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Oxidase B (oxidase + b)
Kinds of Oxidase B Selected AbstractsLipophilicity Plays a Major Role in Modulating the Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase B by 7-Substituted CoumarinsCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 2 2006Angelo Carotti Abstract A series of coumarin derivatives (1,22), bearing at the 7-position ether, ketone, ester, carbamate, or amide functions of varying size and lipophilicity, were synthesized and investigated for their in vitro monoamine oxidase-A and -B (MAO-A and -B) inhibitory activities. Most of the compounds acted preferentially as MAO-B inhibitors, with IC50 values in the micromolar to low-nanomolar range. A structure,activity-relationship (SAR) study highlighted lipophilicity as an important property modulating the MAO-B inhibition potency of 7-substituted coumarins, as shown by a linear correlation (n=20, r2=0.72) between pIC50 and calculated log P values. The stability of ester-containing coumarin derivatives in rat plasma provided information on factors that either favor (lipophilicity) or decrease (steric hindrance) esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis. Two compounds (14 and 22) were selected to investigate how lipophilicity and enzymatic stability may affect in vivo MAO activities, as assayed ex vivo in rat. The most-potent and -selective MAO-B inhibitor 22 (=7-[(3,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-3,4-dimethyl-1-benzopyran-2(2H)-one) within the examined series significantly inhibited (>60%) ex vivo rat-liver and striatal MAO-B activities 1,h after intraperitoneal administration of high doses (100 and 300,,mol kg,1), revealing its ability to cross the blood,brain barrier. At the same doses, liver and striatum MAO-A was less inhibited in vivo, somehow reflecting MAO-B selectivity, as assessed in vitro. In contrast, the metabolically less stable derivative 14, bearing an isopropyl ester in the lateral chain, had a weak effect on hepatic MAO-B activity in vivo, and none on striatal MAO-B, but, surprisingly, displayed inhibitory effects on MAO-A in both peripheral and brain tissues. [source] Ginkgo biloba affords dose-dependent protection against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: neurobehavioural, neurochemical and immunohistochemical evidencesJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Muzamil Ahmad Abstract Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), a potent antioxidant and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, was evaluated for its anti-parkinsonian effects in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of the disease. Rats were treated with 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg EGb for 3 weeks. On day 21, 2 µL 6-OHDA (10 µg in 0.1% ascorbic acid saline) was injected into the right striatum, while the sham-operated group received 2 µL of vehicle. Three weeks after 6-OHDA injection, rats were tested for rotational behaviour, locomotor activity, and muscular coordination. After 6 weeks, they were killed to estimate the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, to measure activities of glutathione- S -transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and to quantify catecholamines, dopamine (DA) D2 receptor binding, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibre density. The increase in drug-induced rotations and deficits in locomotor activity and muscular coordination due to 6-OHDA injections were significantly and dose-dependently restored by EGb. The lesion was followed by an increased generation of TBARS and significant depletion of GSH content in substantia nigra, which was gradually restored with EGb treatment. EGb also dose-dependently restored the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes, catalase, and SOD in striatum, which had reduced significantly by lesioning. A significant decrease in the level of DA and its metabolites and an increase in the number of dopaminergic D2 receptors in striatum were observed after 6-OHDA injection, both of which were significantly recovered following EGb treatment. Finally, all of these results were exhibited by an increase in the density of TH-IR fibers in the ipsilateral substantia nigra of the lesioned group following treatment with EGb; the lesioning had induced almost a complete loss of TH-IR fibers. Considering our behavioural studies, biochemical analysis, and immunohistochemical observation, we conclude that EGb can be used as a therapeutic approach to check the neuronal loss following parkinsonism. [source] Two polymorphs of safinamide, a selective and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase BACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 6 2010Krishnan Ravikumar Two polymorphs of safinamide {systematic name: (2S)-2-[4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino]propionamide}, C17H19FN2O2, a potent selective and reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, are described. Both forms are orthorhombic and regarded as conformational polymorphs due to the differences in the orientation of the 3-fluorobenzyloxy and propanamide groups. Both structures pack with layers in the ac plane. In polymorph (I), the layers have discrete wide and narrow regions which are complementary when located next to adjacent layers. In polymorph (II), the layer has long flanges protruding from each side, which interdigitate when packed with the adjacent layers. N,H...O hydrogen bonds are present in both structures, whereas N,H...F hydrogen bonding is seen in polymorph (I), while N,H...N hydrogen bonding is seen in polymorph (II). [source] Polystyrene microbridges used in sitting-drop crystallization release 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene, a novel inhibitor of human MAO BACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 10 2003Frantisek Hubálek In the course of protein-structure determinations of the membrane-bound enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) by X-ray crystallography, a compound was found in the active site of the enzyme that consists of two phenyl rings separated by four C atoms. This compound was identified by chromatography and by mass spectrometry to be 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene and found to be a component of the polystyrene microbridges that are used in protein crystallization. This compound is present at a level of ,0.3,mg (,1.5,µmol) per microbridge and functions as a competitive inhibitor of MAO B with a Ki of 35,µM. The presence of detergents in the crystallization solutions facilitates the extraction of this compound from the polymer medium. [source] Evolutionary history of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex as inferred from mtDNA phylogeography and gill-raker numbersMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 14 2005K. ĜSTBYE Abstract We compared mitochondrial DNA and gill-raker number variation in populations of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex to illuminate their evolutionary history, and discuss mechanisms behind diversification. Using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing 528 bp of combined parts of the cytochrome oxidase b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) mithochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, we documented phylogeographic relationships among populations and phylogeny of mtDNA haplotypes. Demographic events behind geographical distribution of haplotypes were inferred using nested clade analysis (NCA) and mismatch distribution. Concordance between operational taxonomical groups, based on gill-raker numbers, and mtDNA patterns was tested. Three major mtDNA clades were resolved in Europe: a North European clade from northwest Russia to Denmark, a Siberian clade from the Arctic Sea to southwest Norway, and a South European clade from Denmark to the European Alps, reflecting occupation in different glacial refugia. Demographic events inferred from NCA were isolation by distance, range expansion, and fragmentation. Mismatch analysis suggested that clades which colonized Fennoscandia and the Alps expanded in population size 24 500,5800 years before present, with minute female effective population sizes, implying small founder populations during colonization. Gill-raker counts did not commensurate with hierarchical mtDNA clades, and poorly with haplotypes, suggesting recent origin of gill-raker variation. Whitefish designations based on gill-raker numbers were not associated with ancient clades. Lack of congruence in morphology and evolutionary lineages implies that the taxonomy of this species complex should be reconsidered. [source] | |||||||||||||