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Objective Measurements (objective + measurement)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	82%
Humanities and Social Sciences	7%
Engineering	5%
2 Other Domains	6%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Allergy & Clinical Immunology	30%
Dermatology	12%
12 Other Subdomains	34%

Selected Abstracts

"Chips with Everything": A Laboratory Exercise for Comparing Subjective and Objective Measurements of Potato Chips

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE EDUCATION, Issue 3 2005
Cathy Davies
ABSTRACT: The following laboratory exercise was designed to aid student understanding of the differences between subjective and objective measurements. Students assess the color and texture of different varieties of potato chip (crisps) by means of an intensity rating scale and a rank test and objectively with a colorimeter and texture analyzer. For data analysis, student are instructed to critically determine, using basic statistics, any differences between the subjective and objective measurement techniques. This laboratory exercise is very versatile, and although it is designed as a hands-on exercise in an undergraduate Food Analysis course, it has also been a demonstration for High School students. [source]

Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2010
S. Lis
Lis S, Baer N, Stein-en-Nosse C, Gallhofer B, Sammer G, Kirsch P. Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Objective:, This study investigates whether hyperactivity, i.e. an increased level of motor activity, can be observed in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method:, An infrared motion-tracking system was used to measure motor activity in 20 unmedicated adults with ADHD and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) during a 1-back working memory task. Results:, Motor activity was higher in ADHD. It increased with the duration of testing and co-varied with cognitive performance in ADHD only. Subjective and objective measurements of motor activity were related in HC, but not in ADHD. Conclusion:, Higher levels of motor activity in ADHD are objectively measurable not only in children, but in adults as well. It is linked to cognitive performance arguing against distinguishable diagnostic subtypes. The objective measurement of motor activity seems to extend the description of ADHD symptoms derived from rating scales and might thus help to bridge the gap between psychopathological symptom description and neurobiological alterations. [source]

Differentiation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity on objective activity levels using actigraphs

PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 3 2009
Noa Tsujii md
Aims:, To clarify differences in objective activity levels between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and hyperactivity. Method:, Eighteen boys with combined type ADHD, 10 boys with PDD with hyperactivity, and 18 control boys wore actigraphs for 1 week while attending elementary school. In addition to the average activity level, the standard deviation in the activity levels were compared for two continuous situations: (i) in-seat classes, in which the participants were expected to sit in their own seats and learn quietly; and (ii) free recess periods following the in-seat classes. Results:, All the groups were affected by the situational shift, the average activity level of each the groups was higher and the standard deviation was smaller than those during the in-seat classes. The boys with ADHD exhibited a still smaller standard deviation than the controls and the boys with PDD and hyperactivity during the free recess period; no difference between the controls and the boys with PDD was seen. The boys with PDD exhibited a significantly lower average activity level than the other groups. No differences among the groups in the average activity levels and standard deviation were seen during the in-seat classes. Conclusions:, The observed objective activity levels in each group reflect the degree to which the boys are able to tolerate changes in situations. Objective measurement of activity levels may be useful to differentiate hyperactivity in children with ADHD from that in children without ADHD. [source]

Correlation of Degree of Penile Curvature between Patient Estimates and Objective Measures among Men with Peyronie's Disease

THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2009
Vanessa Bacal
ABSTRACT Introduction., Among men with Peyronie's disease (PD), the degree of penile curvature has significant implications on psychological well-being, sexual function, treatment planning, and posttherapy evaluations. Aim., The primary objective of the current study was to correlate patients' estimates of penile angulation with objective measures. Main Outcome Measures., (i) Proportion of patients over- or underestimating their actual degree of curvature; and (ii) degree differences between patient estimates and objective measures of penile curvature. Methods., At baseline, patients with established PD were asked to provide a "best estimate" of their degree of penile curvature. Objective measures of penile angulation were then performed using standardized photographs and protractor-based measurement of penile curvature during full erection. Correlations were performed between patient estimates of penile curvature and objective measures of penile angulation. Results., Eighty-one men with established PD and a mean age of 52 years (range: 20,72 years) were prospectively evaluated. Mean duration of disease was 33 months (range: 6,276 months), and mean plaque size was 1.4 cm ± 0.1 standardized error (SE). The proportion of patients with dorsal, lateral, and ventral curvatures was 39%, 57%, and 4%, respectively. Patient estimates of baseline penile curvature (mean 51 degrees ± 3.1 SE) differed significantly from objective measurements (mean 40 degrees ± 2.4, P = 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients overestimate their actual degree of penile curvature (54% overestimate, 26% underestimate, and 20% are accurate within 5 degrees, P = 0.002). Compared with objective measures, patients' estimates of degree of penile curvature differed by an average of 20 degrees ± 2.2 SE. Conclusions., Patients with PD tend to overestimate their degree of penile curvature. Objective measurement of penile angulation is necessary to accurately counsel patients regarding disease severity, recommend appropriate treatment strategies, and objectively evaluate outcomes following therapy. Bacal V, Rumohr J, Sturm R, Lipshultz LI, Schumacher M, and Grober ED. Correlation of degree of penile curvature between patient estimates and objective measures among men with Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med 2009;6:862,865. [source]

Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease,

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 8 2004
R. Ackroyd
Background: The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in a randomized clinical trial. Methods: Ninety-nine patients were randomized to either laparoscopic (52) or open (47) Nissen fundoplication. Patients with oesophageal dysmotility, those requiring a concurrent abdominal procedure and those who had undergone previous antireflux surgery were excluded. Independent assessment of dysphagia, heartburn and patients' satisfaction 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery was performed using multiple standardized clinical grading systems. Objective measurement of oesophageal acid exposure and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure before and after surgery, and endoscopic assessment of postoperative anatomy, were performed. Results: Operating time was longer in the laparoscopic group (median 82 versus 46 min). Postoperative pain, analgesic requirement, time to solid food intake, hospital stay and recovery time were reduced in the laparoscopic group. Perioperative outcomes, postoperative dysphagia, relief of heartburn and overall satisfaction were equally good at all follow-up intervals. Reduction in oesophageal acid exposure, increase in lower oesophageal sphincter tone and improvement in endoscopic appearances were the same for the two groups. Conclusion: The laparoscopic approach to Nissen fundoplication improved early postoperative recovery, with an equally good outcome up to 12 months. Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

A Communication Training Programme for Residential Staff Working with Adults with Challenging Behaviour: Pilot Data on Intervention Effects

JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2007
Andy Smidt
Background, Challenging behaviour often serves a communicative function. It therefore stands to reason that the residential staff working in developmental disability services require training to foster appropriate communicative interactions with adults with challenging behaviour. Method, Eighteen members of staff working in three residential services participated in a 4 week communication training programme. The programme focused on staff attitudes to and beliefs about challenging behaviour, communicative interactions between staff and residents and working as a team. Objective measurements were made of the effects of the training programme on staff use of augmentative and alternative communication, praise and use of inappropriate language in a multiple-baseline design across three organizations. Changes in the rate of challenging behaviours among the residents were also evaluated. Results, As staff's use of AAC and praise increased, and inappropriate language decreased, there was some concomitant decrease in residents' levels of challenging behaviour; however, these results were not sustained in the long-term. Conclusion, This pilot data suggest that an approach to staff training based on modifying attitudes and beliefs is potentially beneficial to both staff and residents. [source]

Increasing Use of the Scapula Osteocutaneous Free Flap ,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 9 2000
Sean C. Coleman MD
Abstract Objectives To determine the appropriate use of the scapula osteocutaneous free flap (SOFF) and to document donor site morbidity. Study Design Retrospective review and prospective physical therapy evaluation. Methods A computer database of all free flap procedures performed at a single institution was created. Specific clinical and operative details from cases involving a bone flap were extracted from the database. Rates of usage of the various osteocutaneous flaps were compared over four successive 2-year intervals (1992,1999). A single physical therapist performed a structured evaluation of the donor site. Results Overall, 64 bone flap procedures were performed, of which 24 (37.5%) were SOFF procedures. The SOFF utilization has increased from 6.6% to 63.6%, while fibula and iliac crest utilization has fallen significantly. This is in part because of the greater versatility of the SOFF, with the possibility of separate skin paddles and adequate bone length. The mean cutaneous area harvested with the SOFF was 110 cm2 (range, 48,200 cm2) compared with 55.4 cm2 (range, 25,102 cm2) and 77.6 cm2 (range, 50,120 cm2) for the fibula and iliac crest, respectively. Mean bone flap lengths were 8.37, 7.65, and 10.1 cm, respectively, for the SOFF, fibula, and iliac crest. Dual skin paddles were used in 50% of the SOFF procedures versus 2.8% for the fibula flap procedures. There were no significant complications of the donor site in any patient, and there was only one flap failure (4.1%). Related to the SOFF, donor site morbidity was subjectively judged as "mild," for pain, mobility, and strength. There were no complaints of poor appearance of the donor site. Activities of daily living were judged as "not limited" or "limited a little" in the majority of patients. Objective measurements of range of motion revealed an average reduction of 1° to 12° in five different shoulder functions. Elbow and arm ranges of motion were not limited. Strength was minimally reduced in the shoulder, while the arm and forearm showed no reduction in strength. Conclusions The SOFF is a versatile osteocutaneous free flap that can be used for a multitude of reconstructive problems. This and its relative lack of significant donor site morbidity have caused its use to increase significantly. [source]

