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Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences34%
Life Sciences24%
Chemistry9%
Engineering5%
Humanities and Social Sciences5%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting4%
Earth and Environmental Science4%
Mathematics and Statistics3%
Psychology2%
5 Other Domains10%

Kinds of Number

  • Reynold number
  • absolute number
  • accession number
  • accounting number
  • acid number
  • actual number
  • address a number
  • adequate number
  • aggregate number
  • aggregation number
  • allele number
  • amino acid number
  • annual number
  • aphid number
  • apoptotic cell number
  • appreciable number
  • appropriate number
  • arbitrary number
  • atomic number
  • average number
  • average nusselt number
  • bacterial number
  • biot number
  • bounded number
  • capillary number
  • carbon number
  • case number
  • cd34+ cell number
  • cell number
  • certain number
  • cetane number
  • chain number
  • charge number
  • chromatic number
  • chromosome number
  • classification number
  • colony number
  • condition number
  • considerable number
  • consideration a number
  • constant number
  • contact number
  • coordination number
  • copy number
  • correct number
  • corresponding number
  • courant number
  • critical Reynold number
  • cumulative number
  • curve number
  • cycle number
  • daily number
  • damköhler number
  • darcy number
  • dc number
  • decreased cell number
  • decreased number
  • decreasing number
  • different Reynold number
  • different number
  • dimensionless number
  • diploid number
  • discrete number
  • display a number
  • diverse number
  • dna copy number
  • domination number
  • donor number
  • effective number
  • egg number
  • electron number
  • elephant number
    		•
  • elevated number
  • enormous number
  • eosinophil number
  • epc number
  • equal number
  • equivalent number
  • estimated number
  • ever-increasing number
  • excessive number
  • exhibit a number
  • expected number
  • exponential number
  • face a number
  • falling number
  • fewer number
  • fiber number
  • final number
  • finite number
  • fixed number
  • flower number
  • foundress number
  • froude number
  • genbank accession number
  • gene copy number
  • gene number
  • generation number
  • genomic copy number
  • glomerular number
  • goblet cell number
  • good number
  • grashof number
  • great number
  • greater number
  • greatest number
  • growing number
  • hardness number
  • high Reynold number
  • high copy number
  • high number
  • high turnover number
  • highest number
  • highlight a number
  • huge number
  • hydration number
  • i.e. number
  • identical number
  • identification number
  • increased copy number
  • increased number
  • increasing atomic number
  • increasing number
  • infinite number
  • initial number
  • insufficient number
  • intermediate number
  • ion transference number
  • iteration number
  • jel classification number
  • kappa number
  • knoop hardness number
  • knudsen number
  • large number
  • larger number
  • largest number
  • leaf number
  • least number
  • lesser number
  • lifetime number
  • limited number
  • livestock number
  • lot number
  • low Reynold number
    		•
  • low cell number
  • low copy number
  • low mach number
  • low number
  • lower number
  • lowest number
  • lymphocyte number
  • mach number
  • magic number
  • make a number
  • manageable number
  • mast cell number
  • maximal number
  • maximum number
  • mean number
  • measure number
  • median number
  • melanocyte number
  • microvessel number
  • minimal number
  • minimum number
  • moderate number
  • modest number
  • mrna copy number
  • mtdna copy number
  • nephron number
  • neuron number
  • neuronal number
  • neutrophil number
  • nk cell number
  • node number
  • nodule number
  • normal number
  • nusselt number
  • observed number
  • occupation number
  • odd number
  • offer a number
  • offspring number
  • optimal number
  • optimum number
  • osteoblast number
  • osteoclast number
  • outline a number
  • overwhelming number
  • paper outline a number
  • particle number
  • patient number
  • peak number
  • peclet number
  • plate number
  • platelet number
  • pollen number
  • population number
  • pose a number
  • positive number
  • possible number
  • prandtl number
  • present a number
  • probable number
  • proper number
  • péclet number
  • quantum number
  • queen number
  • raise a number
  • random number
  • rayleigh number
  • real number
  • reasonable number
  • receptor number
  • record number
  • reduced number
    		•
  • registration number
  • relative number
  • release number
  • relevant number
  • repeat number
  • reported number
  • representative number
  • reproductive number
  • required number
  • result a number
  • reveal a number
  • richardson number
  • rising number
  • same number
  • sample number
  • seed number
  • segment number
  • selected number
  • share a number
  • sheep number
  • significant number
  • similar number
  • single number
  • sizeable number
  • small number
  • smaller number
  • smallest number
  • species number
  • sperm number
  • spin quantum number
  • spine number
  • standard number
  • stem cell number
  • strouhal number
  • student number
  • substantial number
  • sufficient number
  • sunspot number
  • swirl number
  • synapse number
  • tiller number
  • tooth number
  • total cell number
  • total number
  • total turnover number
  • trabecular number
  • transference number
  • transgene copy number
  • tremendous number
  • tumor number
  • turnover number
  • unknown number
  • unlimited number
  • unprecedented number
  • variable number
  • various number
  • varying number
  • vast number
  • vertebral number
  • very high number
  • very large number
  • very limited number
  • very low number
  • very small number
  • viable cell number
  • wave number
  • wide number
  • year a number

