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Area

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences31%
Life Sciences27%
Earth and Environmental Science11%
Humanities and Social Sciences8%
Engineering4%
Chemistry4%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting3%
Polymers and Materials Science2%
6 Other Domains10%

Kinds of Area

  • ablated area
  • abnormal area
  • accessible area
  • accessible surface area
  • acrosomal area
  • activated area
  • active area
  • active surface area
  • activity area
  • additional area
  • adjacent area
  • affected area
  • affected skin area
  • affluent area
  • agricultural area
  • alpine area
  • anatomic area
  • anatomical area
  • ancestral area
  • and neck area
  • anogenital area
  • another area
  • anterior area
  • anterior hypothalamic area
  • application area
  • arid area
  • arm muscle area
  • association area
  • atlanta area
  • atrial area
  • auditory area
  • authority area
  • available area
  • available surface area
  • avascular area
  • baltic area
  • baltic sea area
  • band area
  • bark area
  • basal area
  • base area
  • basin area
  • bay area
  • bearing area
  • best area
  • bet surface area
  • biogeographical area
  • biomedical area
  • bird area
  • black area
  • board area
  • body area
  • body surface area
  • bone area
  • border area
  • bottom area
  • brain area
  • breeding area
  • broad area
  • broader area
  • broca area
  • brodmann area
  • built-up area
  • burgeoning area
  • burned area
  • burnt area
  • ca1 area
  • canal area
  • canopy area
  • care area
  • case study area
  • catchment area
  • cell area
  • cellular area
  • census area
  • census metropolitan area
  • central area
  • cerebral area
  • certain area
  • cervical area
  • challenging area
  • chicago metropolitan area
  • circular area
  • city area
  • clinical area
  • coast area
  • coastal area
  • common area
  • communal area
  • complex area
  • conservation area
  • contact area
  • contaminated area
  • content area
  • continental area
  • continuous area
  • contributing area
  • control area
  • controversial area
  • core area
  • corresponding area
  • cortex area
  • cortical area
  • cortical motor area
  • country area
  • coverage area
  • critical area
  • critical care area
  • crop area
  • cropping area
  • cross sectional area
  • cross-section area
  • cross-sectional area
  • crown area
  • crucial area
  • cultivated area
  • currency area
  • current area
  • cystic area
  • damaged area
  • dark area
  • decreased area
  • deeper area
  • defect area
  • defined area
  • defined geographical area
  • degraded area
  • density area
  • deposition area
  • depositional area
  • depressed area
  • deprived area
  • desert area
  • developed area
  • developing area
  • different area
  • different brain area
  • different geographic area
  • different geographical area
  • different surface area
  • difficult area
  • disadvantaged area
  • disc area
  • discrete area
  • disease area
  • dispersal area
  • distant area
  • distinct area
  • distribution area
  • disturbed area
  • diverse area
  • downstream area
  • drainage area
  • dry area
  • dune area
  • eastern area
  • eastern mediterranean area
  • economic area
  • eczema area
  • edentulous area
  • edge area
  • effective area
  • effective orifice area
    		•
  • electrode area
  • emerging area
  • endemic area
  • entire area
  • entire study area
  • epicentral area
  • epileptogenic area
  • epithelial area
  • equal area
  • equatorial area
  • equivalent area
  • eroded area
  • euro area
  • european economic area
  • evolving area
  • exciting area
  • expanding area
  • experimental area
  • experimental lake area
  • exploration area
  • exposed area
  • extensive area
  • eye muscle area
  • facial area
  • fan area
  • farming area
  • fat area
  • feeding area
  • fertile area
  • fiber cross-sectional area
  • fibre cross-sectional area
  • fibrotic area
  • field area
  • fished area
  • flat area
  • floodplain area
  • focal area
  • focus area
  • foraging area
  • forest area
  • forested area
  • fractional area
  • fragment area
  • francisco bay area
  • free trade area
  • frontal area
  • fruitful area
  • functional area
  • furcation area
  • future area
  • general area
  • genital area
  • geographic area
  • geographical area
  • glaciated area
  • glucose area
  • government area
  • grafted area
  • grassland area
  • gray area
  • grazed area
  • grazing area
  • greater area
  • greater toronto area
  • grey area
  • ground area
  • growing area
  • growth area
  • habitat area
  • hand area
  • harvesting area
  • head and neck area
  • health area
  • health authority area
  • health board area
  • high mountain area
  • high prevalence area
  • high risk area
  • high specific surface area
  • high surface area
  • high-risk area
  • highest area
  • highlight area
  • hilly area
  • hippocampal area
  • hippocampal ca1 area
  • huge area
  • humid area
  • hyperendemic area
  • hypoechoic area
  • hypothalamic area
  • hypoxic area
  • identifying area
  • important area
  • important bird area
  • important research area
  • inaccessible area
  • incidence area
  • increased area
  • incremental area
  • individual area
  • individual leaf area
  • industrial area
  • industrialized area
  • infarcted area
  • infested area
  • inhabited area
  • injured area
  • inland area
  • inner area
  • inner city area
  • inshore area
  • integrate area
  • interesting area
  • interface area
  • interfacial area
  • interfollicular area
  • internal surface area
  • intertidal area
  • intertriginou area
  • invaded area
  • investigated area
  • irradiated area
  • irregular area
  • irrigated area
  • ischemic area
  • island area
  • isolated area
  • issue area
  • italian area
  • karst area
  • key area
  • km area
  • lake area
  • lake surface area
  • land area
  • land-use area
  • landslide area
  • language area
  • large area
  • large contact area
  • large geographic area
  • large geographical area
  • large metropolitan area
  • large specific surface area
  • large surface area
  • large urban area
  • larger area
  • larger specific surface area
  • larger surface area
  • largest area
