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Oak Seedlings (oak + seedling)
Selected AbstractsSpatial pattern of Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens recruitment in Pinus halepensis dominated woodlandsJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000T.R. Lookingbill Abstract. European Mediterranean landscapes have undergone changes in structure in recent years as a result of widespread agricultural land abandonment and cessation of silvicultural regimes. Studies concerning the regeneration dynamics of dominant forest species have become critical to the prediction of future landscape trends in these changing forest stands. Quercus ilex (holm oak) and Q. pubescens (downy oak) are considered to be the terminal point of secondary succession in extensive areas of the Mediterranean region. Recent studies, however, have suggested the existence of recruitment bottlenecks in oak genet populations as a result of current management regimes. In this study, we present evidence of the successful establishment of Q. ilex and Q. pubescens in Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) woodlands. We investigate the distribution patterns and spatial relationships among oak recruits and resident pines. Established P. halepensis is randomly distributed throughout the study area. Oak seedlings are positively associated with pine trees, suggesting that P. halepensis individuals provide safe sites for oak genet recruitment. We show that spatial patterns of recruitment are in agreement with the general model of spatial segregation described for other Mediterranean plant communities, with seeder species colonizing large openings after disturbance, followed by a more aggregated recruitment of resprouter species. [source] Love of Nurse Plants is Not Enough for Restoring Oak Forests in a Seasonally Dry Tropical EnvironmentRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Ernesto I. Badano Abstract The highest concentration of oak species in the world occurs in Mexico, but human activities have strongly degraded these oak forests. Mexican oaks have high economic, social, and cultural value, and restoring these forests is of paramount importance for the people of Mexico. Here, we propose a method for restoring oak forests using native shrubs that colonize degraded areas as nurse plants for oak seedlings. To test the viability of this proposal, seedling transplant experiments were performed in a degraded area near a protected oak forest relict. Two pioneer shrubs were identified as potential nurse species: Mimosa luisana and Senecio sp. The target oak species was Quercus castanea. Oak seedlings were located beneath the canopies of both shrubs and in the surrounding area without shrub cover. Water is a limiting resource for oak establishment in seasonally dry environments; therefore, we included irrigation systems in our experimental design to determine whether the combination of nurse plants plus watering led to higher rate of survival than the presence of nurse species alone. Seedling survival without watering was less than 20% both beneath nurse species and in the surrounding habitat. When water was supplied, survival rate beneath nurse species increased up to 58% while survival in the surrounding habitat did not differ from that observed in treatments without watering. Our results indicate that survival rate of oak seedlings is increased by the presence of nurse plants only when water is supplied. This suggests that restoration of oak forests in these degraded areas requires both nurse plants and watering. [source] Physiological responses of cork oak and holm oak to infection by fungal pathogens involved in oak declineFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009B. T. Linaldeddu Summary The aim of this research was to study the changes in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance values in 3-year-old cork oak and holm oak seedlings growing in natural conditions and inoculated with Apiognomonia quercina, Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Botryosphaeria corticola and Pleurophoma cava. Throughout the 4-month experimental period, the evolution of visual external symptoms and the values of physiological variables were periodically recorded. All pathogens caused stem lesions around the infection point; however, the lesions caused by B. corticola were longer in both oak species. On cork oak seedlings, all pathogens induced a significant and gradual reduction in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance values, whereas other physiological disturbances were induced only by B. corticola infections on holm oak seedlings. [source] Seasonal and spatial mortality patterns of holm oak seedlings in a reforested soil infected with Phytophthora cinnamomiFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2005M. C. Rodríguez-Molina Summary The viability of 1-year-old holm oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings in a soil naturally infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi was studied during 2 consecutive years in a plot located in south-western Spain. In both years, total mortality during autumn and