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Oil Sources (oil + source)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	50%
Life Sciences	30%

Selected Abstracts

Walnut Staminate Flowers Can Be Explored as a Supplementary Plant Oil Source

JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
Husen Jia
Abstract Fossil fuel is currently the major energy source driving global socio-economy, but its stock is being heavily depleted due to increasing anthropogenic activities worldwide. There are also concerns regarding the burning of fossil fuels, which contributes to global climate warming and air pollution. As such, the development of biodiesel as a non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable alternative energy source using oil crops such as soybean and rapeseed has quickly emerged in the West countries. However, the production of oil crops in China is far from sufficient to meet the demands of the country's population of 1.3 billion, and increasing oil crop production is inhibited by a severe shortage of agricultural land, which currently averages 0.2 acre per person and, as such, is less than half the world average. The current national policy in China regarding land use is more towards revering cultivated lands in ravins and hills to forestry, which presents an ideal opportunity to further develop plantations of walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees, a plant that is tolerant to drought and infertile soils and has a high oil content. Study in this paper shows that one ament of walnut staminate flowers produces about 0.168 g dry pollen, and the dry pollen contained 49.67% oil. Based on this discovery, oil yield obtained from staminate flowers is estimated to reach 6.95% of that from walnut nuts. Thus walnut staminate flower is suggested to explore as supplementary plant oil source, and has a great opportunity to utilize as a biodiesel feedstock. (Managing editor: Wei Wang) [source]

Characteristics of Oil Sources from the Chepaizi Swell, Junggar Basin, China

ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 5 2010
LIU Luofu
Abstract: So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in difficulties in study of oil-gas accumulation patterns. In this paper, study of nitrogen compounds distribution in oils from Chepaizi was carried out in order to classify source rocks of oils stored in different reservoirs in the study area. Then, migration characteristics of oils from the same source were investigated by using nitrogen compounds parameters. The results of nitrogen compounds in a group of oil/oil sand samples from the same source indicate that the oils trapped in the Chepaizi swell experienced an obvious vertical migration. With increasing migration distance, amounts and indices of carbazoles have a regular changing pattern (in a fine linear relationship). By using nitrogen compounds techniques, the analyzed oil/oil sand samples of Chepaizi can be classified into two groups. One is the samples stored in reservoir beds of the Cretaceous and Tertiary, and these oils came from mainly Jurassic source rock with a small amount of Cretaceous rock; the other is those stored in the Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous beds, and they originated from the Permian source. In addition, a sample of oil from an upper Jurassic reservoir (Well Ka 6), which was generated from Jurassic coal source rock, has a totally different nitrogen compound distribution from those of the above-mentioned two groups of samples, which were generated from mudstone sources. Because of influence from fractionation of oil migration, amounts and ratios of nitrogen compounds with different structures and polarities change regularly with increasing migrating distance, and as a result the samples with the same source follow a good linear relationship in content and ratio, while the oil samples of different sources have obviously different nitrogen compound distribution owing to different organic matter types of their source rocks. These conclusions of oil source study are identical with those obtained by other geochemical bio-markers. Therefore, nitrogen compounds are of great significance in oil type classification and oil/source correlation. [source]

Walnut Staminate Flowers Can Be Explored as a Supplementary Plant Oil Source

Effects of dietary protein, and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at low water temperatures

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2007
V. KARALAZOS
Abstract A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the interactive effects of dietary fat, protein contents and oil source on growth, whole body proximate composition, protein productive value (PPV) and fatty acid (FA) composition of muscle and liver in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)` at low water temperatures (4.2 °C). Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (initial weight 1168 g) were fed six isoenergetic diets, formulated to provide either 390 g kg,1 protein and 320 g kg,1 fat (high-protein diets) or 340 g kg,1 protein and 360 g kg,1 fat (low-protein diets). Within each dietary protein/fat level, crude rapeseed oil (RO) comprised 0, 30 or 60% (R0, R30, R60, respectively) of the added oil. After 12 weeks, the overall growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were very good for all treatments [thermal growth coefficient (TGC): 4.76 (±0.23); FCR: 0.85 (±0.02)]. Significant effects were shown owing to the oil source on specific growth rate and TGC only. The liver and muscle FA compositions were highly affected by the graded inclusion of RO. The PPV was significantly affected by the dietary protein level. The results of this study suggest that more sustainable, lower protein diets with moderate RO inclusion can be used in Atlantic salmon culture at low water temperatures with no negative effects on growth and feed conversion, no major detrimental effects on lipid and FA metabolism and a positive effect on protein sparing. [source]

Characteristics of Oil Sources from the Chepaizi Swell, Junggar Basin, China

Alternate oils in fish feeds

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
Jana Pickova
Abstract Nearly half of the fish consumed as food worldwide are raised on fish farms rather than caught in the wild, as shown by FAO statistics. The increasing aquaculture of predatory carnivorous fish demands new sources of feed constituents, particularly oils at the moment. Common terrestrial plant oils contain only traces of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In connection with fish feed, especially the lack of n -3 "marine fatty acids" is obvious. Recommendations on the required amounts of the fatty acids DHA (22:6n -3) and EPA (20:5n -3) exist from 1994. When plant oil-based diets are fed during the growing phase and replaced by a fish oil-based diet during a period prior to slaughter, most of the beneficial lipid composition of fish in terms of human dietary recommendations is restored. Little attention has been focused on the fish welfare in connection to substitution of dietary oil sources, and studies are still scarce. New fish diets will rely heavily on the use of alternate ingredients such as plant oils also for carnivorous cold-temperate water fish species. In the future, an addition of synthetic or GMO-produced "marine" fatty acids is a possible scenario. The aim of this review is to highlight some plant oils used in fish feeds, with special emphasis on compounds other than fatty acids. We also include some results from an ongoing study, where the effect of dietary soy oil on gonad maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is indicated. [source]