    • Terms modified by Number

  • number aberration
  • number abnormality
  • number alteration
  • number analysis
  • number average molecular weight
  • number change
  • number count
  • number decreased
  • number density
    		•
  • number dependence
  • number determination
  • number distribution
  • number estimate
  • number gain
  • number greater
  • number imbalance
  • number increase
  • number k
    		•
  • number larger
  • number limit
  • number loss
  • number n
  • number one
  • number only
  • number polymorphism
  • number range
  • number re
    		•
  • number system
  • number tandem repeat
  • number technique
  • number value
  • number variants
  • number variation

    • Selected Abstracts

    Emergency Department Patient Volume and Troponin Laboratory Turnaround Time

    ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010
    Ula Hwang MD
    Abstract Objectives:, Increases in emergency department (ED) visits may place a substantial burden on both the ED and hospital-based laboratories. Studies have identified laboratory turnaround time (TAT) as a barrier to patient process times and lengths of stay. Prolonged laboratory study results may also result in delayed recognition of critically ill patients and initiation of appropriate therapies. The objective of this study was to determine how ED patient volume itself is associated with laboratory TAT. Methods:, This was a retrospective cohort review of patients at five academic, tertiary care EDs in the United States. Data were collected on all adult patients seen in each ED with troponin laboratory testing during the months of January, April, July, and October 2007. Primary predictor variables were two ED patient volume measures at the time the troponin test was ordered: 1) number of all patients in the ED/number of beds (occupancy) and 2) number of admitted patients waiting for beds/beds (boarder occupancy). The outcome variable was troponin turnaround time (TTAT). Adjusted covariates included patient characteristics, triage severity, season (month of the laboratory test), and site. Multivariable adjusted quantile regression was carried out to assess the association of ED volume measures with TTAT. Results:, At total of 9,492 troponin tests were reviewed. Median TTAT for this cohort was 107 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] = 73,148 minutes). Median occupancy for this cohort was 1.05 patients (IQR = 0.78,1.38 patients) and median boarder occupancy was 0.21 (IQR = 0.11,0.32). Adjusted quantile regression demonstrated a significant association between increased ED patient volume and longer times to TTAT. For every 100% increase in census, or number of boarders over the number of ED beds, respectively, there was a 12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9 to 14) or 33 (95% CI = 24 to 42)-minute increase in TTAT. Conclusions:, Increased ED patient volume is associated with longer hospital laboratory processing times. Prolonged laboratory TAT may delay recognition of conditions in the acutely ill, potentially affecting clinician decision-making and the initiation of timely treatment. Use of laboratory TAT as a patient throughput measure and the study of factors associated with its prolonging should be further investigated. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:501,507 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source]

