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Obvious Correlation (obvious + correlation)
Selected AbstractsLevel of MYC overexpression in pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma is strongly dependent on genomic breakpoint location within the MYC locusGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2004Monika Wilda Increased transcriptional activity of the MYC gene is a characteristic feature of Burkitt's lymphoma. Aberrant MYC expression is caused by (1) chromosomal translocation to one of the loci carrying an immunoglobulin gene, (2) mutation within the translocated allele, (3) loss of the block to transcription elongation, or (4) promoter shift. To investigate the influence of breakpoint locations within the MYC gene on MYC transcript levels, we determined both the precise genomic MYC/IGH breakpoints and the amount of MYC mRNA in 25 samples of pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma with translocation t(8;14)(q24;q32). Patients with breakpoints that were 5, from MYC exon 1 had significantly lower expression of MYC than did patients who had a breakpoint within exon 1 or intron 1 (P < 0.05 and 0.005, respectively). The highest mRNA level of MYC (1,006 copies per 100 copies ABL1) was detected in patients with loss of the first exon and transcription initiation from a cryptic P3 promoter within the first intron of the MYC gene. In contrast, there was no obvious correlation between breakpoint locations within the IgH locus and the amount of MYC mRNA. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Regulatory volume decrease is actively modulated during the cell cycleJOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Liwei Wang Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, CNE-2Z, when swollen by 47% hypotonic solution, exhibited a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The RVD was inhibited by extracellular applications of the chloride channel blockers tamoxifen (30 ,M; 61% inhibition), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB, 100 ,M; 60% inhibition), and ATP (10 mM; 91% inhibition). The level and time constant of RVD varied greatly between cells. Most cells conducted an incomplete RVD, but a few had the ability to recover their volume completely. There was no obvious correlation between cell volume and RVD capacity. Flow cytometric analysis showed that highly synchronous cells were obtained by the mitotic shake-off technique and that the cells progressed through the cell cycle synchronously when incubated in culture medium. Combined application of DNA synthesis inhibitors, thymidine and hydroxyurea arrested cells at the G1/S boundary and 87% of the cells reached S phase 4 h after being released. RVD capacity changed significantly during the cell cycle progression in cells synchronized by shake-off technique. RVD capacity being at its highest in G1 phase and lowest in S phase. The RVD capacity in G1 (shake-off cells sampled after 4 h of incubation), S (obtained by chemical arrest), and M cells (selected under microscope) was 73, 33, and 58%, respectively, and the time constants were 435, 769, and 2,000 sec, respectively. We conclude that RVD capacity is actively modulated in the cell cycle and RVD may play an important role in cell cycle progress. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 110,119, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of N -Basic Substituted 3-Hydroxypyridin-4-ones: Orally Active Iron Chelators with Lysosomotrophic PotentialJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2000ZU D. LIU To investigate the possibility of targeting chelators into the lysosomal iron pool, nine bidentate 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones with basic chains have been synthesized. As the turnover of ferritin iron is centred in the lysosome, such strategy is predicted to increase chelator efficacy of bidentate ligands. The pKa values of the ligands together with their distribution coefficients between 1-octanol and 4-morpholinepropane sulphonic acid (MOPS) buffer pH 7.4 have been determined. The in-vivo iron mobilization efficacy of these basic 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones has been investigated in a 59Fe-ferritin-loaded rat model. No obvious correlation was observed between efficacy and the pKa value of the side chain, although those with pKa > 7.0 tended to be more efficient than those with pKa < 7.0. The imidazole-containing molecules are much less effective than the tertiary amine derivatives. A dose-response study suggested that basic pyridinones are relatively more effective at lower doses when compared with N -alkyl hydroxypyridinones. Optimal effects were observed with the piperidine derivatives 4h and 4i. The derivative 4i at a dose of 150 ,mol kg,1 was more effective than 450 ,mol kg,1 deferiprone, the widely adopted clinical dose. [source] On the atmospheric limitations of ground-based submillimetre astronomy using array receiversMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2002E. N. Archibald Abstract The calibration of ground-based submillimetre observations has always been a difficult process. We discuss how to overcome the limitations imposed by the submillimetre atmosphere. Novel ways to improve line-of-sight opacity estimates are presented, resulting