Quality Characterization of Farmed Atlantic Halibut During Ice Storage

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006
Christelle Guillerm-Regost
ABSTRACT: A quality index method (QIM) was developed for farmed Atlantic halibut and together with instrumental, chemical, sensory, and bacteriological analysis, quality changes of halibut stored on ice for 26 d was evaluated. Two groups of fish were fed diets that differed only in the source of lipid, where 1 diet contained only marine oil sources and the other a 50/50 mixture of marine and soybean oil. Fish were slaughtered after 1 y and then stored on ice for 26 d. The fish were sampled on day 1, day 2, and every 2nd day after that. Dietary lipid sources had no effect on freshness, (ATP) degradation (K-value), texture, color, or liquid-holding capacity. The QIM scores increased with storage time, in particular the appearance and eyes parameters. The QIM is a good freshness indicator for halibut. The K-value was strongly correlated with storage time (r= 0.99), while total bacterial counts increased after 7 to 8 d of ice storage. The texture, liquid-holding capacity, and color were significantly affected by storage time during the early period of storage, probably due to rigor stiffness and rigor resolution. The texture, liquid-holding capacity, and color did not change significantly from approximately day 8 of storage until the end of the experiment at day 26. [source]

Improvement of thermooxidative stability of non-edible vegetable oils of Indian origin for biodegradable lubricant application

LUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2010
P. V. Joseph
Abstract For environmental reasons, as well as the dwindling source of petroleum, a new class of environmentally acceptable and renewable lubricants based on vegetable oils is available. Even though vegetable oils possess excellent lubricant-related properties, there are some concerns about using it as lubricant base oil. Still, unmodified and modified varieties of soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and canola oils have been in use in the USA and Europe. In India, with the shortage of edible oil, alternate sources of vegetable oils stocks are being explored. With this aim, a comprehensive study has been conducted earlier in the authors' laboratory. In this study, numerous options of non-edible vegetable oil sources were explored, and a few potential vegetable oils were studied in the laboratory. It was found that even though the oils performed much better in comparison with other vegetable oils, it still required improvement in thermooxidative stability. Therefore, in the later part of the study, different options were explored to improve thermooxidative stability. With a background on the initial studies of the authors as described above, the present paper deals with the studies on improvement of these non-edible candidate vegetable oils of Indian origin for lubricant by treating with selected antioxidants for applying them in lubricants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Origin of Crude Oil in the Lunnan Region, Tarim Basin

ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 5 2010
LI Sumei
Abstract: The oil source of the Tarim Basin has been controversial over a long time. This study characterizes the crude oil and investigates the oil sources in the Lunnan region, Tarim Basin by adopting compound specific isotopes of n -alkanes and biomarkers approaches. Although the crude oil has a good correlation with the Middle-Upper Ordovician (O2+3) source rocks and a poor correlation with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (,-O1) based on biomarkers, the ,13C data of n -alkanes of the Lunnan oils show an intermediate value between ,-O1 and O2+3 genetic affinity oils, which suggests that the Lunnan oils are actually of an extensively mixed source. A quantification of oil mixing was performed and the results show that the contribution of the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks ranges from 11% to 70% (averaging 36%), slightly less than that of the Tazhong uplift. It is suggested that the inconsistency between the biomarkers and ,13C in determining the oil sources in the Lunnan Region results from multiple petroleum charge episodes with different chemical components in one or more episode(s) and different sources. The widespread marine mixed-source oil in the basin indicates that significant petroleum potential in deep horizons is possible. To unravel hydrocarbons accumulation mechanisms for the Lunnan oils is crucial to further petroleum exploration and exploitation in the region. [source]

Late-stage Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Bozhong Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin as Controlled by Neotectonism

ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 3 2004
GONG Zaisheng
Abstract, Neotectonism occurred intensively in the Bozhong depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, which was reflected vertically by dramatic subsidence and a number of uplifts and laterally by notable fault movements. This particularity has resulted in the special petroleum geological conditions of the Bozhong depression which are different from those of adjacent lands. For example, the source rocks of the Shahejie Formation were overpressured and hydrocarbon generation occurred in the late stage; the Dongying Formation was deeply buried below the hydrocarbon-generating threshold, therefore there were sufficient oil sources. The rapid subsidence led to starved sedimentation of the Guantao Formation fine sandstone and the regional Minghuazhen Formation lacustrine shale, which formed the Neogene regional reservoir-caprock association. The active faults formed in the neotectonism became passages for oil to migrate from the Paleogene to Neogene. The traps formed by late fault activity and accompanied anticlines provided spaces for the formation of reservoirs. All the above factors match well with one another in the Bozhong depression, providing favorable conditions for the formation of a series of large oilfields in the region [source]