Viruses are the most commonly used vectors for clinical gene therapy. The risk of dissemination of a viral vector into the environment via excreta from the treated patient, a phenomenon called shedding, is a major safety concern for the environment. Despite the significant number of clinical gene therapy trials that have been conducted worldwide, there is currently no overview of actual shedding data available. In this article, an inventory of shedding data obtained from a total of 100 publications on clinical gene therapy trials using retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral and pox viral vectors is presented. In addition, the experimental set-up for shedding analysis including the assays used and biological materials tested is summarized. The collected data based on the analysis of 1619 patients in total demonstrate that shedding of these vectors occurs in practice, mainly determined by the type of vector and the route of vector administration. Due to the use of non-quantitative assays, the lack of information on assay sensitivity in most publications, and the fact that assay sensitivity is expressed in various ways, general conclusions cannot be made as to the level of vector shedding. The evaluation of the potential impact and consequences of the observations is complicated by the high degree of variety in the experimental design of shedding analysis between trials. This inventory can be supportive to clinical gene therapy investigators for the establishment of an evidence-based risk assessment to be included in a clinical protocol application, as well as to national regulatory authorities for the ongoing development of regulatory guidelines regarding gene therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] GIGANTEA is a component of a regulatory pathway determining wall ingrowth deposition in phloem parenchyma transfer cells of Arabidopsis thalianaTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 4 2010Joshua Edwards Summary Transfer cells are specialised transport cells containing invaginated wall ingrowths that generate an amplified plasma membrane surface area with high densities of transporter proteins. They trans -differentiate from differentiated cells at sites at which enhanced rates of nutrient transport occur across apo/symplasmic boundaries. Despite their physiological importance, little is known of the molecular mechanisms regulating construction of their intricate wall ingrowths. We investigated the genetic control of wall ingrowth formation in phloem parenchyma transfer cells of leaf minor veins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Wall ingrowth development in these cells is substantially enhanced upon exposing plants to high-light or cold treatments. A hierarchical bioinformatic analysis of public microarray datasets derived from the leaves of plants subjected to these treatments identified GIGANTEA (GI) as one of 46 genes that are commonly up-regulated twofold or more under both high-light and cold conditions. Histological analysis of the GI mutants gi-2 and gi-3 showed that the amount of phloem parenchyma containing wall ingrowths was reduced 15-fold compared with wild-type. Discrete papillate wall ingrowths were formed in gi-2 plants but failed to develop into branched networks. Wall ingrowth development in gi-2 was not rescued by exposing these plants to high-light or cold conditions. In contrast, over-expression of GI in the gi-2 background restored wall ingrowth deposition to wild-type levels. These results indicate that GI regulates the ongoing development of wall ingrowth networks at a point downstream of inputs from environmental signals. [source] Bauten in deutschen Erdbebengebieten , zur Einführung der DIN 4149: 2005BAUTECHNIK, Issue 8 2005Jochen Schwarz Dr.-Ing. Die Einführung der DIN 4149: 2005 bildet eine wichtige Voraussetzung, um im Kontext der Harmonisierung europäischer Baubestimmungen ein erdbebensicheres und wirtschaftliches Bauen in den Erdbebengebieten Deutschlands zu ermöglichen. Verschiedene Phasen der Erarbeitung werden in einer chronologischen Form beleuchtet und mit einem Ausblick auf die weitere Normenentwicklung abgeschlossen. Es werden interdisziplinäre Forschungsarbeiten gewürdigt, die wesentlich dazu beigetragen haben, das Regelwerk der seismischen Lastannahmen für Bauwerke neu zu konzipieren. Insbesondere durch die Festlegung geologie- und untergrundbezogener Bemessungsspektren wird eine differenzierte Beschreibung seismischer Einwirkungen und auf die regionalen Besonderheiten deutscher Erdbebengebiete ausgerichtete Bauwerksbemessung gewährleistet. Der erreichte Grad der Harmonisierung europäischer Erdbebenbaunormen wird anhand aktueller Zonenkarten sowie der Festlegungen zu Bemessungsbeschleunigungen entlang der nationalen Grenzen beispielhaft nachvollzogen. Da die neue Gefährdungszonenkarte eine veränderte regionale Verteilung der Erdbebenzonen bedingt, wird auf die Notwendigkeit einer Bewertung der Erdbebentauglichkeit der vorherrschenden Bauweisen und die Identifikation der im Katastrophenfall bedeutenden Anlagen und Einrichtungen hingewiesen. Buildings in German seismic regions , to the introduction of the revised German Seismic Code DIN 4149: 2005. The introduction of the revised Seismic Code DIN 4149: 2005 can be regarded as an important step towards earthquake resistant and economic building design in German earthquake regions. Different stages of its elaboration are described chronologically, concluding in an outlook on the ongoing development in European code standardization. Interdisciplinary research projects, which influenced the redrafting of the general rules and the implementation of new approaches, substantially, are