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Oil Cake (oil + cake)
Kinds of Oil Cake Selected AbstractsEnergy production from the pyrolysis of waste biomassesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2009Selhan Karagöz Abstract Pyrolysis of waste biomasses was carried out at the temperatures of 450 and 500°C by heating at 5°C,min,1. Products were collected from emitted gases in a nitrogen purge stream; condensable liquids in the gases were collected by condensation. Gaseous, condensed liquid products and residual solids were collected and analyzed. Condensates were extracted with ether to recover the bio oils (BOs). The maximum liquid yield was obtained from the pyrolysis of soybean oil cake (SBOC) at 500°C with a yield of 60% ca. The BO was higher in the case of SBOC than that of sunflower oil cake (SFOC) at the temperatures of 450 and 500°C. With increasing temperature, bio char yield from the pyrolysis of SFOC decreased, while the liquid yield increased. The increase in temperature did not significantly affect the product distribution for the pyrolysis of SBOC. The compositions of BOs were similar for both SBOC and SFOC. Phenols, phenol derivatives including guaiacols and alkyl-benzenes were the most common and predominant in BOs from both the pyrolysis of SBOC and SFOC. Carbon dioxide was the major gas product for both SBOC and SFOC. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from different parts of Sclerocarya birreaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Abdalbasit A. Mariod Summary The methanolic extracts from Sclerocarya birrea leaves (SCL), roots (SCR), barks (SCB), and kernel oil cake (SCK) were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. The total phenolics of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method using gallic acid as standard solution. The total phenolic compounds were found as 304.5, 367.5, 593, 148.0 and 258.0 mg g -1 of dry product, respectively. The extracts of SCL, SCR, SCB and SCK were markedly effective in inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of ,-carotene in comparison with the control. Based on oxidation of ,-carotene/linoleic acid, the SCK extract is the most effective followed by SCR, SCL and SCB extract. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-,-picrylhydrazyl) method revealed that the SCK extract had the highest antioxidant activity on DPPH free radicals followed by SCB, SCR and SCL extracts. The effect of different extracts on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil at 70 °C was tested in the dark and compared with BHA. The oil peroxide values (PVs) were generally lower with the addition of extract in comparison to a control. [source] Optimization of agro-residual medium for ,-amylase production from a hyper-producing Bacillus subtilis KCC103 in submerged fermentationJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Gobinath Rajagopalan Abstract BACKGROUND: Although submerged fermentation (SmF) is the conventional method in industry, use of low-cost agro-residues for ,-amylase production in SmF has not been well established. Here we optimized agro-residue-based medium and culture conditions for ,-amylase production in SmF using a hyper-producing Bacillus subtilis KCC103. RESULTS:B. subtilis KCC103 produced ,-amylase in SmF by utilizing agro-residues. Wheat bran (WB) and sunflower oil cake (SFOC) were selected as the best substrates using shake flasks. Medium containing WB (carbohydrate rich) and SFOC (rich in protein and free amino acids) at 1:1 (w/w) ratio produced high levels (90 IU mL,1) of ,-amylase at 30,36 h in a shake flask. The ,-amylase yield was 14-fold enhanced (1258 IU mL,1) by optimizing process parameters and medium composition following response surface methodology in a bioreactor. The optimal conditions were: WB 1.27%, SFOC 1.42%, pH 7, 37 °C and 10,12 h. Both in shake flask and bioreactor ,-amylase synthesis was not repressed by the release of simple sugars into the medium. CONCLUSION: KCC103 with catabolite derepression and hyperproducing ability is useful for economic ,-amylase production using low-cost agro-residual substrates in conventional SmF. Since the production time (10,12 h) is much shorter than other strains this would improve productivity and further reduce the cost of ,-amylase production. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Partial or total replacement of fish meal by local agricultural by-products in diets of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): growth performance, feed efficiency and digestibilityAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2010L. NYINA-WAMWIZA Abstract The study was undertaken to evaluate the growth performance and feed utilization of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fed six diets (D) in which fishmeal (FM) was gradually replaced by a mixture of local plant by-products. In diets 1 and 2, FM (250 g kg,1) was replaced by sunflower oil cake (SFOC). In diets 3 and 4, FM (250 and 150 g kg,1, respectively) was replaced by SFOC and bean meal (BM) while FM was totally substituted by a mixture of groundnut oil cake (GOC), BM and SFOC in diets 5 and 6. Sunflower oil cake was cooked, soaked or dehulled in order to determine the