The value of laparoscopic skills courses

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
George CONDOUS
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of ,hands-on' laparoscopic skills course. Methods: A prospective observational study conducted between May 2005 and June 2006. All gynaecologists who attended ,hands-on' laparoscopic skills course held over a five-day period were assessed initially and at the end of the intensive course. Subjective assessment involved each attendee self-scoring their own knowledge in laparoscopy in different fields; this was done using visual analog scoring (VAS). Objective assessment was done through multiple choice questions (MCQs) and motor skill tasks. The difference between the performances of each of the candidates at pre- and post-course periods was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. P -values < 0.05 represented statistical significance. Setting: Centre for Advanced Reproductive Endosurgery (CARE), Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Results:, Twenty-four consecutive gynaecologists have been enrolled in the study , 14 were specialists and ten were obstetrics and gynaecology trainees. Mean age was 44.4 years (range 35,58 years). Pre- and post-course subjective assessment measuring VAS improved significantly for all variables. Objective measurements of pre- and post-course mean MCQ results also improved significantly from 71% to 84.5%, respectively (P -value < 0.0001). There was dramatic improvement in the performing of motor skills in the dry laboratory. Conclusions: Laparoscopic skills workshops can improve both knowledge base and motor skills. Such courses result in a short-term measurable improvement. Future studies should focus on assessing the impact of such ,hands-on' courses to see if these skills are transferred to the operating room. [source]

Ultrasonographic characteristics of soft tissue tumours in dogs

AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009
ZHK Loh
Objective To identify and describe the ultrasonographic features of soft tissue tumours in dogs. Procedure Superficial soft tissue tumours of various histological types, including mast cell tumours (MCTs) and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), were evaluated. Ultrasound was used to visualise internal characteristics of the tumour, including vascularity. Tumours were categorised according to size, shape, margin definition, tissue plane mobility, echogenicity, echotexture, acoustic shadowing or enhancement and vessel distribution. Objective measurements of intratumoural blood flow included velocities and maximal perfused cross-sectional area (fractional area). Logistic regression models incorporating a variety of data were used in an attempt to predict the histopathological type of tumours. Results,, The logistic regression model defined by the parameters echotexture, margin definition and presence of subcapsular vessels was highly predictive of MCTs (> 73%; P = 0.024). Several other trends, including a larger size for STSs and less vascularity for both MCTs and STSs, were observed, but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion,, This preliminary study has shown the potential diagnostic value of ultrasound in differentiating soft tissue tumours. However, at present, ultrasound cannot replace biopsy and histopathological evaluation for tumour diagnosis. [source]

Diagnostic accuracy of digital photography and image analysis for the measurement of foot conformation in the horse

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 7 2008
J. M. WHITE
Summary Reasons for performing study: Rigorous evaluation of practicable methods for the objective assessment of foot conformation has not been performed. Objectives: To assess the practicability, precision and accuracy of the process of obtaining measurements of horses' feet using photography and image processing software. Methods: Precision study: Lateral photographs of horses' feet were obtained twice by 2 veterinary surgeons (image acquisition - IAc). Photographs were analysed by 2 masked veterinary surgeons on 2 occasions (image analysis - IAn). Measurements were compared within and between operators for self and non-self acquired photographs. Agreement indices (AIs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for the IAn process alone and for the combined IAc + IAn processes. Accuracy study: Measurements obtained from lateral photographs were compared with those obtained from lateromedial radiographs. AIs and 95% LOA were calculated for each measurement. Results: Precision study: Mean intra- and interoperator AIs for the IAn process alone were ,0.90 while those for the combined IAc + IAn processes were ,0.89 for all measurements. Similar mean AIs and 95% LOA were calculated regardless of image origin. The 95% LOA for hoof angle, heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle for all comparisons were within target values. Accuracy study: Mean AIs were ,0.89 for all measurements. The 95% LOA for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle were within target values. Conclusions: Excellent precision was identified within and between operators regardless of image origin. High levels of accuracy were also identified, especially for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle, indicating that photography and radiography may be used interchangeably. Potential relevance: Acquisition and analysis of photographic images is an appropriate method for the objective measurement of foot conformation, both in clinical and research settings. [source]

Quantitative evaluation of severity in psoriatic lesions using three-dimensional morphometry

EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2004
Sang Yong Park
Abstract:, The severity of psoriasis has been traditionally assessed by measures, such as the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), the psoriasis severity scores, and the lesional severity scores. As a result, even experienced dermatologists show variations when attempting to determine the severity of psoriasis. Therefore, a better non-invasive and objective measurement of clinical signs is needed. In this study, an instrument, a so-called ,stereoimage optical topometer' (SOT), based on a new concept of ,stereoimaging' was used to measure the three-dimensional skin surface. The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained by the SOT with the visual score of psoriasis lesion. Thirty psoriatic patients were enrolled in this study. Initially, the severity of the infiltration and the scale of 134 psoriatic lesions were assessed by using a visual scoring system (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe, and 4: very severe), as scored by five dermatologists. The SOT was then used to quantify the severity of each psoriatic lesion using four three-dimensional SOT parameters (Sa, SL, SA, and SV). Secondly, the involved skin-surface area in the psoriasis cases was scored by the naked eye by the five dermatologists and by image analysis. Statistically significant differences were observed between grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 in terms of the severity measurements of the individual psoriatic lesions by SOT when using the parameters Sa, SL, SA, and SV. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a strong correlation between the results measured by visual scoring and by SOT in psoriasis. [source]

The prevalence of lipodystrophy in an ambulant HIV-infected population: it all depends on the definition

HIV MEDICINE, Issue 3 2001
VM Carter
Objectives This study's objective was to determine the prevalence of body shape changes and metabolic abnormalities in an ambulant population with HIV infection. Three different definitions of lipodystrophy were used to assess these changes. Patients' anthropometric measures and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were compared in order to estimate fat distribution in this population. We sought to evaluate potential predictors for lipodystrophy according to each of the three definitions. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in the outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia. We enrolled a total of 167 HIV-infected ambulatory patients over 3 months in mid-1998. Data on 159 males, 149 of whom were receiving triple combination antiretroviral therapy, were evaluated. Anthropometric measures, clinical examination, self-report of body shape changes, biochemical measures and DEXA scan were used to assess lipodystrophy and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Patients described body shape changes in the face, trunk, arms and legs. Laboratory parameters measured included fasting triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), glucose, insulin, CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA. Current and past antiretroviral therapies were ascertained. Results According to one proposed Australian national definition of lipodystrophy (LDNC), the prevalence of lipodystrophy in this population was 65%. This definition included an objective assessment with major and minor criteria. Patient-defined lipodystrophy (LDP), which involved a subjective assessment of thinning arms and legs and central adiposity, occurred in 19%. Patient-defined lipoatrophy (LAP), which involved a subjective assessment of thinning arms and legs without central adiposity, occurred in 21.3%. No change in body habitus was noted by 37% of the cohort. Hypercholesterolaemia was recorded in 44%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 52% and elevated insulin levels in 23%. Anthropometry was predictive of the per cent total body fat recorded by DEXA scan, but produced consistently lower values. In multivariate analysis, LDP and LAP were significantly associated with stavudine (d4T) use, while LAP was also associated with zidovudine (ZDV) treatment. There were no treatment associations with LDNC. Protease inhibitor (PI) exposure was associated with metabolic changes but not patient perceived body shape changes, while d4T and ZDV exposure was associated with increased triglycerides and reduced peripheral fat stores. Conclusions The prevalence of body shape changes in a single population varied depending on the definition applied. The LDNC definition overestimated body shape abnormalities in comparison with patient perception. LAP was associated with significantly lower fat stores measured by anthropometry and DEXA scan than those identified under the LDNC definition. In contrast to LDNC, LAP was associated with d4T exposure, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and ZDV duration of use, but not PI use. Until a consensus definition for lipodystrophy is developed, including agreement on objective measurement and thresholds for abnormality, careful description of the individual components of the syndrome is required to enable cohort comparisons so that predictors of the syndrome can be assessed more accurately and outcome studies made feasible. [source]

Quality of Life Outcomes for People with Intellectual Disabilities Living in Staffed Community Housing Services: a Stratified Random Sample of Statutory, Voluntary and Private Agency Provision

JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2003
Jonathan Perry
Background, Small scale, community-based, staffed housing is a significant form of residential provision for people with intellectual disabilities. Such services are provided by health and local authorities, and voluntary and private agencies, yet little is known about how provision varies between provider sectors. Methods, This study compared sectors in terms of the processes operating within residential services, and objectively and subjectively assessed quality of life (QOL) resident outcomes. Measures of setting structure and processes and resident outcomes were undertaken on a stratified random sample of 47 small scale, community-based residential settings which accommodated a total of 154 people with intellectual disabilities. Results, In general, provider agencies did not differ in terms of the characteristics of the residents they served, the structure of settings, the processes underlying service operation or resident outcomes. However, across agencies there was considerable variation in residents' life conditions when they were measured objectively. Better outcome tended to be significantly correlated with the ability of residents. This was not the case with results on subjective measures (which were also higher than those on objective measures). Conclusions, The results reinforce the need to design services which effectively support people across the ability spectrum. Also, an argument is made for the continued utility of objective measurement in the assessment of service quality. [source]