recognized for their contributions. In particular, the concept of geology- and subsoil-dependent response spectra enables a refined description of seismic action and building design while reflecting the existing site conditions realistically. The attained state of harmonisation of national regulations is discussed exemplary by comparing peak ground and derived design accelerations alongside the borders with neighbouring countries like Belgium, France and Switzerland. With respect to the new zoning map and the modifications of affected areas, the need of practical implementation is directed towards two tasks: evaluation of the existing building stock and the predominant building types and identification of those structures and facilities which are of high importance in cases of catastrophic events. [source] Tradisi and Turisme: Music, Dance, and Cultural Transformation at the Ubud Palace, Bali, IndonesiaGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003P. Dunbar This article investigates relationships between music and place through analysis of performances for tourists at a prominent site, Puri Saren Agung (the Ubud Palace) in the Balinese village of Ubud. These performances are representative of ways in which Balinese traditional cultural representation is transformed when it is packaged for tourist consumption. Through a number of readings of the palace, potential meanings for music are shown to be dependent on the past and present identities of this site. This is heightened by a view of changes in the palace's status and uses as a metaphor for ongoing developments in Balinese music and dance, and thus of ways in which tourism has been, and continues to be, a force in Balinese cultural production. [source] Measuring the value and impact of health library and information services: past reflections, future possibilitiesHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 2007Joanne Gard Marshall Objectives:, To summarize the context, history and results of research studies conducted on the value and impact of health library and information services by the author since 1975 and to use this as a basis for examining ongoing developments related to evaluation research. To provide a comprehensive bibliography of library value and impact studies. Methods:, Literature review and background based on personal involvement in the studies under discussion. Results:, The author's studies demonstrate an ongoing evolution of value and impact studies since the mid-1970s. In health sciences libraries, the approach taken to measuring value and impact has been strongly influenced by the type of research being conducted in the health sciences field as a whole. As a result, health sciences library researchers have become early adopters of methods that incorporate outcome and impact measures and rigorous research designs, and the concept of evidence-based library and information practice. The paper recommends that a range of research approaches from various disciplines be used to guide future evaluation research. Conclusions:, Value and impact studies will continue to be important resources for evidence-based practice as health information professionals deal with evolving user needs and new ways of delivering information to a variety of audiences. [source] Stacking the Nanochemistry Deck: Structural and Compositional Diversity in One-Dimensional Photonic CrystalsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Leonardo D. Bonifacio Abstract One-dimensional photonic structures, known as Bragg stacks or Bragg reflectors or Bragg mirrors, represent a well-developed subject in the field of optical science. However, because of a lack of dynamic tunability and their dependence on complex top-down techniques for their fabrication, they have received little attention from the materials science community. Herein, we present recent and ongoing developments on the way to functional one-dimensional photonic structures obtained from simple bottom-up techniques. We focus on the versatility of this new approach, which allows the incorporation of a wide range of materials into photonic structures. [source] Think really different: Continuity and specialization in the English dual form adverbsJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2002Sali Tagliamonte This paper analyses variation between -ly and -ø in English dual form adverbs by examining conversational data from York, U.K. Using multivariate analysis and the comparative method we assess the constraint ranking, significance and relative importance of external factors (age, sex, education level) and internal factors (lexical identity, function and meaning). The results show that -ly is dominant and has increased dramatically in apparent time. However, cross-tabulations with individual lexical items reveal that this correlation with speaker age is restricted to a single item,really. In conjunction with evidence from the history of English, we suggest that this does not reflect ongoing developments in English adverb formation, but is the result of continuous renewal in the encoding of ,intensity'. In contrast, separate analysis of the other adverbs shows that variation between -ly and zero is retained in part as a socio-symbolic resource, in particular for marking less educated male speech. Underlying this social meaning however, is a linguistic constraint which operates across all speakers. The zero adverb encodes concrete, objective meaning,a tendency which can be traced back 650 years or more. This provides yet another example of the interface between social and historical developments in language variation and change. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||