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Oxidase I Gene (oxidase + i_gene)
Kinds of Oxidase I Gene Selected AbstractsPhylogeny of the Pantomorus,Naupactus complex based on morphological and molecular data (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)CLADISTICS, Issue 2 2005María A. Scataglini The Pantomorus,Naupactus complex is a Neotropical group of broad-nosed weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) including several parthenogenetic species usually assigned to the genera Naupactus Dejean, Pantomorus Schoenherr, Asynonychus Crotch, Aramigus Horn, Eurymetopus Schoenherr and Graphognathus Buchanan. Sixteen species were studied to test hypotheses on the monophyly of these genera, and on the origin of the parthenogenetic lineages. A matrix of 30 morphological characters and 999 positions of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene, was analyzed with separate partitions and simultaneously, under equal and implied weights, and with different transversion/transitions costs. The ILD test indicates that the incongruence between the molecular and morphological data is not significant. Under equal weights, the molecular data resulted in a single tree and morphology in 34 trees; under implied weights morphology gave a different tree, and under TV:TS ,,4:1 molecular and combined analyses resulted in the same optimal tree. According to the latter, Naupactus includes Graphognathus, and is thus paraphyletic and basal regarding remaining genera, Pantomorus is polyphyletic and includes Aramigus and Asynonychus, and Eurymetopus is monophyletic. The species in which apomictic parthenogenesis has been verified (Aramigus tessellatus, Asynonychus cervinus and Graphognathus lecuoloma), belong to different clades of the Pantomorus-Naupactus complex, with basal sexual relatives. © The Willi Hennig Society 2005. [source] Limited phylogeographic structure in the flightless ground beetle, Calathus ruficollis, in southern CaliforniaDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 5 2007Stylianos Chatzimanolis ABSTRACT The California Floristic Province is home to more than 8000 species of beetles, yet their geographical patterns of supra- and infraspecific diversity remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we investigate the phylogeography and population demographics of a flightless ground beetle, Calathus ruficollis (Coleoptera: Carabidae), in southern California. We sampled 136 specimens from 25 localities divided into 10 populations using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. We tested several hypotheses, including the association of geography with particular clades and populations, the degree of differentiation among regions, and the expansion of populations. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses along with nested clade analysis and amova indicate a deep split between the southern Sierra Nevada population and populations south and west. This split corresponds closely to the split between subspecies C. ruficollis ignicollis (southern Sierra Nevada) and C. ruficollis ruficollis. Populations otherwise exhibit limited geographical structure, though Fst values indicate some local differentiation. Mismatch distributions and Fu's Fs indicate range expansion of several populations, suggesting that some structure may have been obscured by recent exchange. The population of C. ruficollis on Santa Cruz Island, which might have been expected to be isolated, shares several haplotypes with mainland populations, appearing to represent multiple colonizations. [source] Nuclear mitochondrial-like sequences in ants: evidence from Atta cephalotes (Formicidae: Attini)INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007J. Martins Jr Abstract Nuclear mitochondrial-like sequences (numts) are copies of mitochondrial DNA that have migrated to the genomic DNA. We present the first characterization of numts in ants, these numts being homologues to a mitochondrial DNA fragment containing loci the 3, portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, an intergenic spacer, the tRNA leucine gene and the 5, portion of the cytochrome oxidase II gene. All 67 specimens of Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) investigated had these homologues, which are within two monophyletic groups that we called numt1 and numt2. Numt1 and numt2 sequences are less variable than mitochondrial sequences and released from the severe purifying selection constraining the evolution of mitochondrial genes. Their formation probably involved bottlenecks related to two distinct transfer events of ancient and fast evolving mitochondrial DNA fragments to comparative slowly evolving nuclear DNA regions. [source] Chromosome evolution in the genus Cicindela: physical mapping and activity of rDNA loci in the tiger beetle species Cicindela littoralis and C. flexuosaJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003S. J. R. Proença Abstract Cicindela littoralis and Cicindela flexuosa were analysed at population level to determine the localization and activity of ribosomal genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using a PCR-amplified 18S rDNA fragment as a probe, revealed the presence of polymorphism regarding the number of chromosomes with ribosomal genes as well as their localization within the genome. Nine populations of C. littoralis showed a consistent pattern of two loci located in an autosomal pair (active during spermatogenesis as shown by silver staining) and one locus located in one of the multiple X chromosomes (silent during spermatogenesis), whereas individuals from the population of Punta Entinas showed only signals in the autosomal pair, lacking the heterosomal locus. In C. flexuosa, two patterns were also observed. Nine populations showed two loci in an autosomal