The DARPA LAGR program: Goals, challenges, methodology, and phase I results

JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 11-12 2006
L. D. Jackel
The DARPA Learning Applied to Ground Vehicles (LAGR) program is accelerating progress in autonomous, perception-based, off-road navigation in unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) by incorporating learned behaviors. In addition, the program is using passive optical systems to accomplish long-range scene analysis. By combining long-range perception with learned behavior, LAGR expects to make a qualitative break with the myopic, brittle behavior that characterizes most UGV autonomous navigation in unstructured environments. The very nature of testing navigation in unstructured, off-road environments makes accurate, objective measurement of progress a challenging task. While no absolute measure of performance has been defined by LAGR, the Government Team managing the program has created a relative measure: the Government Team tests navigation software by comparing its effectiveness to that of fixed, but state-of-the-art, navigation software running on a standardized vehicle on a series of varied test courses. Starting in March 2005, eight performers have been submitting navigation code for Government testing on such a standardized Government vehicle. As this text is being written, several teams have already demonstrated leaps in performance. In this paper we report observations on the state of the art in autonomous, off-road UGV navigation, we explain how LAGR intends to change current methods, we discuss the challenges we face in implementing technical aspects of the program, we describe early results, and we suggest where major opportunities for breakthroughs exist as LAGR progresses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Quantifying tibial plafond fracture severity: Absorbed energy and fragment displacement agree with clinical rank ordering

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 8 2008
Donald D. Anderson
Abstract The energy of producing a fracture is considered one of the most important factors relating to injury severity, prognosis, and risk of complications, yet there has been no objective way to measure this important variable. The purpose of this study was to compare assessments of fracture severity made using new objective computed tomography (CT),based methods versus the expert opinion of experienced orthopedic traumatologists. Fracture energy, fragment displacement, and soft tissue swelling were quantified in twenty tibial plafond fractures by analyzing injury CT scans. Three experienced orthopedic traumatologists then independently performed a rank order analysis of fracture severity, using plain radiographs. The concordance among the three clinicians ranged from 87% to 91%. Objective fracture severity measurements made with the CT algorithm agreed well with the clinical assessments (fracture energy concordance from 73% to 76%, fragment displacement from 82% to 89%, and soft tissue swelling from 61% to 65%). These are the first objective, CT-based measures of fracture severity. With further refinement, this conceptually novel method has the potential to serve as a valuable tool to provide objective measurement of fracture severity, allowing one to control for this previously confounding variable in large multicenter studies. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1046,1052, 2008 [source]

Objective Facial Motion Analysis in Patients With Facial Nerve Dysfunction

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 7 2002
Christopher J. Linstrom MD
Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis To objectively measure facial motion at various facial landmarks using a video-computer interactive system. Study Design Clinical, prospective, non-randomized. Methods A video-computer interactive system, The Peak Motus Motion Measurement System, was used to study linear displacement at preselected facial landmarks in the normal and abnormal face. Subjects with normal facial function (n = 34) and patients with abnormal facial function (n = 26) from various etiologies were studied. The sites studied were marked with reflective beads. Of a larger repertoire of expressions, two expressions (eyes closed and closed-lip smile) were studied in all subjects. The percent asymmetry in facial displacement between the sides of the face was calculated. The sensitivity of this measurement to facial dysfunction was evaluated. The presence of synkinesis was examined by quantifying the displacement at facial sites that were remote to the sites primarily involved in a given facial expression. Test,retest reliability of the percent asymmetry measurement was evaluated with the paired t test. Results The video-computer interactive approach used accurately detected and quantified gross and subtle changes in facial function. The sensitivity of the percent asymmetry measurement was 95% (both expressions) for patients with apparent facial dysfunction (House-Brackmann rating >I/VI). In patients with facial nerve dysfunction, displacement on the presumably normal side was significantly excessive in 27% to 35%, depending on the expression. With this interactive computer-video system, synkinesis was detected in 58% of the pathologic subjects during the eyes closed or closed-lip smile expressions. The paired t test indicated strong test,retest reliability (r = 0.73,0.99) of the percent asymmetry measurement. Conclusions The present report indicates that this approach to the assessment of facial motion is sensitive to facial dysfunction. This computer-video interactive system is able to quantify synkinesis. A grading system for the magnitude of synkinesis, based on the magnitude of the displacement at remote facial sites, is proposed. The common occurrence of excessive facial motion on the presumably normal side of affected individuals indicates that patients with facial paralysis often overcompensate by exaggerating the normal side in an effort to move the affected side. This system is of value in the objective measurement of normal facial function and may prove a useful tool to quantify the outcomes of various medical and surgical treatments for facial nerve dysfunction. [source]

