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Oil Components (oil + component)
Selected AbstractsRapid characterization of edible oils by direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis using triacylglycerolsRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 6 2006Jackson O. Lay Jr. Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of solutions of edible fats/oils yielded spectra useful for their rapid differentiation and classification. Results also reflected the individual fatty acid components and their degree of unsaturation. After dissolution in hexane, MALDI-MS analysis revealed spectra showing characteristic triacylglycerols (TAGs), the main fat/oil components, as sodium adduct ions. The Euclidean distances calculated using the mass and intensity values for 20 TAGs were used to evaluate and compare spectra. With cluster analysis, animal fats grouped together differently than vegetable oils and the individual oils grouped together by type. The ion abundances for the individual TAGs and their presumed compositions were used to approximate the overall fatty acid composition of canola, soybean, corn, olive and peanut oil, as well as lard. Using this approach the calculated fatty acid compositions and degree of unsaturation generally fell within about 4% of literature values. When the degree of saturation was compared with values calculated from the package labeling the differences were about 7%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Combination of a urease inhibitor and a plant essential oil to control coliform bacteria, odour production and ammonia loss from cattle wasteJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007V.H. Varel Abstract Aim:, To evaluate urea hydrolysis, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (odour) and coliforms in cattle waste slurries after a urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and a plant oil component (thymol) were added. Methods and Results:, Faeces from cattle fed a diet of 70% corn silage and 30% alfalfa haylage, urine and distilled water in the ratio 50 : 35 : 15 were blended at high speed for 1 min. Triplicate aliquots of 750 ml were amended with NBPT plus or minus thymol and reblended for 1 min, and were poured into 1·6 l wide-mouth jars covered 90% with a lid. After 56 days, thymol (2000 mg kg,1 waste) in combination with NBPT (80 mg kg,1 waste) retained 5·2 g of an initial 9·2 g of urea in cattle waste slurries, compared with less than 1 g of urea retained when NBPT was the only additive (P < 0·05). Another experiment using excreta from cattle fed 76·25% high moisture corn, 19·25% corn silage and a 4·5% supplement, blended at a low speed, gave a similar response with urea hydrolysis; and the two treatments, thymol alone and thymol in combination with NBPT, reduced VFA production (P < 0·01) and eliminated all coliform bacteria by day 1. A third experiment indicated coliforms disappeared in the no addition treatment after 8 days; however, they were viable at 6·6 × 104 CFU g,1 waste beyond 35 days in the NBPT treatment. Conclusions:, Thymol supplements the effect of NBPT by increasing the inhibitory period for hydrolysis of urea in cattle waste slurries and nitrogen retention in the waste. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Thymol and NBPT offer the potential to reduce odour and pathogens in cattle manure, and increase the fertilizer value. [source] Skin-compatible lecithin drug delivery systems for fluconazole: effect of phosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid on skin permeationJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Sonja Hoeller The purpose of the present study was to evaluate skin-compatible drug delivery systems for fluconazole. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed, composed of different soybean lecithins/oil/isopropanol and water. The role of the various lecithin compositions was expressed in the different resulting isotropic areas. Based on these phase diagrams, two systems were chosen as drug delivery systems for fluconazole. The influence of phosphatidylethanolamine and of the oil component on the skin permeation of fluconazole was investigated. The more phosphatidylethanolamine, the greater was the fluconazole skin permeation, independent of the hydrophilicity of the system. The influence of oleic acid and isopropylmyristate as the oil component was compared and a greater penetration enhancing effect was found for the microemulsion containing oleic acid. [source] In-vitro release and oral bioactivity of insulin in diabetic rats using nanocapsules dispersed in biocompatible microemulsionJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2002Suchat Watnasirichaikul This study evaluated the potential of poly(iso -butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanocapsules dispersed in a biocompatible microemulsion to facilitate the absorption of insulin following intragastric administration to diabetic rats. Insulin-loaded PBCA nanocapsules were prepared in-situ in a biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsion by interfacial polymerisation. The microemulsion consisted of a mixture of medium-chain mono-, di- and tri-glycerides as the oil component, polysorbate 80 and sorbitan mono-oleate as surfactants and an aqueous solution of insulin. Resulting nanocapsules were approximately 200 nm in diameter and demonstrated a high efficiency of insulin entrapment (> 80%). In-vitro release studies showed that PBCA nanocapsules