appropriate processing techniques for improving the SFOC nutritive value and to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values of the alternative diets. No significant differences were observed for daily feed intake, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) among fish fed D1, D2, D3 (250 g kg,1 FM), D4 (150 g kg,1 FM) and D6 (0 g kg,1 FM). The highest SGR (3.2% per day) and FE (1.2) were achieved in fish fed D3, and the lowest in fish fed D5 (0% FM), suggesting a maximum acceptable dietary concentration of hulled SFOC below 250 g kg,1 in African catfish juveniles. Protein efficiency ratio ranged from 2.2 to 3.2 for all dietary treatments and was positively influenced by FM inclusion. African catfish were able to digest plant protein very efficiently in all diets tested. ADC of protein ranged from 88.6 to 89.5%, while ADC of energy was relatively low for diets containing hulled sunflower oilcake (71,74%) and high when sunflower oilcake was dehulled (78.6,81.3%). Similarly, ADC of dry matter was higher when sunflower was dehulled (72.1%) when compared with crude SFOC (60.5%). Soaking increased ADC values for neutral detergent fibre (NDF), dry matter, energy, protein and amino acids (AA). There were no significant differences in protein ADCs (88,90%) with increased levels of dietary vegetable ingredients. Both soaking and dehulling of sunflower before incorporation helped in the reduction of NDF, antitrypsin and tannins. Digestibility of all AA was generally high, greater than 90% for both indispensable and non-indispensable AA. Based on the data obtained, it was possible to totally replace menhaden fish meal with a mixture of vegetable proteins (72% of total dietary protein) when diets contained a relatively low percentage of animal protein (28% based on blood meal and chicken viscera meal) without negative effects. [source] Liver oil of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 as a lipid source in the feed of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009G. SHYLA Abstract The efficacy of pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831) liver lipid in the feed for juveniles of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) was tested by feeding five experimental diets prepared using clam meat, groundnut oil cake, wheat bran, tapioca powder, vitamin,mineral mixture and cellulose powder as the major ingredients. The test diets T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, containing five levels (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%, respectively) of lipid, extracted from the liver of pharaoh cuttlefish, were fed to 30-day-old prawn juveniles for 60 days, in triplicates and compared against a control. Analysis of variance of the growth parameters showed that the juveniles fed with T2, containing 2% cuttlefish liver lipid with a total lipid content of 9.85% and lipid,carbohydrate ratio of 1 : 3.8, showed significantly better growth (P < 0.05) with the highest weight gain of 118%, greatest food conversion and protein utilization efficiency, and the highest body protein content, although the survival rates remained unaffected among treatments. Growth of the juveniles, however, declined at lipid levels >2%. Addition of cuttlefish liver lipid led to an increase of ,-3 and ,-6 fatty acids in T2, the proportion of ,-6 being higher than the former. The crude lipid content of the body of test animals also increased with the increase in dietary lipid from 1.51% in T1 to 3.27% in T5. The present study indicates that cuttlefish liver lipid can be successfully used as a substitute for conventional lipid sources in rearing juveniles of giant freshwater prawn, an eco-friendly practice in recycling cuttlefish waste , a discarded fishery by-product. [source] Effects of all-male, mixed-sex and all-female freshwater prawn in polyculture with major carps and molas in the fallow rice fieldsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Mrityunjoy Kunda Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of all-male, mixed-sex and all-female freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a polyculture with major carps (Catla catla and Labeo rohita) and self-recruiting small fish molas (Amblypharyngodon mola) in the fallow rice fields of Bangladesh. There were three treatments with three replicates. All ponds were stocked with carps and molas plus either all-male prawns (treatment MP), mixed-sex prawns (MFP) or all-female prawns (FP). Prawn, mola, catla and rohu were stocked 20 000, 20 000, 1750 and 750 ha,1, respectively, in all treatments. The prawns were fed twice daily, starting at 8% body weight and gradually reduced to 3% body weight. The fish were fed in the morning with mustard oil cake and rice bran (1:2 ratios) at 3% body weight. Significantly higher production of prawns (697 kg ha,1) was obtained in treatment MP, which yielded 34.7% and 56.2% more production than MFP and FP respectively. Significantly higher total production of 1620 kg ha,1 and a higher benefit,cost ratio of 2.10:1 were also obtained in treatment MP. It can be concluded that an all-male prawn culture is economically more viable than all-female and mixed-sex prawn cultures, along with other fish like major carps and