Increased occurrence of asthma and allergy: critical appraisal of studies using allergic sensitization, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung function measurements

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 10 2001
M. H. Wieringa
Background Many studies have reported an increase in the occurrence of asthma and respiratory allergies in recent decades, but this increase is mostly based on studies using rather subjective measurements of asthma and allergies, such as questionnaires and doctor's diagnosis. None of the reviews specifically focused on studies using more ,objective' measurements, such as sensitization (specific IgE or skin prick testing (SPT)), bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) or lung function (LF). Objective To review articles studying a time trend of occurrence of these ,more objective' measurements. Methods A MEDLINE-search (1966,February 2000) was performed. The following criteria were used: population-based, using IgE, SPT, BHR or LF measurements in the same age-group at least twice, with at least 2 years between and using similar methods. Results The MEDLINE-search resulted in only 16 articles, performed in 13 populations in seven different countries. Nine articles used the same objective measurements twice in the whole population. Three of these reported a non-significant increase or decrease. The other six articles found a significant increase in at least one objective measurement and of these only three reported a consistent significant increase. Conclusions The increase in the occurrence of reported asthma and allergy is supported by only a few articles confirming these results with ,more objective measurements'. [source]

The association of subjective nasal patency with peak inspiratory nasal flow in a large healthy population

CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
J. Jose
The association of subjective nasal patency with peak inspiratory nasal flow in a large healthy population This study, performed on 303 healthy volunteers, tested the null hypothesis that normal subjects were unable to assess their nasal patency when compared with objective measurement using peak inspiratory nasal flow rate (PINFR). Subjective assessments were made on a categorical scale and PINFR was measured using an In-Check meter. Analysis of variance showed that the peak inspiratory nasal flow rate, when grouped by the subjective scores, was significantly different. [source]

Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Powered Liposuction: An Evaluation of Currently Available Instrumentation

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2002
Timothy Corcoran Flynn MD
background. Over the past several years, powered liposuction instruments have become available to the dermatologic surgeon. These instruments all move the cannula forward and backward 2,12 mm with rapidity. This motion simulates the standard human movement of the cannula and facilitates movement through the tissue. Powered liposuction may help to prevent surgeon fatigue and has recently been shown to aid in the efficacy of fat removal. objective. To compare and contrast currently available powered liposuction instruments, to obtain objective engineering data on the instruments, and to compare the instruments when used on actual liposuction cases. methods. Five currently available powered liposuction systems were evaluated by the author. Each instrument was used with a 3 mm dual side port cannula on patients undergoing tumescent liposuction. An independent engineering firm, who collected objective measurements such as weight, stroke force, temperature, and vibration measurements on the instruments, evaluated the units. Noise measurements were obtained. results. Each of the five systems showed advantages and disadvantages. Important issues were the size and weight of the units, as well as whether they were driven electrically or pneumatically. Stroke force is variable (range 9.5,30 pounds). The noise of the units ranged between 60 and 87 dB. Vibration measurements varied from instrument to instrument. Units produced a variable amount of heat ranging from 77°F to 102°F. Most instruments are autoclavable, and one system is disposable. Build quality and reliability varied with the instrument. conclusion. Instruments for powered liposuction have emerged in the last 2 years, with each instrument having distinct advantages and disadvantages. This article reviews five currently available powered liposuction instruments and presents objective measurements as well as the author's experience using the instruments. [source]

Online end-to-end quality of service monitoring for service level agreement management

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2008
Xiaoyuan Ta
Abstract A major challenge in network and service level agreement (SLA) management is to provide Quality of Service (QoS) demanded by heterogeneous network applications. Online QoS monitoring plays an important role in the process by providing objective measurements that can be used for improving network design, troubleshooting and management. Online QoS monitoring becomes increasingly difficult and complex due to the rapid expansion of the Internet and the dramatic increase in the speed of network. Sampling techniques have been explored as a means to reduce the difficulty and complexity of measurement. In this paper, we investigate several major sampling techniques, i.e. systematic sampling, simple random sampling and stratified sampling. Performance analysis is conducted on these techniques. It is shown that stratified sampling with optimum allocation has the best performance. However, stratified sampling with optimum allocation requires additional statistics usually not available for real-time applications. An adaptive stratified sampling algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the proposed adaptive stratified sampling algorithm outperforms other sampling techniques and achieves a performance comparable to stratified sampling with optimum allocation. A QoS monitoring software using the aforementioned sampling techniques is designed and tested in various real networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Application of computerized image analysis in pigmentary skin diseases