could suppress insulin release in acidic media and that release at near neutral conditions could be manipulated by varying the amount of monomer used for polymerisation. Subcutaneous administration of insulin-loaded nanocapsules to diabetic rats demonstrated that the bioactivity of insulin was largely retained following this method of preparing peptide-loaded nanocapsules and that the pharmacodynamic response was dependent on the amount of monomer used for polymerisation. The intragastric administration of insulin-loaded nanocapsules dispersed in the biocompatible microemulsion resulted in a significantly greater reduction in blood glucose levels of diabetic rats than an aqueous insulin solution or insulin formulated in the same microemulsion. This study demonstrates that the formulation of peptides within PBCA nanocapsules that are administered dispersed in a microemulsion can facilitate the oral absorption of encapsulated peptide. Such a system can be prepared in-situ by the interfacial polymerisation of a water-in-oil biocompatible microemulsion. [source] Characterization of hydroxyaromatic compounds in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis with direct injection in an oil-miscible KOH/propanol/methanol mediumELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 17 2005Carla R. B. Mendonça Abstract The separation of hydroxyaromatic compounds in vegetable oils, including synthetic antioxidants (3- tert -butyl-4-hydroxyanisol and 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxytoluene), E-vitamers and other natural oil components, by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis in an oil-miscible background electrolyte (BGE) was investigated. The BGE contained 40,mM KOH in a methanol/1-propanol (PrOH) mixture (15:85 v/v). The oil samples were 1:1 diluted with PrOH and directly injected in the capillary. Under negative polarity (cathode at the injection end), the anionic solutes moved faster than the electroosmotic flow, being well-resolved among them and from the triacylglycerols. Using virgin palm, extra virgin olive, wheat germ, virgin soybean and other oils, the capability of the procedure to quickly yield a characteristic profile of the biophenols present in the sample was demonstrated. The , -, (,,+,,)- (as unresolved pair) and , -tocopherols of a soybean oil sample were quantified. [source] Quantitative analysis of essential oils: a complex taskFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008Carlo Bicchi Abstract This article provides a critical overview of current methods to quantify essential oil components. The fields of application and limits of the most popular approaches, in particular relative percentage abundance, normalized percentage abundance, concentration and true amount determination via calibration curves, are discussed in detail. A specific paragraph is dedicated to the correct use of the most widely used detectors and to analyte response factors. A set of applications for each approach is also included to illustrate the considerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antimicrobial activity profiles of the two enantiomers of limonene and carvone isolated from the oils of Mentha spicata and Anethum sowaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002K. K. Aggarwal Abstract The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Anethum sowa Roxb. (Indian dill) were studied. The major chemical constituents of the hydrodistilled essential oils and their major isolates from cultivated M. spicata and A. sowa were identified by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR and GC: (S)-(,)-limonene (27.3%) and (S)-(,)-carvone (56.6%) (representing 83.9% of the spearmint oil) and (R)-(+)-limonene (21.4%), dihydrocarvone (5.0%), (R)-(+)-carvone (50.4%) and dillapiole (17.7%) (together 76.9% in Indian dill oil), respectively. In vitro bioactivity evaluation of the isolated oil components revealed that both the optical isomers of carvone were active against a wide spectrum of human pathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. (R)-(+)-limonene showed comparable bioactivity profile over the (S)-(,)-isomer. The activity of these monoterpene enantiomers was found to be comparable to the bioactivity of the oils in which they occurred. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104: effects of pig diets and emulsification in hydrocolloidsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006W. Si Abstract Aims:, To determine the effect of pig diets in vitro on the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde, and to identify an emulsifier/stabilizer that can stabilize the essential oil (EO) components in aqueous solution and retain their antimicrobial activity in the presence of the diets. Methods and Results:, Emulsification of essential oil components with hydrocolloid solution was achieved by blending with a Polytron. Antimicrobial activity was measured through in vitro assays to determine the inhibition of bacterial growth by measuring the optical density at 600 nm or plating on nutrition agar after incubation of the mixtures of an EO component with the culture of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 in the presence or absence of pig diets. The results generated through the in vitro assays indicated that pig diets were able to abolish the antimicrobial activity of EOs. Xanthan, fenugreek and yellow mustard gums were the best in forming stable emulsions of five different EO components