  • largest metropolitan area
  • lateral area
  • lateral hypothalamic area
  • leaf area
  • lesion area
  • lesional area
  • lesioned area
  • limbic area
  • limited area
  • littoral area
  • lobe area
  • local area
    		•
  • local government area
  • localized area
  • london area
  • low-rainfall area
  • lower area
  • lowland area
  • lumbar area
  • lumen area
  • luminal area
  • lung area
  • m area
  • macular area
  • main area
  • major area
  • malaria endemic area
  • management area
  • mandibular area
  • mangrove area
  • many area
  • many different area
  • many other area
  • many rural area
  • marginal area
  • marine area
  • marine protect area
  • market area
  • matrix area
  • matter area
  • mean area
  • medial area
  • medial preoptic area
  • mediterranean area
  • medullary area
  • melasma area
  • membrane area
  • membrane surface area
  • metro area
  • metropolitan area
  • metropolitan statistical area
  • microdissected area
  • mine area
  • mining area
  • mitral valve area
  • molar area
  • molecular surface area
  • montane area
  • motor area
  • motor cortex area
  • mountain area
  • mountainous area
  • multiple area
  • muscle area
  • muscle cross-sectional area
  • myocardial area
  • myxoid area
  • narrow area
  • natural area
  • nearby area
  • nearshore area
  • neck area
  • necrotic area
  • neglected area
  • neighboring area
  • neighbouring area
  • neocortical area
  • nesting area
  • neurogenic area
  • new area
  • non-endemic area
  • nonmetropolitan area
  • normal area
  • northern area
  • novel area
  • nuclear area
  • numerous area
  • nursery area
  • occipital area
  • occlusal contact area
  • occupied area
  • oceanic area
  • of area
  • offshore area
  • one area
  • open area
  • optimum currency area
  • orifice area
  • other area
  • other brain area
  • other geographical area
  • outbreak area
  • overlapping area
  • parietal area
  • park area
  • particular area
  • patch area
  • peak area
  • percentage area
  • peri-urban area
  • perianal area
  • perifornical area
  • periorbital area
  • peripheral area
  • perivascular area
  • physiological cross-sectional area
  • pilot area
  • plaque area
  • policy area
  • polluted area
  • poorer area
  • populated area
  • positive area
  • possible area
  • posterior area
  • potato growing area
  • potential area
  • practice area
  • prefer area
  • prefrontal area
  • premolar area
  • premotor area
  • preoptic area
  • prevalence area
  • primary area
  • priority area
  • priority research area
  • problem area
  • production area
  • productive area
  • proglacial area
  • project area
  • projection area
  • promising area
  • prone area
  • protect area
  • protected area
  • protection area
  • psoriasis area
  • public area
  • qol area
  • quality area
  • radiolucent area
  • rainfall area
  • range area
  • recipient area
  • reference area
  • refuge area
  • refugial area
  • regional area
  • relate area
  • relative area
  • release area
  • relevant area
  • remaining area
  • remote area
  • remote rural area
  • representation area
  • research area
  • reserve area
  • resettlement area
  • residential area
  • respective area
  • restoration area
  • restricted area
    		•
  • retinal area
  • review area
  • rich area
  • riparian area
  • risk area
  • river area
  • roc area
  • runoff source area
  • rural area
  • same area
  • same geographic area
  • same geographical area
  • sample area
  • sampled area
  • sampling area
  • san francisco bay area
  • sand dune area
  • sapwood area
  • saturated area
  • scar area
  • scientific area
  • sea area
  • sectional area
  • selected area
  • semi-arid area
  • semiarid area
  • sengwa wildlife research area
  • sensitive area
  • sensory area
  • separate area
  • service area
  • settlement area
  • several area
  • several brain area
  • shallow area
  • shelf area
  • significant area
  • similar area
  • sink area
  • skill area
  • skin area
  • small area
  • smaller area
  • socio-economic area
  • solid area
  • solvent-accessible surface area
  • somatosensory area
  • source area
  • southern area
  • space area
  • spatial area
  • spawning area
  • special area
  • specialized area
  • specialty area
  • specific area
  • specific brain area
  • specific leaf area
  • specific surface area
  • stained area
  • statistical area
  • strategic health authority area
  • studied area
  • study area
  • subcortical area
  • subject area
  • subtropical area
  • suburban area
  • suitable area
  • sun-exposed area
  • supplementary motor area
  • surface area
  • surrounding area
  • survey area
  • surveyed area
  • target area
  • targeted area
  • tazhong area
  • tegmental area
  • temperate area
  • temporal area
  • test area
  • thematic area
  • therapeutic area
  • thoracic area
  • tip area
  • tissue area
  • topic area
  • toronto area
  • total area
  • total basal area
  • total body surface area
  • total bone area
  • total cross-sectional area
  • total leaf area
  • total surface area
  • total vascular area
  • trade area
  • traditional area
  • transition area
  • transitional area
  • treated area
  • treatment area
  • tropical area
  • tumor area
  • tumour area
  • u.s. metropolitan area
  • ulcer area
  • unaffected area
  • unburned area
  • unburnt area
  • undisturbed area
  • unexplored area
  • unit area
  • unit ground area
  • unit leaf area
  • unit surface area
  • unprotected area
  • unstable area
  • untreated area
  • upland area
  • upstream area
  • upwelling area
  • urban area
  • urbanized area
  • used area
  • valley area
  • valve area
  • variety of area
  • various area
  • vascular area
  • vast area
  • vegetated area
  • vein cross-sectional area
  • ventral tegmental area
  • very active area
  • very small area
  • vessel area
  • visual area
  • volcanic area
  • wall area
  • water area
  • watershed area
  • western area
  • western mediterranean area
  • wetland area
  • white matter area
  • whole area
  • whole study area
  • wide area
  • wide geographical area
  • wider area
  • widespread area
  • wilderness area
  • wildlife area
  • wildlife research area
  • wing area
  • wintering area
  • woodland area
  • work area
  • wound area