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2001
Eun-So Lee MD
Background Melanocyte number and the amount of melanin pigment are related to diagnosis and treatment of pigmentary skin diseases. Various histologic methods are used, such as Fontana-Masson stain for melanin pigment or immunohistochemical stain for melanocytes. Recently, computerized image analysis has been applied to many fields to avoid interobserver bias. In this study, we applied a computerized image analysis to assess the melanin content and melanocyte density of human epidermis. Methods We evaluated the skin biopsy specimens (paraffin blocks) from normal human skin (33 ± 6.6, n = 11) and diseased skins; vitiligo (32 ± 10.0, n = 8), melasma (35 ± 8.6, n = 11), and lentigo senilis (40 ± 7.2, n = 11) (mean age ± SD). Each specimen was stained with Fontana,Masson for melanin pigments and immunohistochemical method for melanocytes. Quantitative analysis of melanin pigment and melanocyte number (density) were investigated through two methods: (1) two dermatologists measured the visual scales; and (2) computerized image analysis was used to measure melanin content indices (MCI). The data were evaluated using one-way anova. Results The visual scale of the Fontana,Masson stain was the highest for lentigo senilis (3.8 ± 0.40), followed by melasma (2.6 ± 0.67), normal skin (1.8 ± 0.60) and vitiligo (0) (P < 0.05). These findings were consistent with objective measurements made by computerized image analysis. MCI values were 120.3 ± 20.74 for lentigo senilis, 81.1 ± 19.27 for melasma, 45.5 ± 16.92 for normal skin, and 0.3 ± 0.30 for vitiligo in decreasing order (P < 0.05). MC/1E (melanocyte number per 1 mm epidermis) was about two fold larger in lentigo senilis (18.1 ± 8.92) than melasma (9.7 ± 2.40) or normal skin (9.3 ± 2.67) (P < 0.05). MC/1B (melanocyte number per 1 mm basal layer) was about 1.5 fold higher in lentigo senilis (13.5 ± 4.17), compared to normal skin (9.0 ± 3.55) (P < 0.05). Melasma showed increased melanocyte numbers compared to normal skin, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion We believe this computerized image analysis could be useful tool for diagnosis and comparison of interval changes in pigmentary diseases like melasma or lentigo senilis by quantifying melanin pigments or melanocytes in skin biopsy specimens. [source]

CHARACTERISTICS OF FERMENTED NATTO PRODUCTS AS AFFECTED BY SOYBEAN CULTIVARS

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 4 2004
QUN WEI
ABSTRACT The characteristics of four soybean cultivars, grown in the Northern plain region of the U.S.A. and harvested in different years were investigated. These soybeans were fermented into natto products. The characteristics of the intermediate and finished products were analyzed. Correlation coefficients among certain physical, chemical, sensory characteristics of raw soybeans, intermediate products and finished products were significant (P < 0.05). The ammonia content significantly correlated with firmness of the natto products made from these cultivars (r = 0.65). Minnatto and MN 91-468 cultivars were similar to the Danatto cultivar in objective measurements and sensory properties. Compared with the other cultivars, Natto King had a higher solid matter content (1.92%) in the soaking water, a higher broken bean ratio (22.71%) after steaming and the hardest texture of the finished natto products. The effect of harvest year of Danatto cultivars and the quality attributes of the finished natto products varied with Bacillus natto strains. [source]

"Chips with Everything": A Laboratory Exercise for Comparing Subjective and Objective Measurements of Potato Chips

Subjective and objective perception of upper incisors

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 7 2006
S. WOLFART
summary, The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subjective judgment (SJ) of patients on their own dental appearance and to correlate the results with objective measurements (OM) of their dentition concerning the appearance of the upper incisors. Seventy-five participants (30 men and 45 women) with normal well-being were included in the study. In a questionnaire they judged the appearance of their upper incisors. Furthermore, OM were evaluated by the investigator with regard to the following points: (i) absolute length of the upper central incisors, (ii) their length exposed during laughing, (iii) width-to-length ratio of central incisors and (iv) the proportion between the width of the lateral and central incisors. The subjective results were registered on visual-analogue scales. For the objective results standardized photographs were taken. No gender dependent differences could be found for the objectively measured parameters (median): OM1, 10·7 mm; OM2, 8·1 mm; OM3, 0·81; OM4, 0·79. However, significant correlations between subjective and objective results (SJ1/OM1, SJ2/OM2, SJ3/OM3) could be shown for men, but not for women. The maximum of the calculated regression-curves for men reflect ,golden standard values' well known from the literature. The degree of satisfaction concerning appearance of anterior incisors in accordance with golden standard values is higher for men than for women. [source]

