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Ocular Melanoma (ocular + melanoma)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	53%

Selected Abstracts

Latitude and Incidence of Ocular Melanoma

PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007
Claire M. Vajdic
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Latitude and Incidence of Ocular Melanoma

PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006
Guo-Pei Yu
We investigated the associations between latitude and the incidence of two different types of ocular melanoma, external ocular melanoma (exposed to sunlight) and internal melanoma (not exposed to sunlight), separately. Using 1992,2002 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of National Cancer Institute, we identified 2142 ocular melanoma cases in non-Hispanic whites, and then regressed the incidences of various types of ocular melanomas with latitude. Our analysis indicated that the higher the latitude (away from the equator, the less sun exposure), the lower the risk of external ocular melanoma (eyelid and conjunctival melanomas) among non-Hispanic whites (P for trend = 0.018). The incidence increased 2.48 fold from 47,48° to 20,22°. This trend is very similar to that of skin melanoma. The incidence of internal ocular melanoma (uveal melanoma) increased significantly with increasing latitudes (the less sun exposure, P for trend < 0.0001), it increased 4.91 fold from 20,22° to 47,48°. The latitudinal patterns of ocular melanomas may reflect the dual effects of sunlight exposure, i.e. a mutagenic effect of direct solar radiation on external ocular melanomas and a protective effect for internal uveal melanoma, which is similar to the sun radiation protective effects for various internal malignant tumors that are not exposed to the sunlight. [source]

Diagnosis of ophthalmic tumours

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009
T KIVELÄ
Purpose To summarise clinical methods used to diagnose ophthalmic tumours. Methods Personal experience of the author as a member of the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group. Results Conjunctival tumours are excised based on provisional clinical diagnosis or, if they are extensive, atypical or part of systemic disease such as lymphoma, first biopsied to obtain a histopathologic diagnosis. Useful methods to diagnose and stage conjunctival tumours are high frequency ultrasonography (US) or ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to measure their thickness, in vivo confocal microscopy or impression cytology to chart their extent, and exfoliative cytology to get a provisional diagnosis. Ciliary body tumours are visualised by radical biomicroscopy, transillumination and indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation, supplemented with high frequency US or UBM. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and US form the basis or diagnosing choroidal tumours. In addition to fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in atypical cases, optical coherence tomography to detect subretinal fluid and autofluorescence to detect orange pigment are useful adjuncts in telling a small melanoma from a naevus. The mnemonic "To Find Small Ocular Melanomas" (from Thickness >2mm, subretinal Fluid, Symptoms, Orange pigment, Margin touching disc) is also useful in this respect. Clinical diagnosis of medium-sized to large melanomas is 99% accurate, whereas a fine needle or vitrectomy biopsy may be necessary to diagnose atypical tumours and is also used for cytogenetic analysis of uveal melanomas. Conclusion Conjunctival tumours are mostly diagnosed histopathologically, whereas diagnosis of uveal tumours is usually based on clinical examination. While clinical diagnosis is usually reliable, biopsy of uveal tumours is increasingly used for prognostic purposes. [source]

Ocular Melanoma Metastatic to Skin: The Value of HMB-45 Staining

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2004
Robert A. Schwartz MD
Background: Cutaneous metastatic disease is an important finding that may represent the first sign of systemic cancer, or, if already known, that may change tumor staging and thus dramatically altered therapeutic plans. Although cutaneous metastases are relatively frequent in patients with cutaneous melanoma, they are less so from ocular melanoma. Objective: To demonstrate the value of HMB-45, staining in the detection of ocular melanoma metastatic to skin. Methods: The immunohistochemical stain HMB-45 a monoclonal antibody directed against intact human melanoma cells, was employed on a skin biopsy specimen from a cutaneous tumor. Results: HMB-45 staining was positive in the atypical hyperchromatic cells of the deep dermis. Conclusion: HMB-45 may be of value in the detection of ocular melanoma metastatic to skin. Cutaneous metastatic disease is a somewhat common and extremely important diagnosis. Although cutaneous metastases from cutaneous melanoma are relatively frequent, those from ocular melanomas are less so. Use of histochemical staining, especially the HMB-45 stain, allows confirmation of the diagnosis. [source]

A large Norwegian family with inherited malignant melanoma, multiple atypical nevi, and CDK4 mutation

GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 1 2005
Anders Molven
Mutations in two loci encoding cell-cycle-regulatory proteins have been shown to cause familial malignant melanoma. About 20% of melanoma-prone families bear a mutation in the CDKN2A locus, which encodes two unrelated proteins, p16INK4A and p14ARF. Mutations in the other locus, CDK4, are much rarer and have been linked to the disease in only three families worldwide. In the 1960s, a large Norwegian pedigree with multiple atypical nevi and malignant melanomas was identified. Subsequently, six generations and more than 100 family members were traced and 20 cases of melanoma verified. In this article, we report that CDK4 codon 24 is mutated from CGT to CAT (Arg24His) in this unusually large melanoma kindred. Intriguingly, one of the family members had ocular melanoma, but the CDK4 mutation could not be detected in archival tissue samples from this subject. Thus, the case of ocular melanoma in this family was sporadic, suggesting an etiology different from that of the skin tumors. The CDK4 mutation in the Norwegian family was identical to that in melanoma families in France, Australia, and England. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers flanking the CDK4 gene and single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene did not support the possibility that there was a common founder, but rather indicated at least two independent mutational events. All CDK4 melanoma families known to date have a substitution of amino acid 24. In addition to resulting from selection pressure, this observation may be explained by the CG dinucleotide of codon 24 representing a mutational hot spot in the CDK4 gene. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Latitude and Incidence of Ocular Melanoma

Epidemiology of conjunctival melanocytic neoplasms

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2008
T KIVELÄ
Purpose To summarise the epidemiology of conjunctival melanocytic neoplasms. Methods Review of population-based data on 85 patients with primary conjunctival melanoma (CM) and recently published literature. Results CM accounts for 5-7% of ocular melanoma in Europe. Its age-adjusted incidence has increased 2-fold in North Europe (Finland, from 0.40 to 0.80/million) and North America (USA, from 0.27 to 0.54) during the last 25 y. In both regions, age-adjusted incidence is higher in men. Different rates between regions result from differences in registries, ethnicity and solar radiation. Age-adjusted incidence of CM is 3-fold in non-Hispanic Caucasians and 2-fold in Hispanics relative to Asians, African Americans and American Indians; among non-Hispanic Caucasians it increases 2.5-fold from 48 deg. (e.g. Paris) to 21 deg. (e.g. Mecca) of latitude. CM is rare below 30 y of age (age-specific incidence, 0.06) but increases steadily thereafter (0.48, 1.05 and 1.57 for 30-49, 50-70 and >70 y, respectively). Median age at diagnosis is 58-60 y. Most CM arise in limbal (57-64%) followed by bulbar (12-13%), palpebral (7-9%) and caruncular (3%) conjunctiva. Tumor-specific 5-and 10-y mortality estimates are 14-20% and 29-38%, respectively. Non-limbal location, increasing tumor thickness and local recurrence are consistently associated with higher mortality. Clinically detectable primary acquired melanosis (PAM) and nevus precede or accompany CM in 57-61% and 7-23% of patients, respectively. Median age at diagnosis of PAM is 56 y. The risk of malignant change is not precisely known and depends heavily on subtype of PAM, ranging from 10 to 90%. Conclusion Recent studies provide epidemiological data on CM which are remarkably consistent. The epidemiology of conjunctival nevi and PAM is less precisely known. [source]

Managing patients with ocular melanoma: state of the art

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 7 2008
Bertil Damato MD FRCOphth
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Australian Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of ocular and periocular Melanoma: an evidence-based literature analysis

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 7 2008
Simon E Skalicky MBBS
Abstract Background:, With recent advances in the diagnosis and management of ocular and periocular melanoma, many of which are based on results from randomized control trials, there is an increasing need for an evidence-based review of the literature for the Australasian population. The Australian Cancer Network has recently redeveloped the evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Melanoma, including a chapter on ocular melanoma. These are the first evidence-based guidelines on ocular melanoma to be created by the Australian Cancer Network. Methods:, The primary research questions were formed and a detailed literature search was undertaken. Each relevant article was assessed and graded I,IV according to the level of evidence. Articles were grouped into bodies of evidence which were then assessed. Results:, A total of 107 relevant articles were identified and grouped into 12 bodies of evidence. Guidelines based on this analysis were formulated and graded. These are presented below. Conclusions:, The management of ocular melanoma has benefited from recent advances in imaging, molecular biology and cytogenetics, and tumours today are detected earlier and with greater accuracy than 25 years ago. With improved treatment ocular and periocular melanomas can be controlled locally, with good preservation of vision in many patients. However, there remains no cure for metastatic disease. [source]