    Cervicomental "Turkey Gobbler": A New Source for Full-Thickness Grafts

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2002
    FIACS, Lawrence M. Field MD
    A LARGE NUMBER of sources for full-thickness grafts have been described. The concepts of adapting liposuction techniques from cosmetic surgery to reconstructive surgery, especially with flap reconstructions, have been well documented by this author and others in many forums over many years.1,7 However, obtaining the excess skin of the lower neck in those patients with "turkey gobbler" deformities utilizing liposuction aspiration and dissection techniques has not been previously documented. This same approach might at times be valuable in very obese necks with excessively redundant skin as well. [source]

    THE POPULATION GENETICS OF SPOROPHYTIC SELF-INCOMPABILITY IN SENECIO SQUALIDUS L. (ASTERACEAE): THE NUMBER, FREQUENCY, AND DOMINANCE INTERACTIONS OF S ALLELES ACROSS ITS BRITISH RANGE

    EVOLUTION, Issue 2 2006
    Adrian C. Brennan
    Abstract Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) was studied in 11 British Senecio squalidus populations to quantify mating system variation and determine how its recent colonization of the United Kingdom has influenced its mating behavior. S allele number, frequency, and dominance interactions in populations were assessed using full diallels of controlled pollinations. A mean of 5.1 S alleles per population was observed, and no population contained more than six S alleles. Numbers of S alleles within populations of S. squalidus declined with increasing distance from the center of its introduction (Oxford). Cross-classification of S alleles allowed an estimate of approximately seven and no more than 11 S alleles for the entire British S. squalidus population. The low number of S alleles observed in British S. squalidus compared to other SI species is consistent with the population bottleneck associated with S. squalidus introduction to the Oxford Botanic Garden and subsequent colonization of Britain. Extensive S allele dominance interactions were observed to be a feature of the S. squalidus SSI system and may represent an adaptive response to improve limited mate availability imposed by the presence of so few S alleles. Multilocus allozyme genotypes were also identified for individuals in all populations and geographic patterns of S locus and allozyme loci variation investigated. Less interpopulation structure was observed for the S locus than for allozyme diversity-a finding indicative of the effects of negative frequency-dependent selection at the S locus maintaining equal S phenotypes within populations and enhancing effective migration between populations [source]

    THE ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE AFTER BOTTLENECKS IS AFFECTED BY THE NUMBER OF LOCI INVOLVED IN EPISTATIC INTERACTIONS

    EVOLUTION, Issue 4 2003
    Yamama Naciri-Graven
    Abstract We investigated the role of the number of loci coding for a neutral trait on the release of additive variance for this trait after population bottlenecks. Different bottleneck sizes and durations were tested for various matrices of genotypic values, with initial conditions covering the allele frequency space. We used three different types of matrices. First, we extended Cheverud and Routman's model by defining matrices of "pure" epistasis for three and four independent loci; second, we used genotypic values drawn randomly from uniform, normal, and exponential distributions; and third we used two models of simple metabolic pathways leading to physiological epistasis. For all these matrices of genotypic values except the dominant metabolic pathway, we find that, as the number of loci increases from two to three and four, an increase in the release of additive variance is occurring. The amount of additive variance released for a given set of genotypic values is a function of the inbreeding coefficient, independently of the size and duration of the bottleneck. The level of inbreeding necessary to achieve maximum release in additive variance increases with the number of loci. We find that additive-by-additive epistasis is the type of epistasis most easily converted into additive variance. For a wide range of models, our results show that epistasis, rather than dominance, plays a significant role in the increase of additive variance following bottlenecks. [source]