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE: A JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2009
Yevgenia Y. Pashinsky MD
Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs with a higher prevalence in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis than in matched controls. Silent reflux occurs in about a third of patients with significant gastroesophageal reflux disease; thus, objective measurements are required to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with advanced lung diseases. We provide here a detailed description of acid and non-acid reflux and the diagnostic evaluation for pulmonologists and lung transplant surgeons suspecting reflux as a contributing factor in advanced lung diseases. We review the evidence for gastroesophageal reflux disease causing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other select pulmonary diseases and the potential role of antireflux surgery in the management of advanced lung disease and transplant patients. Mt Sinai J Med 76:24,29, © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine [source]

Use of Nutritional Scores to Predict Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Diseases

NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 2 2000
Stephane M. Schneider M.D.
Many hospitalized patients are malnourished, and the relationship between malnutrition and patient outcome is well established. To determine which patients are at nutritional risks, clinical scores are probably more accurate than using a single nutritional parameter. Among the numerous scores published, both the Prognostic Nutritional Index and the Subjective Global Assessment were prospectively validated. One is based on objective measurements, whereas the second is based on medical history and physical examination. The Nutritional Risk lndex has been used in many studies including the "Veterans Study'. The Mini Nutritional Assessment is a promising score for evaluating malnutrition in the elderly. The development of nutritional scores for use by nurses may facilitate screening of a large number of hospitalized patients. [source]

Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?

OBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 2 2001
P. Björntorp
Summary ,Stress' embraces the reaction to a multitude of poorly defined factors that disturb homeostasis or allostasis. In this overview, the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system have been utilized as objective measurements of stress reactions. Although long-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system is followed by primary hypertension, consequences of similar activation of the HPA axis have not been clearly defined. The focus of this overview is to examine whether or not repeated activation of these two stress centres may be involved in the pathogenesis of abdominal obesity and its comorbidities. In population studies adrenal hormones show strong statistical associations to centralization of body fat as well as to obesity. There is considerable evidence from clinical to cellular and molecular studies that elevated cortisol, particularly when combined with secondary inhibition of sex steroids and growth hormone secretions, is causing accumulation of fat in visceral adipose tissues as well as metabolic abnormalities (The Metabolic Syndrome). Hypertension is probably due to a parallel activation of the central sympathetic nervous system. Depression and ,the small baby syndrome' as well as stress exposure in men and non-human primates are followed with time by similar central and peripheral abnormalities. Glucocorticoid exposure is also followed by increased food intake and ,leptin resistant' obesity, perhaps disrupting the balance between leptin and neuropeptide Y to the advantage of the latter. The consequence might be ,stress-eating', which, however, is a poorly defined entity. Factors activating the stress centres in humans include psychosocial and socioeconomic handicaps, depressive and anxiety traits, alcohol and smoking, with some differences in profile between personalities and genders. Polymorphisms have been defined in several genes associated with the cascade of events along the stress axes. Based on this evidence it is suggested that environmental, perinatal and genetic factors induce neuroendocrine perturbations followed by abdominal obesity with its associated comorbidities. [source]

Increase in the prevalence of rhinitis among Danish children from 1986 to 2001

PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
Kåre Håkansson
In recent decades, there has been a worldwide increase in the prevalence of atopic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there has been a change in the prevalence of rhinitis among children in Denmark from 1986 to 2001. We compared data from two random population-based samples of Danish children, aged 7,17 yr, who were examined in 1986 (n = 527) and 2001 (n = 480) using similar designs. Symptoms of rhinitis, skin test reactivity, and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine were assessed. The prevalence of rhinitis increased from 11.8% in 1986 to 23.3% in 2001 (p < 0.001). The increase was most pronounced among subjects who suffered from non-allergic rhinitis (p < 0.001), and among subjects with severe symptoms (p < 0.001). The prevalence of asymptomatic positive skin prick test (SPT) decreased substantially (p < 0.001). A history of asthma and parental atopic disease were strong predictors of non-allergic rhinitis, whereas a history of asthma, parental atopic disease, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eczema, and age at examination were statistically significant predictors of allergic rhinitis. The prevalence of non-allergic rhinitis among Danish children has increased substantially from 1986 to 2001. Furthermore, in general more severe symptoms of rhinitis were observed in 2001 compared with 1986. These results underline the importance of using objective measurements such as skin test reactivity when estimating time trends in the prevalence of allergic airways disease, as clinical interviews alone can be misleading. [source]