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Obese Participants (obese + participant)

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Medical Sciences	100%

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Synergistic association between alcohol intake and body mass index with serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 11-12 2009
R. LOOMBA
Summary Background The association between body-mass-index (BMI), alcohol consumption and their joint effect in increasing the risk of elevated serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) is unclear in older community-dwelling adults. Aim To determine the association between alcohol, BMI, and their combined effect with serum ALT and AST in older community-dwelling adults in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional, population-based study in participants (n = 2364) from the Rancho Bernardo Study (54% women; mean age: 70 years, BMI: 25 kg/m2, alcohol users: 63%) who attended a research visit in 1984,87. BMI was recorded by a trained nurse and alcohol use ascertained by a validated questionnaire. Odds-ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of elevated serum ALT and AST (defined as ,30 U/L in men and ,19 U/L in women) were calculated for alcohol and BMI separately and their joint exposure using logistic regression models. Results In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, alcohol use, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus, obesity independently increased the odds of elevated ALT in this cohort of older men and women by 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7,5.3) and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1,2.7) respectively. Joint effects of consuming >3 alcoholic drinks/day and obesity raised the odds of elevated ALT by 8.9 (95% CI, 2.4,33.1) and AST by 21-fold (95% CI, 2.6,170.1), demonstrating synergism. Obese participants had higher odds of elevated ALT even at 0 , 1 drink/day. Conclusions In older men and women, the combination of obesity with alcohol is synergistic in increasing the risk of liver injury. [source]

11 Gastric myoelectric activity while viewing and eating food in obese participants

NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 6 2006
JY WANG
Purpose:, This study observed the reactions of the stomach to food viewing and food eating in obese people. Method:, The participants were 20 obese (mean BMI of 32) and 20 normal-weighted (mean BMI of 21) undergraduate students, who were required to fast for at least 4 hours preceding the experiment. They viewed a video clip of food for 6 minutes; consumed food till full; and viewed the same video clip of food 30 minutes after the meal. Cutaneous electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded during the entire procedure. Questionnaires concerning the participants' perception of somatic and affective changes during the tasks were completed. Results:, The percentages of bradygastric, normal and tachygastric EGG activity were very similar between obese group and normal-weighted group during the baseline period. During the first food image viewing, an increase in normal 3 cpm activity and a decreased in bradygastric activity occurred in both groups, but obese participants showed less of an increase in 3 cpm activity than normal-weighted participants and the percentage of bradygastric activity was higher in obese group than in the normal-weighted group. During the 30 min. period following the meal, a higher percentage of bradygastric activity and a lower percentage of 3 cpm activity were observed in obese participants than in normal-weighted participants. Furthermore, obese participants showed a different pattern of change in 3 cpm and bradygastric activity than normal-weighed participants during the 30 min. The whole 30-min period was divided into five 6-min periods. In the obese group, the percentage of 3 cpm activity decreased in the third and forth 6-min periods and increased to the highest level in the last 6-min period, while in the normal-weighted group, the 3 cpm percentage was the greatest in the first 6-min period. Obese participants and normal-weighted participants reacted similarly to the second food image exposure, except that a higher increase in 3 cpm activity was observed in the normal-weighted group in the period after the termination of viewing the food images. Conclusions:, These data suggest that obese people react to food images and to food eating differently from normal-weighted people. EGG activity in obese participants needs further investigation. [source]