    TEMPORAL VARIATION IN DIVERGENT SELECTION ON SPINE NUMBER IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK

    EVOLUTION, Issue 12 2002
    T. E. Reimchen
    Abstract., Short-term temporal cycles in ecological pressures, such as shifts in predation regime, are widespread in nature yet estimates of temporal variation in the direction and intensity of natural selection are few. Previous work on threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has revealed that dorsal and pelvic spines are a defense against gape-limited predators but may be detrimental against grappling insect predators. In this study, we examined a 15-year database from an endemic population of threespine stickleback to look for evidence of temporal shifts in exposure to these divergent predation regimes and correlated shifts in selection on spine number. For juveniles, we detected selection for increased spine number during winter when gape-limited avian piscivores were most common but selection for decreased spine number during summer when odonate predation was more common. For subadults and adults, which are taken primarily by avian piscivores, we predicted selection should generally be for increased spine number in all seasons. Among 59 comparisons, four selection differentials were significant (Bonferroni corrected) and in the predicted direction. However, there was also substantial variability in remaining differentials, including two examples with strong selection for spine reduction. These reversals were associated with increased tendency of the fish to shift to a benthic niche, as determined from examination of stomach contents. These dietary data suggest that increased encounter rates with odonate predation select for spine reduction. Strong selection on spine number was followed by changes in mean spine number during subsequent years and a standard quantitative genetic formula revealed that spine number has a heritable component. Our results provide evidence of rapid morphological responses to selection from predators and suggest that temporal variation in selection may help maintain variation within populations. Furthermore, our findings indicate that variable selection can be predicted if the agents of selection are known. [source]

    PLASTICITY IN QUEEN NUMBER AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE INVASIVE ARGENTINE ANT (LINEPITHEMA HUMILE)

    EVOLUTION, Issue 10 2002
    Krista K. Ingram
    Abstract., In many polygynous social insect societies, ecological factors such as habitat saturation promote high queen numbers by increasing the cost of solitary breeding. If polygyny is associated with constrained environments, queen number in colonies of invasive social insects should increase as saturation of their new habitat increases. Here I describe the variation in queen number, nestmate relatedness, and nest size along a gradient of time since colonization in an invading population of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in Haleakala, Hawaii. Nest densities in this population increase with distance from the leading edge of the invasion, reaching a stable density plateau approximately 80 m from the edge (> 2 years after colonization). Although the number of queens per nest in Haleakala is generally lower than previously reported for Argentine ants, there is significant variation in queen number across this population. Both the observed and effective queen numbers increase across the density gradient, and nests in the center of the population contain queen numbers three to nine times higher than those on the edge of the invasion. The number of workers per nest is correlated with queen number, and nests in the center are six times larger than nests at the edge. Microsatellite analysis of relatedness among nestmates reveals that all nests in the Haleakala population are characterized by low relatedness and have evidence of multiple reproducing queens. Relatedness values are significantly lower in nests in the center of the population, indicating that the number of reproducing queens is greater in areas of high nest density. The variation in queen number and nestmate relatedness in this study is consistent with expectations based on changes in ecological constraints during the invasion of a new habitat, suggesting that the social structure of Argentine ant populations is strongly influenced by ecological factors. Flexibility in social structure may facilitate persistence in variable environments and may also confer significant advantages to a species when introduced into new areas. [source]

    DOES THE NUMBER OF COEXISTING CHRONIC DISEASES AFFECT THE ADVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POLYPHARMACY AND PRESCRIBING QUALITY IN OLDER ADULTS?

    JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2007
    Huai yong Cheng MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    PANEL PERFORMANCE AND NUMBER OF EVALUATIONS IN A DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY STUDY

    JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 4 2004
    JÉRÔME PAGÈS
    ABSTRACT The assessor performance is a key point in a sensory evaluation. In particular, at the end of a session, a decrease of the performance can be feared. We propose to analyze this performance with various criteria: usual ones as the main product effect or the error variance; a new one measuring the perceived products variability. The performance can then be studied all along the session from two points of view: in taking into account the only products tested at a given instant (named instantaneous); in taking into account all the products tested up to a given instant (named cumulative). In the presented example, in spite of the large number of products successively tested by each assessor, the instantaneous performance of the panel shows no significant deterioration. Furthermore, when the number of products tested by each assessor increases, more significant product effects can be obtained thanks to the accumulation of the amount of data. This shows that the number of products that can be reasonably studied by one assessor during one session is generally underestimated. [source]