pair whereas individuals from the population of San Pedro del Pinatar showed the two loci located in the heterosomes (one of the multiple Xs and in the Y). The hypothesis that these two different populations may reflect a status of well-differentiated phylogenetic entities is not supported for C. littoralis after the phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. [source] Species identification of Hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterizationMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2003D. Otranto Abstract., Cuticular structures and the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I gene were compared for Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus), Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers), Hypoderma actaeon Brauer, Hypoderma diana Brauer and Hypoderma tarandi (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Oestridae). Third-stage larvae of each species were examined by scanning electron microscopy revealing differences among species in the pattern and morphology of spines on the cephalic and thoracic segments, by spine patterns on the tenth abdominal segment, and by morphology of the spiracular plates. The morphological approach was supported by the molecular characterization of the most variable region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of these species, which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analysed. Amplicons were digested with the unique restriction enzyme, BfaI, providing diagnostic profiles able to simultaneously differentiate all Hypoderma species examined. These findings confirm the utility of morphological characters for differentiating the most common Hypoderma larvae and reconfirm the power of the COI gene for studying insect identification and systematics. [source] Cryptic speciation and patterns of phenotypic variation of a highly variable acanthocephalan parasiteMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 19 2007M. L. STEINAUER Abstract An investigation of a parasite species that is broadly host- and habitat-specific and exhibits alternative transmission strategies was undertaken to examine intraspecific variability and if it can be attributed to cryptic speciation or environmentally induced plasticity. Specimens of an acanthocephalan parasite, Leptorhynchoides thecatus, collected throughout North America were analysed phylogenetically using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I gene and the internal transcribed spacer region. Variation in host use, habitat use, and transmission were examined in a phylogenetic context to determine if they were more likely phylogenetically based or due to environmental influences. Results indicated that most of the variation detected can be explained by the presence of cryptic species. The majority of these species have narrow host and microhabitat specificities although one species, which also may comprise a complex of species, exhibits broad host and habitat specificity. Alternate transmission pathways only occurred in two of the cryptic species and correlate with host use patterns. Taxa that mature in piscivorous piscine hosts use a paratenic fish host to bridge the trophic gap between their amphipod intermediate host and piscivorous definitive host. One potential example of environmentally induced variation was identified in three populations of these parasites, which differ on their abilities to infect different host species. [source] Comparative phylogeography of two coastal polychaete tubeworms in the Northeast Atlantic supports shared history and vicariant eventsMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 7 2006M. T. JOLLY Abstract The historic processes which have led to the present-day patterns of genetic structure in the marine coastal fauna of the Northeast Atlantic are still poorly understood. While tectonic uplifts and changes in sea level may have caused large-scale vicariance, warmer conditions during glacial maxima may have allowed pockets of diversity to persist to a much wider extent than in the Northwestern Atlantic. The large-scale geographic distribution of deeply divergent lineages of the coastal polychaete tubeworms Pectinaria koreni (two clades) and Owenia fusiformis (three clades) were compared using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI). All lineages were present along the biogeographic transition zone on the north coast of Brittany (France) and we found evidence pointing towards congruence in the timing of cladogenic events between Pectinaria sp. (P. auricoma/P. belgica and P. koreni) and Owenia sp., suggesting a shared history of vicariant events. More conserved 16SrRNA sequences obtained from four species of Pectinariidae together with mtCOI sequences of P. koreni seem consistent with an initial establishment of pectinariids in the north, and a southward colonization of the Northeast Atlantic. Phylogeographic patterns in O. fusiformis were also consistent with a north/south pattern of lineage splitting and congruent levels of divergence were detected between lineages of both species. We observed signatures of both persistence in small northern glacial refugia, and of northwards range expansion from regions situated closer to the Mediterranean. However, whether the recolonization of the Northeast Atlantic by both species actually reflects separate interglacial periods is unclear with regards to the lack of molecular clock calibration in coastal polychaete species. [source] Past and present patterns of connectivity among populations of four cryptic species of freshwater mussels Velesunio spp. (Hyriidae) in central AustraliaMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 10 2004JANE HUGHES Abstract We examined genetic structure and levels of connectivity among subpopulations within