    • Terms modified by Area

  • area analysis
  • area available
  • area basis
  • area being
  • area boundary
  • area ca1
  • area calculation
  • area change
  • area characteristic
  • area classification
  • area close
  • area closer
  • area corresponding
  • area country
  • area coverage
  • area curve
  • area data
  • area decreased
    		•
  • area density
  • area detector
  • area devoid
  • area difference
  • area distant
  • area distribution
  • area economy
  • area effect
  • area effects
  • area electron diffraction
  • area endemic
  • area estimate
  • area expansion
  • area fraction
  • area health service
  • area important
  • area increase
  • area increment
    		•
  • area index
  • area inflation
  • area loss
  • area measurement
  • area method
  • area model
  • area network
  • area only
  • area other
  • area population
  • area positive
  • area product
  • area ratio
  • area reduction
  • area relationship
  • area relationships
  • area remote
  • area resident
    		•
  • area resource file
  • area rich
  • area size
  • area studies
  • area suggesting
  • area suitable
  • area survey
  • area system
  • area use
  • area used
  • area v1
  • area value
  • area worldwide
  • area x

    • Selected Abstracts

    Nitric oxide bioavailability modulates the dynamics of microvascular oxygen exchange during recovery from contractions

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 2 2010
    D. M. Hirai
    Abstract Aim:, Lowered microvascular PO2 (PO2mv) during the exercise off-transient likely impairs muscle metabolic recovery and limits the capacity to perform repetitive tasks. The current investigation explored the impact of altered nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability on PO2mv during recovery from contractions in healthy skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that increased NO bioavailability (sodium nitroprusside: SNP) would enhance PO2mv and speed its recovery kinetics while decreased NO bioavailability (l -nitro arginine methyl ester: l -NAME) would reduce PO2mv and slow its recovery kinetics. Methods:,PO2mv was measured by phosphorescence quenching during transitions (rest,1 Hz twitch-contractions for 3 min,recovery) in the spinotrapezius muscle of Sprague,Dawley rats under SNP (300 ,m), Krebs-Henseleit (Control) and l -NAME (1.5 mm) superfusion conditions. Results:, Relative to recovery in Control, SNP resulted in greater overall microvascular oxygenation as assessed by the area under the PO2mv curve (PO2 AREA; Control: 3471 ± 292 mmHg s; SNP: 4307 ± 282 mmHg s; P < 0.05) and faster off-kinetics as evidenced by the mean response time (MRToff; Control: 60.2 ± 6.9 s; SNP: 34.8 ± 5.7 s; P < 0.05), whereas l -NAME produced lower PO2 AREA (2339 ± 444 mmHg s; P < 0.05) and slower MRToff (86.6 ± 14.5 s; P < 0.05). Conclusion:, NO bioavailability plays a key role in determining the matching of O2 delivery-to-O2 uptake and thus the upstream O2 pressure driving capillary-myocyte O2 flux (i.e. PO2mv) following cessation of contractions in healthy skeletal muscle. Additionally, these data support a mechanistic link between reduced NO bioavailability and prolonged muscle metabolic recovery commonly observed in ageing and diseased populations. [source]

    SUBURBANIZATION IN COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION: DESTINATIONS OF SUBURBANIZERS IN THE TALLINN METROPOLITAN AREA

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2007
    Kadri Leetmaa
    ABSTRACT. Suburbanization is one of the key phenomena of spatial population change in many countries in transition. Yet we know surprisingly little about the population carrying out the post-socialist suburbanization process. The objective of this article is to improve on this situation by studying the Tallinn metropolis in Estonia. Our analysis, which covers the inter-censal period 1989 to 2000, focuses on the differences between population subgroups with respect to their probabilities to move to the suburbs. As such, it also clarifies choices of destination by dwelling and municipality type. For the analysis, we use individual anonymous 2000 census data and logistic regression. The results indicate that suburbanization was a socially polarizing process during this period. People with low social status had the highest probability to sub-urbanize, and mainly occupied the pre-existing housing stock. Conversely, people with high social status were less likely to move into suburban areas, yet when they did they moved to the most attractive destinations in the suburbs (new single-family houses, coastal municipalities and municipalities closer to the city). [source]

    A CITY IN MOTION: TIME-SPACE ACTIVITY AND MOBILITY PATTERNS OF SUBURBAN INHABITANTS AND THE STRUCTURATION OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PRAGUE METROPOLITAN AREA

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2007
    Jakub Novák
    ABSTRACT. This contribution attempts to reveal the relations between new suburban areas and other parts of the Prague metropolitan area by investigating the time-space activity and mobility patterns of the inhabitants of newly built suburban districts. The focus on some aspects of the everyday life of people in new suburbs helps us to identify the impact of suburbanization on the changing geography of the metropolitan region and to better understand how the spatial organization of the Prague metropolitan area is produced, reproduced and transformed. We use several interrelated concepts, which serve the theoretical foundation of our work, namely time geography, structuration theory and the post-communist city. The empirical data utilized are primarily based on 262 diaries completed by eighty-eight individuals from thirty-eight households, accompanied by household questionnaires and interviews with the heads of households. The research confirmed the implicit, generally unspoken view that new suburbs in the Prague metropolitan region are heavily dependent on the core of the metropolitan area for the provision of jobs and services. However, newly built suburban shopping facilities to some extent disrupt this pattern, keeping some daily activities of inhabitants within the suburban zone. In addition to empirical observations, the key purpose of this contribution has been to discuss and apply time geography concepts and methods to the research of urban restructuring, and to understand the structuration of metropolitan spatial organization. [source]

    WILL BUSINESS CYCLES IN THE EURO AREA CONVERGE?

    JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 2 2008
    A CRITICAL SURVEY OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
    Abstract This survey of business cycle synchronization in the European monetary union focuses on two issues: have business cycles become more similar, and which factors drive business cycle synchronization. We conclude that business cycles in the euro area have gone through periods of both convergence and divergence. Still, there is quite some evidence that during the 1990s business cycle synchronization in the euro area has increased. Higher trade intensity is found to lead to more synchronization, but the point estimates vary widely. The evidence for other factors affecting business cycle synchronization is very mixed. [source]

    A SURVEY OF THE QUALITY OF SIX RETAIL BRANDS OF BONELESS, SKINLESS CHICKEN BREAST FILLETS OBTAINED FROM RETAIL SUPERMARKETS IN THE ATHENS, GEORGIA AREA,

    JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2007
    HONG ZHUANG
    ABSTRACT To assess the variation in quality of chicken breast fillets available from retail supermarkets, six brands of boneless, skinless fillets without additives were obtained from the fresh counter at grocery stores in Athens, GA, and the surrounding area during fall of 2005. The samples were stored at ,20C and subsequently cooked using a Henny Penny MCS-6 combi oven (Henny Penny Corp., Eaton, OH). Quality parameters of the fillets were measured on the cooked chicken breast fillets including cook yield, descriptive sensory flavor and texture profiling, and Warner,Bratzler (WB) shear force. Our results show that the average cook yield ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%, the average intensity of individual descriptive sensory characteristics was less than 5.4 in a 0,15 universal scale, and WB shear force values were less than 5.2 kg. There were no significant differences in the intensity among brands of all flavor attributes and the texture characteristics associated with moisture. However, significant differences were found among the brands for cook yield, mechanical properties of texture (including springiness, cohesiveness, hardness and chewiness) and WB shear force values. The variation of WB shear force measurements (coefficient of variation) depended on brand. These results indicate that differences exist in the quality and shear force consistency among market brands of boneless, skinless chicken breast fillets available in Athens, GA, and the surrounding area. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study is the first survey reported to evaluate the quality of boneless, skinless chicken breast products without additives in U.S. retail market. This study supplies the evidence that the intensity of sensory quality is mild of cooked boneless, skinless chicken breast products and there are the differences in the quality among the different retail brands obtained by consumers. [source]

    DEVONIAN CARBONATES OF THE NIGEL PEAK AREA, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, CANADA: A FOSSIL PETROLEUM SYSTEM?

    JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
    J. Köster
    In this study we report on Devonian (Frasnian , Famennian) limestones and dolostones exposed near Nigel Peak in the Main Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. These carbonates are a proximal facies of the Southesk-Cairn Carbonate Complex. The investigated strata are stratigraphically equivalent to the oil- and gas bearing Nisku Formation in the subsurface of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, about 300 km to the east. The rocks were investigated by polarisation and cathodoluminescence microscopy, total organic carbon analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, solid bitumen reflectance measurements, gas chromatography and fluid inclusion analysis. Thin section analyses showed that silt-grade quartz and saddle dolomite increase upward from the base of the stratigraphic section, and that porosities are generally low. This is due to reduction of pore space due to early cementation and extensive dolomitization. Cathodoluminescence identified up to four generations of calcite cements. TOC values ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 %. Rock-Eval pyrolysis of carbonate samples resulted in measurable S1 peaks but not S2 peaks, indicating that there was no residual petroleum generation potential. Organic petrographic analyses identified dispersed kerogen and migrabitumen, and calculated vitrinite reflectance values were around 4 % on average which implies peak temperatures of 234,262 °C (due to deep burial) or 309,352 °C (due to short term hydrothermal heating). Fluid inclusion data indicates at least one pulse of hot fluids with elevated homogenization temperatures of > 300 °C, and this may explain the high thermal maturity of the studied rocks. [source]

    HYDROTHERMALLY FLUORITIZED ORDOVICIAN CARBONATES AS RESERVOIR ROCKS IN THE TAZHONG AREA, CENTRALTARIM BASIN, NW CHINA

    JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
    Zhijun Jin
    Reservoir rocks at the Tazhong 45 oil pool, central Tarim Basin, consist of fluoritized carbonate strata of Middle - Late Ordovician age. Petrological observations indicate that the fluorite replaces calcite. Several other hydrothermal minerals including pyrite, quartz, sphalerite and chlorite accompany the fluorite. Two generations of fluid inclusions are present in the fluorite. Homogenization temperatures (Th) for primary inclusions are mostly between 260°C and 310°C and represent the temperature of the hydrothermal fluid responsible for fluorite precipitation. Th for secondary inclusions range from 100°C to 130°C, and represent the hydrocarbon charging temperature as shown by the presence of hydrocarbons trapped in some secondary inclusions. The mineral assemblage and the homogenization temperatures of the primary fluid inclusions indicate that the precipitation of fluorite is related to hydrothermal activity in the Tazhong area. Strontium isotope analyses imply that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for fluorite precipitation are related to late-stage magmatic activity, and felsic magmas were generated by mixing of mafic magma and crustal materials during the Permian. Theoretical calculations show that the molecular volume of a carbonate rock decreases by 33.5% when calcite is replaced by fluorite, and the volume shrinkage can greatly enhance reservoir porosity by the formation of abundant intercrystalline pores. Fluoritization has thus greatly enhanced the reservoir quality of Ordovician carbonates in the Tazhong 45 area, so that the fluorite and limestone host rocks have become an efficient hydrocarbon reservoir. According to the modelled burial and thermal history of the Tazhong 45 well, and the homogenization temperatures of secondary fluid inclusions in the fluorite, hydrocarbon charging at the Tazhong 45 reservoir took place in the Tertiary. [source]

    DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF OUTCROPPING TERTIARY CARBONATES IN THE JAHRUM AND ASMARI FORMATIONS, SHIRAZ AREA (SW IRAN)

    JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2004
    M. Nadjafi
    The Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation is one of the most important petroleum reservoir units in the Zagros Basin of south and SW Iran. It mainly consists of limestones and dolomitic limestones with interbedded shales, together with a few intervals of sandstone and gypsum assigned to the Ahwaz and Kalhur Members, respectively. The Asmari Formation rests on the thin-bedded limestones of the Jahrum Formation (Paleocene-Eocene). In this paper, we report on the lithofacies characteristics of these two formations using data from three measured outcrop sections near Shiraz in SW Iran. From field and petrographic data, we have identified four major lithofacies and twelve subfacies which are interpreted to have been deposited in open-marine, shoal, lagoon and tidal flat settings. We show that the Asmari and Jahrum Formations constitute two separate depositional sequences which are separated by a thin palaeosol, representing a type-one sequence boundary which can be correlated with global curves of relative sea-level. Each depositional sequence is composed of many metre-scale shallowing-upward parasequences. This is the first time that the Asmari and Jahrum Formations have been differentiated in the study area. We hope that this study will lead to a better understanding of the Asmari Formation in the subsurface in other parts of the Zagros Basin. [source]