    HP37 PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN OESOPHAGEAL CANCER: NUMBER OF LYMPH NODES AND EXTRACAPSULAR LYMPH NODE INVASION , AN INTERIM ANALYSIS

    ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007
    S. K. Thompson
    Purpose Controversy exists over the 2nd edition of the TNM staging system introduced by the American Joint Committee in Cancer in 1988, and revised in 2002. Prognostic pathological factors such as the number of positive lymph nodes and any extracapsular lymph node invasion may refine this current staging system and optimize patient treatment. Methodology All patients who underwent surgical resection for oesophageal cancer were identified in a prospectively-maintained database. Patients without invasive adenocarcinoma or squamous cell cancer were excluded. Pathology slides were reviewed by a single pathologist. Survival data was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves, and prognostic factors were examined using the log rank test. Results 235 surgical specimens met inclusion criteria, and 95 specimens have been reviewed so far. The 5-yr overall survival rate was 43% (median 31.4 months). Subdividing pN-stage into 1,2 positive nodes and >2 positive nodes showed significant differences in 5-yr survival between both groups: 41% vs. 6.0%, respectively (P = 0.0003). Similarly, including absence and presence of extracapsular lymph node invasion into our pathology review showed significant differences in 5-yr survival: 40% vs. 7.8%, respectively (P < 0.01). A negative circumferential margin, and the absence of both vascular and perineural invasion were also found to significantly improve survival rates. Conclusions The number and characteristics of metastatic invasion of lymph nodes should be included in current oesophageal cancer staging systems. Clinicians will then have more accurate prognostic information, and treatment can be better tailored to patients' needs. [source]

    ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A DEMONSTRATION

    AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 1 2010
    Paul S. F. Yip
    Summary It is of interest to estimate the size of a crowd in a demonstration. We propose a practical method to obtain an estimate of the size of the crowd and its standard error. This method has been implemented in practice and, compared with other counting methods, is found to be more efficient, more timely and have less scope for bias. The method described in this paper was motivated by the annual 1 July demonstrations in Hong Kong, and data from the 2006 demonstration are used as an example of the proposed method. [source]

    THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE PELVIC LYMPH NODES REMOVED DOES NOT AFFECT THE RISK OF BIOCHEMICAL FAILURE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

    BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2010
    Christopher Eden
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    CASE NUMBER AND THE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF CIRCUMCISION IN REDUCING PROSTATE CANCER

    BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2007
    Robert S. Van Howe
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    EFFECT OF ORIENTATION OF SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED CURVE NUMBERS IN RUNOFF CALCULATIONS,

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 6 2000
    Glenn E. Moglen
    ABSTRACT: The NRCS curve number approach to runoff estimation has traditionally been to average or "lump" spatial variability into a single number for purposes of expediency and simplicity in calculations. In contrast, the weighted runoff curve number approach, which handles each individual pixel within the watershed separately, tends to result in larger estimates of runoff than the lumped approach. This work proposes further enhancements that consider not only spatial variability, but also the orientation of this variability with respect to the flow aggregation pattern of the drainage network. Results show that the proposed enhancements lead to much reduced estimates of runoff production. A revised model that considers overland flow lengths, consistent with existing NRCS concepts is proposed, which leads to only mildly reduced runoff estimates. Although more physically-based, this revised model, which accounts directly for spatially distributed curve numbers and flow aggregation, leads to essentially the same results as the original, lumped runoff model when applied to three study watersheds. Philosophical issues and implications concerning the appropriateness of attempting to disaggregate lumped models are discussed. [source]

    INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUES: VOLUME 13, NUMBERS 2 AND 3

    NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 3 2000
    PERTURBATION METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
    [source]

    INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUES: VOLUME 13, NUMBERS 2 AND 3

    NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 2 2000
    PERTURBATION METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
    [source]