Smoking habits and obesity in young adults

ADDICTION, Issue 7 2005
Eyal Zimlichman
ABSTRACT Aims The aim of this work was to study the association between obesity and smoking habits in young adults. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that obesity does not prevent young adults from smoking and conversely smoking does not protect against obesity. Design and setting Trained nurses interviewed participants concerning demographic data and health behaviors such as smoking. At the time of the interview, weight and height were measured. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Participants A representative sample of Israel Defense Force (IDF) personnel upon discharge from compulsory service, usually at the age of 20,21 years. Findings Overall, 29 745 participants were included during the 13-year study (16 363 males and 13 382 females). Smoking rates were higher among obese participants than among overweight and non-obese participants (34.9%, 37.1%, 43.6% for non-obese, overweight and obese, respectively; P < 0.001). Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day were also higher among smokers that were obese and overweight compared to the non-obese (15.2 ± 9.2, 15.6 ± 10.7, 18.0 ± 9.8, respectively; P < 0.001). Overweight and obesity were associated with the father's lower academic educational level. In logistic regression analysis, obesity, year of study and parental academic education were correlated independently with smoking (P < 0.001). Conclusion The positive association between obesity and smoking suggests that obesity is not a deterrent to smoking and also that smoking does not help to prevent obesity. [source]

11 Gastric myoelectric activity while viewing and eating food in obese participants

The six-minute walk test in outpatients with obesity: reproducibility and known group validity

PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2008
Ulla Evers Larsson
Abstract Background and Purpose.,To assess the reproducibility and validity of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in men and women with obesity in order to facilitate evaluation of treatment outcome.,Method.,A test,retest design was used to test reproducibility and a comparative design to test known group validity. Forty-three obese outpatients (16 male), mean age 47 (21,62) years, mean body mass index (BMI) 40 (3,62)kg-m,2 performed the 6MWT twice within one week. Intraclass correlation (ICC1.1) and measurement error (Sw) were calculated from the mean square values derived from a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA (fixed effect model). The reproducibility was also analysed by means of coefficient of variation (CV) and the Bland Altman method including 95% limits of agreement. The variance of the distance walked was analysed by means of regressions. The known group validity of the 6MWT (distance walked and the work of walking) in obese participants was shown by comparisons with 41 lean participants (18 male), mean age 47 (24,65) years, mean BMI 22.7kg-m,2 (19,25).,Results.,The obese group walked 534,m (confidence interval [CI] 508,560 the first and 552,m (CI 523,580) the second walk (p < 0.001). Sw was 25,m, CV 4.7%, ICC1.1 was 0.96. The limits of agreement were ,46,m+80,m. The validity tests showed that they walked 162,m shorter (p < 0.001) and performed much heavier work (p < 0.001) than the lean group. In the obese group, BMI alone explained 38% of the variance of the distance walked.,Conclusions.,The 6MWT showed good reproducibility and known group validity and can be recommended for evaluating walking ability in subjects with obesity. For individual evaluation, however, an improved walking distance of at least 80,m was required to make the difference clinically significant. Despite shorter walking distance the obese participants performed heavier work than the lean. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The 4-mg intravenous dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome

CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
Caroline Jung
Summary Objective, Optimal diagnostic criteria for the 4-mg intravenous dexamethasone suppression test (IVDST) in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS), compared with normal subjects, have not been established. We evaluated the performance of the 4-mg IVDST for differentiating CS from normal subjects and to define the responses in CS of various aetiologies. Design, subjects, measurements, Thirty-two control subjects [normal and overweight/obese participants with or without type 2 diabetes) were prospectively studied, and data from 66 patients with Cushing's disease (CD), three with ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS), 14 with adrenal Cushing's (AC)] and 15 with low probability of CS (LPC) from three tertiary hospitals were retrospectively evaluated. Dexamethasone was infused at 1 mg/h for 4 h. Plasma cortisol and ACTH were measured at ,60 min (baseline), ,5 min, +3 h, +4 h, +5 h and at +23 and +23·5 h on Day 2. Results, Control subjects (including those with type 2 diabetes) exhibited a marked suppression of cortisol which was maintained until Day 2. Two of 15 patients with LPC had Day 2 cortisol results that overlapped with CS. Patients with CD demonstrated partial suppression, with rebound hypercortisolism on Day 2. Patients with AC and EAS did not suppress cortisol levels. Day 2 cortisol level of >130 nmol/l (or >20% of the baseline) diagnosed CS with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Conclusion, While the IVDST allowed complete discrimination between control subjects and CS, 13% of LPC overlapped with CS. Given the small number of EAS, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the utility of this test in the differential diagnosis of CS. [source]