    BURIAL AND MATURATION HISTORY OF THE HEGLIG FIELD AREA, MUGLAD BASIN, SUDAN

    JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2000
    A. Y. Mohamed
    The NW-SE trending Muglad Basin (SW Sudan) is one of a number of Mesozoic basins which together make up the Central African Rift System. Three phases of rifting occurred during the Cretaceous and Tertiary, resulting in the deposition of at least 13 km of sediments in this basin. Commercial hydrocarbons are sourced from the Barremian-Neocomian Sharaf Formation and the Aptian-Albian Abu Gabra Formation. The Heglig field is located on a NW-SE oriented structural high in the SE of the Muglad Basin, and is the second-largest commercial oil discovery in Sudan. The high is characterised by the presence of rotated fault blocks, and is surrounded by sub-basinal structural lows. We modelled the geohistories of three wells on different fault blocks in the Heglig field (Heglig-2, Barki-1 and Kanga-1) and one well in the Kaikang Trough (May25,1). The models were calibrated to measured porosity-depth data, temperature and vitrinite reflectance measurements. Predicted present-day heat flow over this part of the Muglad Basin is about 55 mW/m2. However, a constant heat-flow model with this value did not result in a good fit between calculated vitrinite Ro and measured Ro at the wells studied. Therefore a variable heat-flow model was used; heat flow peaks of 75, 70 and 70 mW/m2 were modelled, these maxima corresponding to the three synrift phases. This model resulted in a better fit between calculated and measured Ro. The source rock section in the Sharaf and Abu Gabra Formations was modelled for hydrocarbon generation in the four wells. Model results indicate that the present-day oil generation window in the Hegligfield area lies at depths of between 2 and 4 km, and that oil and gas generation from the basal unit of the Abu Gabra Formation occurred between about 90 and 55 Ma and from the Sharaf Formation between 120 and 50 Ma. The results suggest that the oils discovered in the Heglig area have been generated from a deep, mature as-yet unpenetrated source-rock section, and/or from source rocks in nearby sub- basinal areas. [source]

    METABOLIC AND ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY SIMILAR RATES OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE UPTAKE PER UNIT SURFACE AREA AT LOW SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON AND MACROALGAE,

    JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
    T. Alwyn
    Marine phytoplankton and macroalgae acquire important resources, such as inorganic nitrogen, from the surrounding seawater by uptake across their entire surface area. Rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake per unit surface area were remarkably similar for both marine phytoplankton and macroalgae at low external concentrations. At an external concentration of 1 ,M, the mean rate of nitrogen uptake was 10±2 nmol·cm,2·h,1 (n=36). There was a strong negative relationship between log surface area:volume (SA:V) quotient and log nitrogen content per cm2 of surface (slope=,0.77), but a positive relationship between log SA:V and log maximum specific growth rate (,max; slope=0.46). There was a strong negative relationship between log SA:V and log measured rate of ammonium assimilation per cm2 of surface, but the slope (,0.49) was steeper than that required to sustain ,max (,0.31). Calculated rates of ammonium assimilation required to sustain growth rates measured in natural populations were similar for both marine phytoplankton and macroalgae with an overall mean of 6.2±1.4 nmol·cm,2·h,1 (n=15). These values were similar to maximum rates of ammonium assimilation in phytoplankton with high SA:V, but the values for algae with low SA:V were substantially less than the maximum rate of ammonium assimilation. This suggests that the growth rates of both marine phytoplankton and macroalgae in nature are often constrained by rates of uptake and assimilation of nutrients per cm2 surface area. [source]

    ASSESSING FLOOD MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES IN SHIJR AREA IN METROPOLITAN TAIPEI,

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 2 2006
    Chao-Hsien Liaw
    ABSTRACT: The Keelung River Basin in northern Taiwan lies immediately upstream of the Taipei metropolitan area. The Shijr area is in the lower basin and is subject to frequent flooding. This work applies micromanagement and source control, including widely distributed infiltration and detention/ retention runoff retarding measures, in the Wudu watershed above Shijr. A method is also developed that combines a genetic algorithm and a rainfall runoff model to optimize the spatial distribution of runoff retarding facilities. Downstream of Wudu in the Shijr area, five dredging schemes are considered. If 10-year flood flows cannot be confined in the channel, then a levee embankment that corresponds to the respective runoff retarding scheme will be required. The minimum total cost is considered in the rule to select from the regional flood mitigation alternatives. The results of this study reveal that runoff retarding facilities installed in the upper and middle parts of the watershed are most effective in reducing the flood peak. Moreover, as the cost of acquiring land for the levee embankment increases, installing runoff retarding measures in the upper portion of the watershed becomes more economical. [source]

    REBUILDING THE EASTERN BALTIC COD STOCK UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (PART II): TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE COSTS OF A MARINE PROTECTED AREA

    NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 1 2009
    CHRISTINE RÖCKMANN
    Abstract This study adds a cost analysis of the Eastern Baltic cod fishery to the existing model presented in Röckmann et al. [2007a]. As cost data on this international fishery do not exist, data from Denmark are extrapolated to the whole international fishery. Additionally, unit and total variable costs are simulated, and the sensitivity to a set of different cost,stock and cost,output elasticities is tested. The study supports preliminary conclusions that a temporary marine reserve policy, which focuses on protecting the Eastern Baltic cod spawning stock in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) subdivision 25, is a valuable fisheries management tool to (i) rebuild the overexploited Eastern Baltic cod stock and (ii) increase operating profits. The negative effects of climate change can be postponed for at least 20 years,depending on the assumed rate of future climate change. Including costs in the economic analysis does not change the ranking of management policies as proposed in the previous study where costs were neglected. [source]

    COLLABORATIVE CAPACITY AND STRATEGIES IN AREA-BASED INITIATIVES

    PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 2 2006
    HELEN SULLIVAN
    Despite considerable evaluator investment in examining partnership activity in UK public policy initiatives, little attention has been paid to the role of strategy in supporting the generation and harnessing of the resources necessary to collaborate effectively. This paper focuses on one of the first New Labour initiatives , Health Action Zones (HAZ) , and draws on national evaluation findings to delineate local strategies, assess their application in practice and reflect on their contribution to collaborative action. The paper argues that even within nationally constrained policy initiatives there is sufficient flexibility for local actors to select strategies to steer collaborative effort, but these strategies are informed by their operating context and are liable to change in response to experience and changes in context. In addition, the evaluation findings suggest that effective strategies are those which harness collaborative capacity across a range of dimensions. The paper concludes by identifying implications for theory, policy and evaluation. [source]

    IS EAST ASIA FIT FOR AN OPTIMUM CURRENCY AREA?

    THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 3 2006
    AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A HIGHER DEGREE OF MONETARY COOPERATION IN EAST ASIA
    F42; N15 This paper attempts to make a contribution to the recent search for a suitable assessment of the economic feasibility of a higher degree of monetary cooperation in East Asia. By using a structural vector autoregression approach as well as a generalized purchasing power parity approach, we find that a larger group of appropriately selected East Asian economies does satisfy the macroeconomic conditions for forming an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). The East Asian group consists of four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) and four Northeast Asian economies (Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan). This finding presents a striking contrast to the existing research results whose policy recommendation has generally been that countries in East Asia should start with a smaller subgroup currency area. It is time that many East Asian economies as a region made a serious effort to pursue a higher degree of monetary cooperation among themselves for forming an OCA. [source]

    EXHIBITION & POSTER AREA

    AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 2010
    Article first published online: 5 MAY 2010
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    EXHIBITION & POSTER AREA

    AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 2009
    Article first published online: 20 AUG 200
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH CAREERS TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE NEW ENGLAND HEALTH AREA: THE VIEWS OF HIGH SCHOOL CAREERS ADVISERS

    AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2001
    Christian Alexander
    ABSTRACT: One way to impact positively on the shortage of health professionals in rural areas is to effectively promote health careers to rural high school students. Rural high school careers advisers play a pivotal role in this. In order to assess how rural health careers advisers working in the north-west of New South Wales currently promote health careers to their students, the New England Area Rural Training Unit carried out a survey of the area's high school careers advisers. Of the 47 high school careers advisers, 38 returned completed questionnaires, yielding a response rate of 81%. While only about one-third of careers advisers use visits by undergraduate students enrolled in tertiary health courses (42%), visits by locally practising health professionals (39%) and/or health careers site visits (27%), all careers advisers consider such promotional activities to be most effective. Improved exposure to such effective health career promotional activities for the area's high school, increasing collaboration between careers advisers and health professionals, as well as renewed efforts to identify and to foster interested students prior to Year 10, should lead to an increasing number of rural high school students enrolling in tertiary health courses. [source]

    FREE TRADE AREAS AND RULES OF ORIGIN: ECONOMICS AND POLITICS

    ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2007
    RUPA DUTTAGUPTA
    Incorporating an intermediate input into a simple small-union general-equilibrium model, this paper first develops the welfare economics of preferential trading under the rules of origin (ROO) and then demonstrates that ROOs can improve the political viability of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Two interesting outcomes are derived. First, a welfare-reducing FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can become feasible in the presence of these rules. Second, a welfare- improving FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can be endorsed in their presence, but upon endorsement it can become welfare inferior relative to the status quo. [source]

    UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF AREAS OF ENDEMISM IN PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES: A REPLY TO BRIDLE ET AL.

    EVOLUTION, Issue 6 2004
    Ben J. Evans
    First page of article [source]

    ALPINE AREAS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE AS MONITORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE,

    GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2002
    MARK W. WILLIAMS
    ABSTRACT. The presence of a seasonal snowpack in alpine environments can amplify climate signals. A conceptual model is developed for the response of alpine ecosystems in temperate, midlatitude areas to changes in energy, chemicals, and water, based on a case study from Green Lakes Valley,Niwot Ridge, a headwater catchment in the Colorado Front Range. A linear regression shows the increase in annual precipitation of about 300 millimeters from 1951 to 1996 to be significant. Most of the precipitation increase has occurred since 1967. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in wetfall at the Niwot Ridge National Atmospheric Deposition Program site roughly doubled between 1985,1988 and 1989,1992. Storage and release of strong acid anions, such as those from the seasonal snowpack in an ionic pulse, have resulted in episodic acidification of surface waters. These biochemical changes alter the quantity and quality of organic matter in high-elevation catchments of the Rocky Mountains. Affecting the bottom of the food chain, the increase in nitrogen deposition may be partly responsible for the current decline of bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountains. [source]

    SEAWEED ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY IN HIGH ENERGY AND LOW ENERGY AREAS AT PORT ARANSAS, TEXAS JETTIES

    JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 3 2001
    Article first published online: 24 SEP 200
    Agan, J. C. & Lehman, R. L. Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA Benthic algal sampling from high and low energy zones at a selected site on the south jetty at Port Aransas, Texas was completed between April 1999 and February 2000. Species composition and seasonal periodicity in relation to temperature and salinity fluctuations were determined. Dominant plants throughout the year included Bryocladia cuspidata, Bryocladia thyrsigera, Gelidium pusillum, Centroceras clavulatum, Ulva fasciata, and Padina gymnospora. The Rhodophyta dominated species coverage, along with biomass accumulation, although Chlorophyta species accrued the greatest biomass on the high energy side in April and June sampling. Chlorophyta are important to benthic coverage and biomass in the shallowest of waters, despite being fewer in species richness. Phaeophyta species including Petalonia fascia, Hincksia mitchelliae, and Ectocarpus siliculosus were found only during the cooler months. Padina gymnospora was the one exception as it was collected year-round. Results indicate that a greater Rhodophyta abundance was found on the channel side (low energy), where as, the surf side (high energy) contained a greater Chlorophyta abundance. Phaeophyta abundance for both high and low energy sites were comparable possibly due to the greater depth of water in which they are located. Little variance occurred in average biomass accumulation throughout the year. Highest biomass was in August (216.613g dry weight) with lowest occurring in April (107.4205g dry weight). [source]

    SEAWEED ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY IN HIGH ENERGY AND LOW ENERGY AREAS AT PORT ARANSAS, TEXAS JETTIES

    JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001
    Article first published online: 9 OCT 200
    Agan, J. C. & Lehman, R. L. Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA Benthic algal sampling from high and low energy zones at a selected site on the south jetty at Port Aransas, Texas was completed between April 1999 and February 2000. Species composition and seasonal periodicity in relation to temperature and salinity fluctuations were determined. Dominant plants throughout the year included Bryocladia cuspidata, Bryocladia thyrsigera, Gelidium pusillum, Centroceras clavulatum, Ulva fasciata, and Padina gymnospora. The Rhodophyta dominated species coverage, along with biomass accumulation, although Chlorophyta species accrued the greatest biomass on the high energy side in April and June sampling. Chlorophyta are important to benthic coverage and biomass in the shallowest of waters, despite being fewer in species richness. Phaeophyta species including Petalonia fascia, Hincksia mitchelliae, and Ectocarpus siliculosus were found only during the cooler months. Padina gymnospora was the one exception as it was collected year-round. Results indicate that a greater Rhodophyta abundance was found on the channel side (low energy), where as, the surf side (high energy) contained a greater Chlorophyta abundance. Phaeophyta abundance for both high and low energy sites were comparable possibly due to the greater depth of water in which they are located. Little variance occurred in average biomass accumulation throughout the year. Highest biomass was in August (216.613g dry weight) with lowest occurring in April (107.4205g dry weight). [source]