    NUMBERS OF OBSERVATIONS NEAR ORDER STATISTICS

    AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 4 2009
    Anthony G. Pakes
    Summary Limit theorems are obtained for the numbers of observations in a random sample that fall within a left-hand or right-hand neighbourhood of the,kth order statistic. The index,k,can be fixed, or tend to infinity as the sample size increases unboundedly. In essence, the proofs are applications of the classical Poisson and De Moivre,Laplace theorems. [source]

    ON THE STRONG LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS UNDER REARRANGEMENTS FOR SEQUENCES OF BLOCKWISE ORTHOGONAL RANDOM ELEMENTS IN BANACH SPACES

    AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 4 2007
    Nguyen Van Quang
    Summary The condition of the strong law of large numbers is obtained for sequences of random elements in type p Banach spaces that are blockwise orthogonal. The current work extends a result of Chobanyan & Mandrekar (2000)[On Kolmogorov SLLN under rearrangements for orthogonal random variables in a B -space. J. Theoret. Probab. 13, 135,139.] Special cases of the main results are presented as corollaries, and illustrative examples are provided. [source]

    INDEX TO VOLUME 47 NUMBERS 1,4 2009

    BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 4 2009
    Article first published online: 10 NOV 200
    First page of article [source]

    INDEX TO VOLUME 46 NUMBERS 1,4 2008

    BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 4 2008
    Article first published online: 4 NOV 200
    First page of article [source]

    Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with allergic contact dermatitis

    CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 2 2009
    Ilgen Ertam
    Background: It has been shown that the family of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 RA) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF,) genes are polymorphic and related to some inflammatory diseases. Allergic contact dermatitis is the classic presentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to exogenous agents. A number of genes playing role in inflammatory response may be associated with allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: To investigate whether there is an association between IL-1RA and TNF, gene polymorphisms and allergic contact dermatitis in Turkish patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Methods: This study was performed by the collaboration of Departments of Dermatology and Medical Genetics, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine. A total of 50 patients (31 females and 19 males) with allergic contact dermatitis, and 100 age- and sex-matched controls (58 females and 42 males) were included in the study. IL-1RA Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2 and TNF,-308G-A polymorphism were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The frequency of IL-1RA 1/2 (48%) genotype was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in patient group than that is found in control group (22%). The frequency of TNF, (TNF G-308A) G/G genotype was significantly higher in patient group (68%) than that is found in control group (31%) (P = 0.008). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TNF, (G/G) gene polymorphism may play role in susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis in Turkish patients. [source]

    Have the causes of maxillofacial fractures changed over the last 16 years in Finland?

    DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2005
    An epidemiological study of 725 fractures
    Abstract,,, A retrospective study was undertaken to assess causes of maxillofacial fractures in Helsinki in 1981 and 1997. Hospital records of 725 patients were analyzed according to several factors including age, sex, cause of fracture and time of the injury. The time intervals between the accident and hospital examination were also evaluated. Number of maxillofacial fractures was 318 in 1981 and 407 in 1997 (27.9% increase) and most patients were men. The male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in 1981, 3:1 in 1997. In 1981, most affected patients were in the age group of 31,40 years (33.2% of men, 28.9% of women). Sixteen years later the most affected age group was 41,50 years (23.3% of men, 30.4% of women). Assault was the cause of the injury in 42% of patients followed by traffic accidents (26%) and fall (17%). During the study period violence had become more severe in nature. Kicking as the cause of maxillofacial fracture increased by 7.3% and use of a weapon by 5.7% between the years studied. Bicycle accidents increased by 19.3% but motor vehicle accidents decreased by 31.6% between the years. Falls, and bicycle and pedestrian accidents were the causes that accounted for most of the increase in maxillofacial fracture. In 1997, maxillofacial fractures were slightly more common from June to August and from Friday to Sunday than at other times (45.2 and 50%, respectively). [source]

    Prevalence and predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population

    ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2010
    F. Hardeveld
    Hardeveld F, Spijker J, De Graaf R, Nolen WA, Beekman ATF. Prevalence and predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population. Objective:, Knowledge of the risk of recurrence after recovery of a major depressive disorder (MDD) is of clinical and scientific importance. The purpose of this paper was to provide a systematic review of the prevalence and predictors of recurrence of MDD. Method:, Studies were searched in Medline en PsychINFO using the search terms ,recur*', ,relaps*', ,depress*', ,predict*' and course. Results:, Recurrence of MDD in specialised mental healthcare settings is high (60% after 5 years, 67% after 10 years and 85% after 15 years) and seems lower in the general population (35% after 15 years). Number of previous episodes and subclinical residual symptoms appear to be the most important predictors. Gender, civil status and socioeconomic status seem not related to the recurrence of MDD. Conclusion:, Clinical factors seem the most important predictors of recurrence. Data from studies performed in the general population and primary care on the recurrent course of MDD are scarce. [source]

    Pregnancy complications associated with childhood anxiety disorders

    DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 3 2004
    Dina R. Hirshfeld-Becker Ph.D.
    Abstract To determine whether perinatal complications predict childhood anxiety disorders independently of parental psychopathology, we systematically assessed pregnancy and delivery complications and psychopathology in a sample of children (mean age=6.8 years) at high risk for anxiety disorders whose parents had panic disorder with (n=138) or without (n=26) major depression, and in contrast groups of offspring of parents with major depression alone (n=47), or no mood or anxiety disorders (n=95; total N=306). Psychopathology in the children was assessed by structured diagnostic interviews (K-SADS), and pregnancy and delivery complications were assessed using the developmental history module of the DICA-P. Number of pregnancy complications predicted multiple childhood anxiety disorders independently of parental diagnosis (odds ratio=1.6 [1.4,2.0]). This effect was accounted for by heavy bleeding requiring bed-rest, hypertension, illness requiring medical attention, and serious family problems. Associations remained significant when lifetime child mood and disruptive behavior disorders were covaried. Results suggest that prenatal stressors may increase a child's risk for anxiety disorders beyond the risk conferred by parental psychopathology alone. Depression and Anxiety 19:152,162, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Presurgical Curettage Appropriately Reduces the Number of Mohs Stages by Better Delineating the Subclinical Extensions of Tumor Margins

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2005
    Vinh Q. Chung MD
    Background. Whether presurgical curettage (PC), light curettage performed before Mohs surgery to delineate tumor margin, is appropriate or causes unnecessary removal of normal tissue has not been well established. Objective. We aim to determine histologically whether PC appropriately increases the size of the stage I specimen or causes unnecessary removal of healthy tissue. Methods. Before a surgical margin guided by PC was taken, a hypothetical margin determined by visual and tactile assessment alone (no curettage [NC]) was marked outside the clinically defined tumor. Histologic analysis at the NC and the PC margins revealed whether the increase in the stage I specimen as a result of PC was appropriate. Results. PC appropriately increased the stage I specimen in 21 cases and unnecessarily removed normal tissue in only 1 case. The estimation of tumor margins with PC was 15 times more accurate than with NC (p value = .0012). Conclusion. For basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas at least 4 mm in diameter, light curettage performed prior to Mohs surgery could better delineate subclinical extensions of the tumor margin and appropriately increase the size of the stage I specimen. [source]

    English abstracts of the papers that appeared in Gastroenterological Endoscopy Volume 51, Number 1,3, the official Japanese journal of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society

    DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2009
    Article first published online: 22 JUN 200
    First page of article [source]

    English abstracts of the papers that appeared in Gastroenterological Endoscopy Volume 50, Number 10,12, the official Japanese journal of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society

    DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2 2009
    Article first published online: 12 MAR 200
    First page of article [source]

    Number of endemic and native plant species in the Galápagos Archipelago in relation to geographical parameters

    ECOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2002
    Eske Willerslev
    By simple and multiple regression analyses we investigate updated species numbers of endemic and native vascular plants and seed plants in the Galápagos Archipelago in relation to geographical parameters. We find that the best models to describe species numbers are regression models with log-transformed species numbers as dependent and log-transformed modified area (i.e. area not covered with barren lava) as an independent variable. This holds both for total species number, for native species number, for endemic species number and for total number of seed plants as well as number of endemic seed plants. For the ratio between endemic and native species, modified area is also the major significant variable, but with a negative regression slope. Multiple regression models show that some isolation measures are significant contributors and may explain some of the residual variation, but their contribution to total explained variation is in general small. The results show that the species area relationships are different for native and endemic species. This is discussed in relation to classical island biogeographical models, and the concepts of radiative speciation. [source]

    The epidemiology of cannabis use and cannabis-related harm in Australia 1993,2007

    ADDICTION, Issue 6 2010
    Amanda Roxburgh
    ABSTRACT Aims To examine trends in patterns of cannabis use and related harm in the Australian population between 1993 and 2007. Design Analysis of prospectively collected data from: (1) the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) and Australian Secondary Student Alcohol and Drug Survey (ASSADS); (2) the National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD); and (3) the Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Dataset (AODTS-NMDS). Participants Australians aged 14 years and over from the general population; students aged 12,17 years; public and private hospital in-patients; public and private in-patients and out-patients attending for drug treatment. Measurement Prevalence of 12-month cannabis use among the general population and secondary students. Proportions in the general population by age group reporting: daily cannabis use; difficulties in controlling cannabis use; and heavy cannabis use on each occasion. Number of hospital and treatment presentations for cannabis-related problems. Findings Prevalence of past-year cannabis use has declined in the Australian population since the late 1990s. Among those reporting past-year use, daily use is prevalent among 40,49-year-olds, while heavy patterns of use are prevalent among 14,19-year-olds. Hospital presentations for cannabis-related problems reflect similar trends. Past-year cannabis use has decreased among the 10,19-year age group, but those who are daily users in this age group report using large quantities of cannabis. Conclusions Despite declines in the prevalence of cannabis use, continued public health campaigns warning of the harms associated with cannabis use are essential, aimed particularly at users who are already experiencing problems. The increasing demand for treatment for cannabis problems in Australia suggests the need for more accessible and more effective interventions for cannabis use disorders. [source]

    Choosing the Number of Instruments

    ECONOMETRICA, Issue 5 2001
    Stephen G. Donald
    Properties of instrumental variable estimators are sensitive to the choice of valid instruments, even in large cross-section applications. In this paper we address this problem by deriving simple mean-square error criteria that can be minimized to choose the instrument set. We develop these criteria for two-stage least squares (2SLS), limited information maximum likelihood (LIML), and a bias adjusted version of 2SLS (B2SLS). We give a theoretical derivation of the mean-square error and show optimality. In Monte Carlo experiments we find that the instrument choice generally yields an improvement in performance. Also, in the Angrist and Krueger (1991) returns to education application, when the instrument set is chosen in the way we consider, it turns out that both 2SLS and LIML give similar (large) returns to education. [source]

    A Three-step Method for Choosing the Number of Bootstrap Repetitions

    ECONOMETRICA, Issue 1 2000
    Donald W. K. Andrews
    This paper considers the problem of choosing the number of bootstrap repetitions B for bootstrap standard errors, confidence intervals, confidence regions, hypothesis tests, p -values, and bias correction. For each of these problems, the paper provides a three-step method for choosing B to achieve a desired level of accuracy. Accuracy is measured by the percentage deviation of the bootstrap standard error estimate, confidence interval length, test's critical value, test's p -value, or bias-corrected estimate based on B bootstrap simulations from the corresponding ideal bootstrap quantities for which B=,. The results apply quite generally to parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric models with independent and dependent data. The results apply to the standard nonparametric iid bootstrap, moving block bootstraps for time series data, parametric and semiparametric bootstraps, and bootstraps for regression models based on bootstrapping residuals. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed methods work very well. [source]