in tight relations between opacities at different wavelengths. The submillimetre camera SCUBA, mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), is the first large-scale submillimetre array, and as such is ideal for combating the effects of the atmosphere. For example, we find that the off-source pixels are crucial for removing sky noise. Benefiting from several years of SCUBA operation, a data base of deep SCUBA observations has been constructed to help us understand better the nature of sky noise and the effects of the atmosphere on instrument sensitivity. This has revealed several results. First, there is evidence for positive correlations between sky noise and seeing and sky noise and sky opacity. Furthermore, 850-,m and 450-,m sky noise are clearly correlated, suggesting that 450-,m data may be used to correct 850-,m observations for sky noise. Perhaps most important of all: if off-source bolometers are used for sky noise removal, there is no correlation between instrument sensitivity and chop throw, for chop throws out to 180 arcsec. Understanding the effects of submillimetre seeing is also important, and we find that the JCMT beam is not significantly broadened by seeing, nor is there an obvious correlation between seeing and pointing excursions. [source] Molecular prenatal diagnosis in a case of an X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctataPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 9 2003N. V. Whittock Abstract X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata, (CDPX2,MIM302960) also known as Conradi,Hünermann,Happle syndrome, is a rare form of skeletal dysplasia that affects the skeleton, skin, hair, and eyes. The disorder is caused by mutations within the emopamil binding protein (Ebp) that functions as a delta(8), delta(7) sterol isomerase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. To date, over 40 separate mutations have been reported in the Ebp gene, EBP, with no obvious correlation between the molecular defects and the severity of the clinical phenotype. We have studied a 30-year-old woman who presented in adulthood with skin, hair, and mild skeletal defects but no ocular abnormalities and have identified a heterozygous missense mutation within the third transmembrane domain of the protein. In addition, we have performed molecular prenatal testing on her unborn fetus. The results demonstrate inter-familial variability for missense mutations within the emopamil binding protein and add to the molecular data for CDPX2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prediction of human blood-to-plasma drug concentration ratioBIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 5-6 2010Takahide Uchimura Abstract The objective of this study was to predict Rb (blood/plasma ratio) in humans using a simple method. Human and rat Rb and free fraction in plasma (fp) values were obtained from the literature. The ratio of total red blood cell concentration to the free concentration in plasma (Kb) was calculated using fp and Rb. Four methods were used for the prediction of Rb: (A) use of rat Rb; (B) use of Rb calculated from rat Kb and human fp; (C) correlation of human log ((1,fp)/fp) and human log Kb; and (D) correlation of log D with human log Kb. The Rb of 96 compounds in humans ranged from 0.52 to 2.00, with an average of 0.89. A significant correlation was observed among human log Kb, human log ((1,fp)/fp), and log D; however, no obvious correlation was observed among human Rb, human log ((1,fp)/fp), and log D. The errors within 1.25-fold for methods A,D were 68.3%, 77.6%, 61.5% and 64.8%, respectively. All predictive methods considered here were superior to the use of the average value of human Rb or Rb=1. Rat Rb corrected by human fp improved the accuracy of the prediction. Method B was the most accurate of the four methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Conscious or deep sedation: a questionnaire regarding the experience of parents, children and staff during small bowel biopsyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2003J Skoglösa Aim: The paediatric clinics of Linköping and Norrköping, Sweden, have different procedures regarding premedication and sedation during small bowel biopsy in children with suspected or diagnosed coeliac disease. In Linköping deep sedation using intravenous propofol is the method of sedation being used and parents are not present during the biopsy procedure. In Norrköping conscious sedation using intravenous midazolam is the routine and parents stay with their child throughout the whole biopsy procedure. The aim of this study was to find out whether the preprocedural and procedural differences between the clinics affected the way in which the parents and children experienced the time before and during the biopsy procedure. Methods: A questionnaire was used to ask the parents of 102 children who had undergone small bowel capsule biopsy for their opinion regarding the discomfort experienced by their children. The parents'and children's experience was also compared with that of the paediatric nurse caring for the family during the biopsy procedure, and the paediatric gastroenterologist performing the biopsy. Results: The differences regarding premedication and sedation between the two groups did not seem