    WATERSHED WEIGHTING OF EXPORT COEFFICIENTS TO MAP CRITICAL PHOSPHOROUS LOADING AREAS,

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2003
    Theodore A. Endreny
    ABSTRACT: The Export Coefficient model (ECM) is capable of generating reasonable estimates of annual phosphorous loading simply from a watershed's land cover data and export coefficient values (ECVs). In its current form, the ECM assumes that ECVs are homogeneous within each land cover type, yet basic nutrient runoff and hydrological theory suggests that runoff rates have spatial patterns controlled by loading and filtering along the flow paths from the upslope contributing area and downslope dispersal area. Using a geographic information system (GIS) raster, or pixel, modeling format, these contributing area and dispersal area (CADA) controls were derived from the perspective of each individual watershed pixel to weight the otherwise homogeneous ECVs for phosphorous. Although the CADA-ECM predicts export coefficient spatial variation for a single land use type, the lumped basin load is unaffected by weighting. After CADA weighting, a map of the new ECVs addressed the three fundamental criteria for targeting critical pollutant loading areas: (1) the presence of the pollutant, (2) the likelihood for runoff to carry the pollutant offsite, and (3) the likelihood that buffers will trap nutrients prior to their runoff into the receiving water body. These spatially distributed maps of the most important pollutant management areas were used within New York's West Branch Delaware River watershed to demonstrate how the CADA-ECM could be applied in targeting phosphorous critical loading areas. [source]

    GIS-BASED HYIROLOGIC MODELING OF RIPARIAN AREAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR STREAM WATER QUALITY,

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 6 2001
    Matthew E. Baker
    ABSTRACT: Riparian buffers have potential for reducing excess nutrient levels in surface water. Spatial variation in riparian buffer effectiveness is well recognized, yet researchers and managers still lack effective general tools for understanding the relevance of different hydrologic settings. We present several terrain-based GIS models to predict spatial patterns of shallow, subsurface hydrologic flux and riparian hydrology. We then link predictions of riparian hydrology to patterns of nutrient export in order to demonstrate potential for augmenting the predictive power of land use/land cover (LU/LC) maps. Using predicted hydrology in addition to LUILC, we observed increases in the explained variation of nutrient exports from 290 sites across Lower Michigan. The results suggest that our hydrologic predictions relate more strongly to patterns of nutrient export than the presence or absence of wetland vegetation, and that in fact the influence of vegetative structure largely depends on its hydrologic context. Such GIS models are useful and complimentary tools for exploring the role of hydrologic routing in riparian ecosystem function and stream water quality. Modeling efforts that take a similar GIS approach to material transport might be used to further explore the causal implications of riparian buffers in heterogeneous watersheds. [source]

    SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN GENERAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONER WORKFORCE: COMPARING CAPITAL CITIES WITH REGIONAL AREAS

    AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 6 2000
    David Wilkinson
    ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to compare selected characteristics of the Australian general medical practitioner workforce in capital cities and regional areas. Data were derived from the 1996 Census of Population and Housing. Characteristics included age, sex, full- or part-time work, place of birth and change in residential address. Analyses were performed for each state and territory in Australia, the statistical division containing each capital city and all other statistical divisions in each state and territory. Of the 26 359 general medical practitioners identified, 68% were male. More female than male general medical practitioners were aged < 45 years (74 vs 52%, respectively; P < 0.0001). The proportion of general medical practitioners aged < 35 years was higher in capital cities (30%) than regional areas (24%; P < 0.0001). Overall, 32% of the general medical practitioner workforce was female and almost 50% of those aged < 35 years were female. The proportion of female general medical practitioners was higher in capital cities than regional areas, by up to 30%. While 13% of male general medical practitioners reported part-time work, 42% of females also reported part-time work and these figures were similar in capital cities and regional areas. Approximately 40% of the Australian general medical practitioner workforce was born outside Australia and while fewer migrants have entered in recent years they were more likely to be living in regional areas than the capitals. The census provides useful medical workforce data. The regional workforce tends to be made up of more males and is older than in capital cities. Monitoring trends in these characteristics could help to evaluate initiatives aimed at addressing regional workforce issues. [source]

    The effect of tree height and light availability on photosynthetic leaf traits of four neotropical species differing in shade tolerance

    FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2000
    T. Rijkers
    Abstract 1.,Light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax), nitrogen (N), chlorophyll (Chl) content and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) were measured in leaves of trees of different heights along a natural light gradient in a French Guiana rain forest. The following four species, arranged in order from most shade-tolerant to pioneer, were studied: Duguetia surinamensis, Vouacapoua americana, Dicorynia guianensis and Goupia glabra. Light availability of trees was estimated using hemispherical photography. 2.,The pioneer species Goupia had the lowest LMA and leaf N on both an area and mass basis, whereas Duguetia had the highest values. In general, leaf variables of Vouacapoua and Dicorynia tended to be intermediates. Because Amax/area was similar among species, Goupia showed both a much higher light-saturated photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUEmax) and Amax/mass. Leaves of Vouacapoua demonstrated the greatest plasticity in Amax/area, particularly in small saplings. 3.,A distinction could be made between the effect of tree height and light availability on the structural, i.e. LMA, and photosynthetic leaf characteristics of all four species. The direction and magnitude of the variation in variables were similar among species. 4.,LMA was the key variable that mainly determined variation in the other leaf variables along tree height and light availability gradients, with the exception of changes in chlorophyll concentration. Amax/area, N/area, LMA and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) increased, whereas Chl/mass decreased, with both increasing tree height and canopy openness. Amax/mass, PNUEmax and Amax/Chl increased with increasing openness only. N/mass and Chl/area were independent of tree height and openness, except for small saplings of Goupia which had a much lower Chl/area. [source]

    Area-Based Refinement for Selection of Reserve Sites with the Benefit-Function Approach

