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Oil Systems (oil + system)
Selected AbstractsTechnologies for Energy Saving in Industrial FieldIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2008Fumio Nakatani Senior Member Abstract This paper summarizes practical and developed techniques and technologies for energy saving in the industrial field. Newly developed high-efficiency electrical equipment or combined technologies, which are about ,power electronics', ,microcomputers' and ,motion control' in addition to the progress of sensing devices and monitoring systems, bring both energy saving and high productivity in the factory. The technology trend of new factory facilities is concerned about changing power sources from pneumatic (compressed air) or hydraulic power (oil system) to electrical direct-driven servomotor systems, which have the technical characteristics of fine-grained and regenerative control. These technologies are able to reduce and recover idling (standby) power consumption during the holding period at the production stage in the factory. The items in this paper were published as Technical Report No. 988 in January 11, 2004 by IEEJ, and that report is reviewed and updated in this paper. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Study on flow patterns in different types of direct coal liquefaction reactorsASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Xiangkun Ren Abstract Hot mold flow patterns in bubble reactor, ebullated reactor and loop reactor have been researched and compared in hydrogen,oil system and hydrogen,oil coal slurry system of direct coal liquefaction (DCL) pilot plant under high temperature and high pressure. The results demonstrate that the ebullated reactor and loop reactor (on the condition of optimum recycle ratio) show good performance of back-mixing, which can not only reduce temperature differences between top and bottom in the reactor, but also avoid big solid particles deposition that easily occurs during liquefaction process. The ebullated reactor used in the first demonstration plant has good performance. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mechanisms and Factors for Edible Oil OxidationCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 4 2006Eunok Choe ABSTRACT:,Edible oil is oxidized during processing and storage via autoxidation and photosensitized oxidation, in which triplet oxygen (3O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2) react with the oil, respectively. Autoxidation of oils requires radical forms of acylglycerols, whereas photosensitized oxidation does not require lipid radicals since 1O2 reacts directly with double bonds. Lipid hydroperoxides formed by 3O2 are conjugated dienes, whereas 1O2 produces both conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. The hydroperoxides are decomposed to produce off-flavor compounds and the oil quality decreases. Autoxidation of oil is accelerated by the presence of free fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols, metals such as iron, and thermally oxidized compounds. Chlorophylls and phenolic compounds decrease the autoxidation of oil in the dark, and carotenoids, tocopherols, and phospholipids demonstrate both antioxidant and prooxidant activity depending on the oil system. In photosensitized oxidation chlorophyll acts as a photosensitizer for the formation of 1O2; however, carotenoids and tocopherols decrease the oxidation through 1O2 quenching. Temperature, light, oxygen concentration, oil processing, and fatty acid composition also affect the oxidative stability of edible oil. [source] Use of sunflower oil mixed with jojoba and paraffin oils in deep-fat frying processINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Radwan S. Farag Summary The aim of the present study was to increase the stability of sunflower oil during frying process and to obtain low-calorie fried foods. Therefore, sunflower oil was mixed separately with jojoba oil and paraffin oil at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2 (v/v). The frying process was conducted at 180 ° ± 5 °C for 12 h continuous heating time. Some physico-chemical properties (refractive index, viscosity, colour, acid value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid test, iodine value and polymer content) of non-fried and binary fried oil systems were measured at various heating periods. The results demonstrated that mixing sunflower oil with jojoba oil or paraffin oil increased the stability and hence improved the quality of sunflower oil during frying process. [source] Predicting the phase equilibria of petroleum fluids with the SAFT-VR approachAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007Lixin Sun Abstract The SAFT-VR equation of state is combined with a semi-continuous thermodynamic approach to model several synthetic and crude oil systems. In our approach, the oil fractions are defined by a continuous distribution that is then represented as discrete pseudo-components using the Gaussian quadrature method. The SAFT-VR parameters for the pseudo-components are obtained from simple linear relationships that were defined in earlier work, which allows the approach to be easily applied to undefined oil systems. Good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental data is obtained for bubble point pressure calculations of several gas condensates and the solubility of gases such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in several crude oils. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007 [source] HLD concept as a tool for the characterization of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils,POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2003Véronique Nardello Abstract The HLD (hydrophilic lipophilic deviation) concept was applied to several water/i -C13En/2-propanol/hydrocarbon oil systems. For each oil, the optimum formulation, corresponding to HLD,=,0, was determined by systematically changing the formulation as a monotonic variation of the surfactant ethylene oxide number (EON) scanned variable. The optimum value for EON (symbolized as EON*) was accurately pinpointed both by estimating the solubilization and by measuring the interfacial tension with a spinning-drop tensiometer. This method allowed the classification of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils such as isohexadecane, paraffin oil, squalane, squalene and hydrogenated polydecenes in C30, C40, C40,C50, on an equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) calibration scale based on five linear alkanes covering the liquid range (C5 to C16). © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] "Sponge-like" structures in polymer blends: visualization, physico-mathematical analysis, and universalityMACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2002Takeji Hashimoto Mesoscopic structures formed during an ordering process in thermodynamically unstable, isometric, binary molecular mixtures were explored by time-resolved scattering (TRS) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Three-dimensional (3D) bicontinuous structures, which were constructed for the first time by time-resolved LSCM, were found to have a "sponge-like" structure composed of two phases. The structure factor obtained by 3D Fourier transformation of the sponge was found to be identical to that obtained by TRS, confirming that the sponge truly reflects the structural entities evolving in the system. Furthermore, the sponge was shown for the first time to be theoretically predictable by using 3D computer simulations based on the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory. The sponge was subjected to differential geometrical analysis: its Gaussian curvature K, mean curvature H, and their distributions were successfully determined for the first time. The result revealed that the sponge has hyperbolic interfaces with area-averaged curvatures satisfying Scanning electron microscopic observation of oil/wax/water/surfactant systemINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005K. Ikuta We observed the internal structure of an oil/wax/water/surfactant system using a scanning electron microscope to investigate the relationship between its hardness and state of wax crystal. The molten wax (hydrogenated jojoba oil, ceresin, polyethylene wax, carnauba wax, or microcrystalline wax) was cast in a home-made spiral mold of aluminum foil for preparing the test specimen for SEM observation. In hydrogenated jojoba oil a fine frame-like crystal structure, the so-called ,card-house structure,' was observed but not in other waxes. The mixture of hydrogenated jojoba oil and water showed a few small droplets deposited on the roundish wax frame-like structure. On the other hand, waxes other than hydrogenated jojoba oil did not change their internal structure when they were mixed with water. This result suggested that hydrogenated jojoba oil showed uniquely high affinity for water. In the system of oil, water, surfactant, and various kinds of waxes, their crystal structure, hardness, and the shape of dispersed water particles were remarkably changed with the combination of waxes. In the system with ceresin and carnauba wax, the hardness measured by a card-tension meter was high, and the internal crystal structure was fine and amorphous. The water particle in the ceresin and carnauba wax system had a smaller diameter than that in the system containing hydrogenated jojoba oil. The system containing hydrogenated jojoba oil showed a card house-like wax crystal structure without high hardness. It was considered that the wax crystal structure played an important role in providing hardness and in contributing to the water distribution in the oil/wax/water/surfactant system. [source]
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