among ten different plant polysaccharides and surfactants examined. Emulsification of all the EO components in the fenugreek gum solution did not alter their antimicrobial activity. However, the antimicrobial activity of geraniol was significantly reduced when emulsified with other polysaccharides and surfactants. Both fenugreek and xanthan gum solutions were unable to protect the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and thymol when mixed with the diets. Although cinnamaldehyde required no emulsification, but a high concentration (equivalent to at least three times of minimum bactericidal concentration for cinnamon oil) to inhibit Salmonella growth significantly in the presence of the diets, emulsification in fenugreek gum appeared to be essential for cinnamaldehyde solution to retain its antimicrobial activity during storage. Conclusions:, The diets for newly weaned pigs were a significant factor limiting the antimicrobial activity of EOs and their components. Cinnamaldehyde required a high concentration to retain its antimicrobial activity in the diets, in addition to its requirement for emulsification to stabilize its activity during the storage. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The assay with the diets used in this study for measuring the antimicrobial activity can be used in vitro for rapid and effective screening of potential antimicrobials for swine production. This study has identified polysaccharides that are able to stabilize EO component solutions. It has also identified cinnamaldehyde for further in vivo studies that may have potential in future application in controlling Salmonella and possibly other enteric pathogens in swine production. [source] A comparison of the peel oil components of Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) and Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2005John D Craske Abstract The essential oil components extracted from the pericarp layer of two varieties of lime fruit, viz. Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and an Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) have been analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty-three components were identified in M australe and 34 in C aurantifolia. The compound types comprised monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and coumarins. For the more volatile monoterpenoid compounds, the major component was limonene, with significant amounts of ,-terpinene, ,-pinene, geranial, neral, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate. From an examination of the nature and contents of individual components, there was no indication that any one compound might be responsible for the predominant aroma impact. The possible contribution to aroma differences due to quantitative differences in the amounts of these components is discussed. However, sensory evaluation indicated that there was little or no difference between the aromas of the two oils. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Applications of 13C NMR to predict low temperature viscosity performance of base oilsLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006B.L. Papke Average structural parameters as determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, coupled with average base oil carbon number values from mass spectroscopy, were used to predict low temperature base oil viscosity performance. The advantages of this technique are that it provides quantitative carbon type distribution without any need for prior sample separation and can differentiate between various normal and iso-paraffinic structures. The 13C NMR technique also provides detailed information on the nature of branching in the iso-paraffinic hydrocarbons associated with waxy base oil components. Correlations between 13C NMR results and ASTM D 2983 Brookfield viscosities are reported for API Group II and Group III base oils, with R2 (adjusted) coefficients of 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. Results from this study also provide an indication of how specific base oil compositional features may affect low temperature viscosity performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy: An effective tool for the analysis of mixtures of lubricating oil componentsLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000G. S. Kapur Abstract In the presently reported work, the multinuclear two-dimensional (2D) diffusionordered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (DOSY) technique based on the pulsed field gradient (PFG) has been used in experiments to analyse mixtures of lubricating oil components. One-dimensional (1D) PFG experiments have also been used to simplify and edit the NMR spectra of the mixtures. Such experiments provide a clean spectrum of the highest molecular weight (slower diffusing) component by eliminating the signals of lower molecular weight (faster diffusing) components, without any prior physical separation. These pulsed field gradient experiments not only facilitate the separation of resonance signals of different components, but also lead to their subsequent identification, and provide information about the number and structure of components in a mixture. Some examples of our initial efforts to establish 1D and 2D PFG-based NMR experiments for the analysis of mixtures of lubricating oil components are given and assessed to illustrate the potential applications of such techniques in the field of lubricating oils. [source] | |||||||||||||