each of four cryptic species belonging to the freshwater mussel genus Velesunio. We used allozymes and a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene to examine genetic variation in populations from isolated waterholes, belonging to four major inland drainages in eastern Australia. Based on evidence from other invertebrates in the region we predicted that, in each species, we would find evidence of historical connectivity among populations from different drainages. This was clearly not the case, as for the two species that occurred in more than one drainage there was evidence of both current and past restriction to gene flow. Moreover, given the potential for extensive dispersal of these mussels through the river systems during flood times via their fish hosts, we predicted low levels of genetic variation among populations from waterholes in the same drainage. Contrary to our expectations, all four species showed some evidence of restricted gene flow among waterholes within drainages. This suggests that either (a) mussel larvae are not produced during flood times, when their fish hosts would be free to move between waterholes, or (b) mussel larvae are attached to their hosts at these times, but the fish movement is limited between waterholes. [source] Multiple cryptic genetic units in Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytinae): evidence from microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA sequence dataBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010NATHALIE GAUTHIER Hypothenemus hampei is the most important insect pest of coffee and has spread to most coffee-growing countries worldwide. There have been very few studies and none have addressed the population genetics of the beetle using microsatellite markers. In the present study, 683 individuals collected from 37 locations in 18 countries worldwide were screened at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. Sixty-five out the 683 and six additional individuals were analyzed on a 400-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Bayesian clustering analysis and phylogenetic approaches were used to infer the genetic structure of H. hampei over the sampling that encompassed almost all its range. Microsatellite markers made it possible to achieve sufficiently significant power for the delineation of five morphocryptic evolutionary units. Supported by 27 new COI haplotypes, an unexpected considerably high level of genetic differentiation and genetic divergence was revealed between five geographically delineated clusters. Both markers and approaches showed that the clusters included specimens from (1) Ethiopia, (2) Kenya and Uganda, (3) Brazil, (4) Central America excluding Jamaica, and (5) all samples from Asia, West Africa, and Jamaica. These findings clearly suggest the existence of a ,species complex in H. hampei'. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 113,129. [source] Phylogeography of Parnassius apollo: hints on taxonomy and conservation of a vulnerable glacial butterfly invaderBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010VALENTINA TODISCO Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) is probably the most renowned Eurasian montane butterfly. Its specialized ecology makes it very sensitive to habitat and climate changes, so that it is now experiencing range contraction and local extinction across most of its range. We sequenced 869 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I gene in 78 P. apollo populations (201 individuals) in order to: (1) assess the phylogeographic pattern of the species; (2) shed light on the historical biogeographic processes that shaped the distribution of the species; and (3) identify geographic population units of special value for the conservation of the species' genetic diversity. Our analyses revealed a very strong phylogeographic structure in P. apollo, which displays a number of distinctive mtDNA lineages populating geographically distinct areas. Overall sequence divergence is relatively shallow, and is consistent with a recent (late Pleistocene) colonization of most of the range. We propose that P. apollo is best viewed as an atypical glacial invader in southern and western Europe, the isolated, montane populations of which, threatened by climate warming, retain a large fraction of the species evolutionary heritage. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 169,183. [source] Phylogenetic patterns of diversification in a clade of Neotropical frogs (Anura: Aromobatidae: Mannophryne)BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009JESÚS MANZANILLA We used partial sequences of mitochondrial 16S and cytochrome oxidase I genes to perform a phylogenetic study of collared frogs (Anura: Aromobatidae: Mannophryne), a genus endemic to Venezuela and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. We analysed 1.2 kb from 13 of the 15 described species of Mannophryne. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses support the monophyly of Mannophryne. Mannophryne consists of three deeply differentiated clades that split from each other in a relatively short period of time. The diversification of Mannophryne occurred well before the glacial-interglacial periods of the Quaternary. Our data support the taxonomic validity of M. olmonae, a species endemic to Tobago Island. Mannophryne olmonae is more closely related to the continental species Mannophryne riveroi than to the Trinidad island endemic Mannophryne trinitatis. As in most tropical clades of frogs, molecular evidence indicates that species richness in Mannophryne is largely underestimated and, consequently, current priorities for conservation are inadequate. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 97, 185,199. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||