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
    ANNI ARPONEN
    algoritmo de selección de sitios; persistencia; peso de especies; relaciones especies-área; selección de reservas Abstract:,Optimization of resource use is necessary for efficient conservation planning. Many reserve-selection algorithms aim to identify representative but inexpensive networks, which may lead to selecting small sites due to their lower costs and collectively higher species richness. Nevertheless, larger sites would be preferable regarding species' long-term persistence. An area-based refinement can be used to overcome this problem. We used a reserve-planning framework in which continuous benefit functions valued representation (numbers of populations), and differential species weights were based on a species' local rarity and threatened status. We introduced a refinement based on the species-area relationship that provides relatively higher values for larger sites. We applied the proposed method to rich fen vegetation in southern Finland. The species-area refinement resulted in a network of significantly larger sites with minor trade-offs with representation (numbers of populations). Giving endangered species higher weights ensured that the trade-off occurred mostly between site size and representation of low-priority species. We recommend using a species-area refinement for practical, maximum-coverage conservation planning. Resumen:,La optimización del uso de recursos es necesaria para la planificación eficiente de la conservación. Muchos algoritmos para la selección de reservas tratan de identificar redes representativas pero poco costosas, que pueden conducir a la selección de sitios pequeños debido a sus costos menores y mayor riqueza de especies colectiva. Sin embargo, los sitios grandes serían preferibles para la persistencia de las especies a largo plazo. Para sobreponerse a este problema se puede utilizar un refinamiento basado en el área. Utilizamos un marco de referencia para la planificación de reservas en el que las funciones de beneficio continuas valoraron la representación (número de poblaciones), y los pesos diferenciales de las especies se basaron en la rareza local de una especie y en su estatus de amenaza. Introdujimos un refinamiento basado en la relación especies-área que proporciona valores relativamente mayores a los sitios grandes. Aplicamos el método propuesto a la rica vegetación de ciénegas en el sur de Finlandia. El refinamiento de las especies-área resultó en una red de sitios significativamente más grandes con desequilibrios menores en la representación (número de poblaciones). La asignación de valores más altos a las especies en peligro aseguró que el desequilibrio ocurriera principalmente entre el tamaño del sitio y la representación de especies de prioridad baja. Recomendamos la utilización de de un refinamiento de especies-área para una planificación de la conservación de cobertura máxima. [source]

    Susceptibility of a Northern Hardwood Forest to Exotic Earthworm Invasion

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2005
    MICHAEL J. GUNDALE
    Acer saccharum; Bosque Nacional Ottawa; lombrices invasoras; Sylvania Wilderness Area; uso del suelo Abstract:,Numerous exotic earthworm species are colonizing northern hardwood forests of North America, where no native earthworms exist. Upon invasion, earthworms have been shown to alter the surface soil environment and plant populations and communities. We sought to identify land-use factors in the Ottawa National Forest (ONF), Michigan (U.S.A.), that contribute to earthworm invasion in forest dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) so that the susceptibility to additional colonization could be evaluated. We sampled earthworm communities in Sylvania Wilderness Area, a unique old-growth hardwood forest, and nonwilderness sites influenced by recreational fishing, recent timber harvesting, or roads. All the nonwilderness sites contained one to five species of exotic earthworms. In contrast, only 50% of wilderness sites contained exotic earthworms, all of a single species. Nonwilderness sites also had thinner litter and duff layers, higher soil C and N content, and higher nitrogen mineralization potentials than Sylvania sites. Two central differences between Sylvania and nonwilderness sites were that all nonwilderness sites were in close contact with roads and had a history of timber harvest, whereas these factors were not present in Sylvania Wilderness Area. Using average rates of colonization, we constructed two geographic information system models to estimate the percentage of sugar maple on the ONF falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads and of second-growth sugar maple as relative indices of susceptibility to invasion. Both models indicated high susceptibility to invasion, with 91.7% and 98.9% of sugar maple habitat falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads or historical harvests, respectively. Resumen:,Numerosas especies de lombrices exóticas están colonizando los bosques boreales, en los que previamente no existían lombrices terrestres nativas. Por encima de la invasión, se ha demostrado que las lombrices alteran el ambiente superficial del suelo, así como a las comunidades y poblaciones de plantas. Tratamos de identificar factores de uso del suelo en el Bosque Nacional Ottawa (BNO), Michigan, E. U. A., que contribuyen a la invasión de lombrices en bosques dominados por arces (Acer saccharum Marsh.), para poder evaluar la susceptibilidad a futuras invasiones. Muestreamos comunidades de lombrices en Sylvania Wilderness Area, un bosque maduro único, y en sitios no silvestres influenciados por pesca deportiva, cosecha reciente de madera o caminos. Todas las áreas no silvestres contenían 1 - 5 especies de lombrices exóticas. En contraste, solo 50% de los sitios silvestres contenían lombrices exóticas, todas de una sola especie. Los sitios no silvestres también tenían capas de hojarasca y de mantillo más delgadas, mayor contenido de C y N del suelo y mayor potencial de mineralización del nitrógeno que los sitios en Sylvania. Dos diferencias centrales entre Sylvania y los sitios no silvestres fueron que estos estaban en contacto cercano con caminos y tenían una historia de cosecha de madera, mientras que estos factores no estuvieron presentes en Sylvania Wilderness Area. Utilizando tasas promedio de colonización, construimos dos modelos de sistemas de información geográfica para estimar el porcentaje de arces en el BNO que queda a una distancia teórica de invasión en 100 años; con caminos y arce de crecimiento secundario como índices relativos de susceptibilidad a la invasión. Ambos modelos indicaron alta susceptibilidad a la invasión, con 91.7% y 98.9% del hábitat de arce dentro de la distancia teórica de invasión en 100 años o con cosechas históricas, respectivamente. [source]

    Europe as a "Special Area for Human Hope"

    CONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 3 2007
    Alessandro Ferrara
    First page of article [source]

    Low-Fluence Q-Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Melasma with Pre- or Post-Treatment Triple Combination Cream

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2010
    SE-YEONG JEONG MD
    BACKGROUND Topical triple combination (TC) treatment is considered the primary approach to melasma. Recently, collimated low-fluence 1,064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment has attracted attention as an alternative approach. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser when performed before and after treatment with topical TC using a split-face crossover design. METHODS Thirteen patients with melasma received topical treatment with TC cream or 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser treatment on opposite sides of the face for 8 weeks, and then treatments were reversed for 8 weeks. Responses were evaluated using the Melasma Area and Severity Index scoring system, spectrophotometry measurements, and a subjective self-assessment method. RESULTS After 16 weeks, better results were seen in subjective assessments when laser treatment was used after 8 weeks of topical TC treatment than before usage of TC. There were no significant adverse effects with the laser treatments. CONCLUSIONS Laser treatment after topical TC cream was found to be safer and more effective than the post-treatment use of topical agents. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters. [source]