the nutrient-dense molas in the polyculture. [source] Effects of including catla and tilapia in a freshwater prawn,mola polyculture in a rotational rice,fish culture systemsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Mrityunjoy Kunda Abstract An on-farm trial was carried out from February to June 2006 to evaluate the growth and production performance of catla (Catla catla) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) in farmer's rice fields. In all treatments, 20 000 mola ha,1 and 20 000 prawn ha,1 were stocked. Besides, stocking included 2500 catla ha,1 in treatment-I, 2500 tilapia ha,1 in treatment-II and catla and tilapia at 1250 ha,1 each in treatment-III . Prawns were fed in the evening with pellets at a feeding rate of 3,8% body weight (initially 8% and gradually decreased to 3%). Catla and tilapia were fed in the morning with a paste of mustard oil cake and rice bran at a feeding rate of 3% body weight. Significantly higher combined production of fish and prawn observed was 2142 kg ha,1 in treatment-I. The benefit:cost ratio was found to be significantly higher in treatment-I than in treatment-II and there were no differences between treatments I and III. From the production and economic point of view, treatment-I was found to be the best proposition for the rotational rice,fish culture systems. [source] Evaluation of fermented fish-offal in the formulated diet of the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilisAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2008Kausik Mondal Abstract A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to test the effect of partial replacement of fishmeal by fish-offal (FO) in the diet for the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Three isonitrogenous (31.4% CP) diets were formulated to include a reference diet (T1) with 40% fishmeal (FM) and 0% FO and two supplementary diets: one (T2) containing 25% FM and 25% FO and another (T3) containing 20% FM and 30% FO. The FO was fermented along with mustard oil cake and rice bran before using it as an ingredient in the preparation of feed. Two separate trials were conducted with these three diets: a growth trial and a digestibility trial. H. fossilis fed the diets containing FO showed better growth and proximate composition of carcass than those fed the reference diet. Fish fed T3 diet showed maximum feed conversion, protein utilization and growth. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) was also significantly higher in the T3 diet as compared with the T1 diet. The results of the trial indicated that using microbial fermentation, FO could be included up to a 30% level as a partial (50%) replacement of fishmeal in the formulation of diet for H. fossilis. [source] Effect of different oil cake sources on growth, nutrient retention and digestibility, muscle nucleic acid content, gut enzyme activities and whole-body composition in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlingsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 16 2007Kedar Nath Mohanta Abstract Six iso-nitrogenous (30% crude protein) and iso-energetic (15 kJ g,1) diets were prepared using different oil cake sources, viz. groundnut, soybean, sunflower, sesame, mustard and mixed oil cakes as major ingredients, and protein sources along with a minimum of 5% fish meal in each diet and were fed to silver barb Puntius gonionotus fingerlings (16.20±0.11 g) ad libitum four times a day close to an apparent satiation level for a period of 60 days to determine the effect of diets on growth, nutrient utilization, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the nutrients in the diets, gut enzyme activity, muscle nucleic acid content and whole-body chemical composition of fish. Significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, nutrient retention, ADC of nutrients in the diets, DNA:RNA ratio, protease and amylase activity with lower (P<0.05) feed:gain values were recorded in fish-fed groundnut and soybean oil cake-based diets than other diets tested. Among the dietary treatment groups, significantly higher (P<0.05) whole-body protein, lipid and energy were also found in groundnut oil cake- and soybean oil cake-based diets. The study suggests that the groundnut and soybean oil cake-based diets, which led to significantly higher (P<0.05) growth and nutrient utilization than the other oil cake-based diets in P. gonionotus fingerlings, may be used for pond culture of this species. [source] Growth and carcass composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), fed different isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2007Akhil Gupta Abstract A feeding experiment was conducted for 135 days to observe the effect of different isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (385 kcal) diets on the growth and carcass composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879). Three experimental diets (ED1, ED2 and ED3) were prepared using locally available ingredients. These diets differed mainly in terms of percent contribution of major protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake and mustard oil cake. Experimental diets were evaluated against a commercial diet, which served as the control (CD). Juveniles 1.87,2.44 g in size were stocked at a population density of 40 000 ha,1 and fed thrice daily at 10% in the beginning and reducing gradually to 7% and 5% of the body weight during the experimental period. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the growth performance were observed; however, a significantly (P<0.05) higher yield (721.9 kg ha,1 135 days,1) was recorded for prawn fed with control diet, followed by experimental diet 2 (676.5 kg ha,1 135 days,1, having soybean meal as a major protein source). The survival ranged between 63.8% and 77.7%, with different diets showing significantly higher survival. The apparent feed conversion ratio values of diets ranged between 3.15 and 3.49, with experimental and control diets showing non-significantly lower AFCR values. At the end of the experiment, representative specimens from each treatment were collected and their carcass composition was measured. Analysis of variance showed that carcass protein and total carbohydrate contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher in prawns fed on a fish,soybean meal-based diet (ED3) and a control diet. The total lipid contents of prawns, however, did not differ significantly among the various dietary treatments. The results of our study suggest that the experimental diets could be used effectively for M. rosenbergii without compromising growth and flesh quality. [source] Potential of local agricultural by-products for the rearing of African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Rwanda: effects on growth, feed utilization and body compositionAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Laetitia Nyina-wamwiza Abstract This study was performed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with local by-products on Clarias gariepinus growth performance, feed utilization and body composition. A control diet contained 50% of fish meal. In four other diets, fish meal was partially replaced by vegetable and animal protein blend composed of sunflower oil cake, soybean oil cake, groundnut oil cake, bean meal, chicken viscera and blood meal. The study was conducted in a recirculating water system at a mean temperature of 23.6°C. The five test diets were compared with a commercial diet developed for African catfish. All diets were balanced to be equal in gross energy (19 kJ g,1) and crude protein (40%). The experimental groups were fed in triplicate for 8 weeks, increasing fish weight from about 6.2 g at start to 52.3 g in the end. Best specific growth rate (SGR=3.4), feed efficiency (FE=1.3) and protein efficiency ratio (PER=3) were obtained with the control diet (diet 50% fish meal), although there were no significant differences between the group of fish fed the control diet and those fed diets based on groundnut oil cake or bean meal, whereas SGR (2.17), FE (0.85) and PER (1.95) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil cake. No significant differences (P<0.05) were found in fish fed commercial diet and diets containing bean meal or groundnut oil cake. Groundnut oil cake or bean meal can thus replace at least 50% of fish meal in the diet of Clarias fingerlings without amino acid supplementation. Because of its economic importance and its potential in animal nutrition sunflower oil cake is still an interesting feed ingredient, but its efficiency should be improved by various processing techniques. African catfish can utilize efficiently a diet with low percentage of animal protein without growth reduction. [source] Effect of different oil cake sources on growth, nutrient retention and digestibility, muscle nucleic acid content, gut enzyme activities and whole-body composition in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlingsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 16 2007Kedar Nath Mohanta Abstract Six iso-nitrogenous (30% crude protein) and iso-energetic (15 kJ g,1) diets were prepared using different oil cake sources, viz. groundnut, soybean, sunflower, sesame, mustard and mixed oil cakes as major ingredients, and protein sources along with a minimum of 5% fish meal in each diet and were fed to silver barb Puntius gonionotus fingerlings (16.20±0.11 g) ad libitum four times a day close to an apparent satiation level for a period of 60 days to determine the effect of diets on growth, nutrient utilization, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the nutrients in the diets, gut enzyme activity, muscle nucleic acid content and whole-body chemical composition of fish. Significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, nutrient retention, ADC of nutrients in the diets, DNA:RNA ratio, protease and amylase activity with lower (P<0.05) feed:gain values were recorded in fish-fed groundnut and soybean oil cake-based diets than other diets tested. Among the dietary treatment groups, significantly higher (P<0.05) whole-body protein, lipid and energy were also found in groundnut oil cake- and soybean oil cake-based diets. The study suggests that the groundnut and soybean oil cake-based diets, which led to significantly higher (P<0.05) growth and nutrient utilization than the other oil cake-based diets in P. gonionotus fingerlings, may be used for pond culture of this species. [source] | |||||||||||||