to affect the parents'or the children's total experience of the biopsy procedure, nor did the presence or absence of the parents throughout the biopsy procedure. As regards the sedation given, 95% of the parents did not think that their children suffered any discomfort at all. The total experience of the biopsy procedure on a five-grade scale (5 being very good, 1 being very bad) was 5 for the parents and 4 for the children in both centres. Parents and children in both centres were very satisfied with the way in which they were taken care of during their visit to the hospital. In both units there was an obvious correlation between how the paediatric nurse experienced the biopsy procedure and how the paediatric gastroenterologist did, but only a weak correlation between the experience of the parents and that of the paediatric gastroenterologist and paediatric nurse. The anxiety of the parents was similarly estimated by the paediatric gastroenterologist and the paediatric nurse in both centres. There was no correlation between their assessment and the experience reported by the parents. Conclusion: The children undergoing small bowel biopsy and their parents felt well taken care of during their visit to the two hospitals. The differences between the clinics regarding method of sedation and presence or absence of the parents did not seem to affect how the parents and children experienced the biopsy procedure. [source] Plant diversity and endemism in sub-Saharan tropical AfricaJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2001Linder Aim This paper has as its central aim the location of centres of species richness and endemism in the sub-Saharan African flora. Previous postulation of these centres has been based on an intuitive interpretation of distributional data; this paper provides a test of these centres. A second aim is to establish whether the two indices, richness and endemism, locate the same centres. Thirdly the relationship between species richness and endemism, and latitude and rainfall are explored. Location The study area includes much of sub-Saharan Africa, but excludes the species-poor southern margin of the Sahara and the Namib,Kalahari regions. Methods Analyses were based on 1818 species, scored on a 2.5 × 2.5 degree grid. Species richness was inferred from a simple grid-diversity count; endemism was determined by three measures: the number of species restricted to two grids, the sum of the inverse of the ranges of the component species of each grid, and the proportion of the species in each grid that have restricted ranges. Results The African flora shows a remarkably profound patterning, both in species richness and endemism. The two measures locate largely the same centres, although the rank order among them differs. These centres are: the Cape Floristic Region, East Coast, Congo-Zambezi watershed, Kivu, Upper and Lower Guinea. Richness is strongly related to maximum rainfall, but there are no obvious correlations between modern climate and endemism. Species richness and endemism north of the equator is much more concentrated into centres than south of the equator. Main conclusions There are strongly developed refugia in sub-Saharan Africa. North of the equator, these refugia are sharply delimited and rather small, separated by large areas of very low endemism. South of the equator endemism tends to be more generally distributed. Variation in species richness in sub-Saharan Africa can be explained largely by modern rainfall, while endemism may be related to palaeoclimatic fluctuations. Both species richness and endemism show a strong skewing towards the south, indicating that the fluctuations in the Sahara might have influenced the modern distribution of plants in Africa. [source] Elevated serum level and gene polymorphisms of TGF-,1 in gastric cancerJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2008Xue Li Abstract Transforming growth factor (TGF)-,1, as a candidate tumor marker, is currently of interest. In this study, serum TGF-,1 levels in gastric cancer (GC) patients and healthy volunteers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TGF-,1 gene at codon 10 and codon 25 were identified by means of amplification refractory mutation system,polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and sequence analysis. Our results indicated that serum concentrations of TGF-,1 in GC patients were significantly higher than those in the control, and positively correlated with tumor mass, invasion, metastasis, and clinical stage. The serum TGF-,1 levels of patients recovering from radical resection were markedly lower than those before surgery. Meanwhile, no deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence variation at codon 25 of the TGF-,1 gene was found and a TGF-,1 gene polymorphism at codon 10 did not show obvious correlations with either TGF-,1 expression or clinicopathological parameters of GC. Our evidence suggested that serum concentration of TGF-,1 might be a novel tumor marker for GC and the polymorphisms of TGF-,1 gene did not play a role as a determinant of serum TGF-,1 concentration or as a genetic risk factor in the gastric carcinogenesis and progression. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:164,171, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||