winter was not noticeable (<2.1%). In spring, mortality levels were higher (8.3,4.6%), especially the first year. A steep increase in total mortality occurred in summer, both in the first (11.4%) and second (24.2%) year, but mortality attributable to P. cinnamomi was 1.9 and 7.6%, respectively. Thus, 2 years after planting, total cumulative mortality was 43.4%, and that attributable to P. cinnamomi 9.6% (i.e. 22.1% of total mortality). Fungus-derived mortality followed a spatially aggregated pattern in the reforestation plot, suggesting a clustered distribution of the inoculum in the soil. Furthermore, mortality by P. cinnamomi was also associated with nearness of infected adult trees in the plot. Results obtained are discussed in the framework of seasonal water deficit, P. cinnamomi damage, weed competition and sanitation techniques to be used in declined holm oak stands in Spain. Résumé La viabilité de semis de chênes verts d'un an dans un sol naturellement infecté par P. cinnamomi a été suivie pendant deux années consécutives dans une parcelle du sud-ouest de l'Espagne. La mortalité en automne et hiver a été négligeable (<2.1%) au cours des deux années. La mortalité a été plus forte au printemps (8.3 ,4.6%), particulièrement la première année. Un pic de mortalité a été observé pendant l'été, aussi bien la première (11.4%) que la deuxième année (24.2%) mais la mortalité attribuable àP. cinnamomi n'est que de 1.9% et 7.6% respectivement. Deux ans après plantation, la mortalité cumulée est de 43.4%, dont 9.6% attribuable àP. cinnamomi (22% de la mortalité totale). La mortalité associée à l'agent pathogène présente une agrégation spatiale dans la parcelle reboisée, suggérant une distribution en agrégats de l'inoculum dans le sol. De plus cette mortalité est associée à la proximitéà des arbres infectés dans la parcelle. Les résultats sont discutés dans la perspective du déficit hydrique estival, des dégâts causés par P. cinnamomi, de la compétition herbacée et des techniques sanitaires à utiliser dans les peuplements dépérissants de chênes verts en Espagne. Zusammenfassung Während zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren wurde die Überlebensrate von einjährigen Steineichen (Quercus ilex)-Sämlingen in einem natürlich mit Phytophthora cinnamomi infizierten Boden auf einer Versuchsfläche in Süd-West-Spanien untersucht. In beiden Jahren war die Mortalität im Herbst und Winter sehr gering (<2.1%). Im Frühling lag die Absterberate besonders im ersten Jahr höher (8,3,4,6%). Im Sommer stieg die Gesamtmortalität stark an, im ersten Jahr betrug sie 11,4%, im zweiten Jahr 24,2%, jedoch lagen die P. cinnamomi zuzuordnenden Raten bei nur 1,9 bzw. 7,6%. Somit lag die Gesamtmortalität zwei Jahre nach der Pflanzung bei 43,4%, die P. cinnamomi zuzuordnende Mortalität bei 9,6% (d.h. 22,1% der abgestorbenen Pflanzen). Die pilzbedingte Mortalität war in der Aufforstungsfläche räumlich aggregiert, was auf eine klumpige Verteilung des Inokulums im Boden schliessen lässt. Zudem war die Mortalität durch P. cinnamomi mit der Nähe zu infizierten adulten Bäumen assoziiert. Diese Ergebnisse werden in Zusammenhang mit jahreszeitlichem Wassermangel, Schäden durch P. cinnamomi, Konkurrenz durch Unkräuter und mögliche phytosanitäre Massnahmen an Standorten mit absterbenden Steineichen diskutiert. [source] Love of Nurse Plants is Not Enough for Restoring Oak Forests in a Seasonally Dry Tropical EnvironmentRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Ernesto I. Badano Abstract The highest concentration of oak species in the world occurs in Mexico, but human activities have strongly degraded these oak forests. Mexican oaks have high economic, social, and cultural value, and restoring these forests is of paramount importance for the people of Mexico. Here, we propose a method for restoring oak forests using native shrubs that colonize degraded areas as nurse plants for oak seedlings. To test the viability of this proposal, seedling transplant experiments were performed in a degraded area near a protected oak forest relict. Two pioneer shrubs were identified as potential nurse species: Mimosa luisana and Senecio sp. The target oak species was Quercus castanea. Oak seedlings were located beneath the canopies of both shrubs and in the surrounding area without shrub cover. Water is a limiting resource for oak establishment in seasonally dry environments; therefore, we included irrigation systems in our experimental design to determine whether the combination of nurse plants plus watering led to higher rate of survival than the presence of nurse species alone. Seedling survival without watering was less than 20% both beneath nurse species and in the surrounding habitat. When water was supplied, survival rate beneath nurse species increased up to 58% while survival in the surrounding habitat did not differ from that observed in treatments without watering. Our results indicate that survival rate of oak seedlings is increased by the presence of nurse plants only when water is supplied. This suggests that restoration of oak forests in these degraded areas requires both nurse plants and watering. [source] | ||||||||||