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Novel Vaccines (novel + vaccine)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences50%

Selected Abstracts

Comparative proteome analysis of culture supernatant proteins from virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and attenuated M. bovis BCG Copenhagen

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 19-20 2003
Jens Mattow
Abstract A comprehensive analysis of culture supernatant (CSN) proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was accomplished by combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry, and N -terminal sequencing by Edman degradation. Analytical 2-DE gels resolved approximately 1250 protein spots from CSN of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, 381 of which were identified by mass spectrometry and/or Edman degradation. This study revealed 137 different proteins, 42 of which had previously been described as secreted. Comparative proteome analysis of CSN from virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv and attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG Copenhagen identified 39 M. tuberculosis- specific spots containing 27 different proteins, representing candidate antigens for novel vaccines and diagnostics in tuberculosis. These included five proteins encoded by open reading frames absent from M. bovis BCG, e.g., early secretory antigen target (Esat6), as well as 22 novel differential proteins, such as acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (Rv0243) and two putative Esat6-like proteins (Rv1198, Rv1793). [source]

The CD1d-binding glycolipid ,-galactosylceramide enhances humoral immunity to T-dependent and T-independent antigen in a CD1d-dependent manner

IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
Gillian A. Lang
Summary Specific interaction of class II/peptide with the T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed by class II-restricted CD4+ T helper (Th) cells is essential for in vivo production of antibodies reactive with T-dependent antigen. In response to stimulation with CD1d-binding glycolipid, V,14+ TCR-expressing, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells may provide additional help for antibody production. We tested the hypothesis that the CD1d-binding glycolipid ,-galactosylceramide (,-GC) enhances production of antibodies reactive with T-dependent antigen in vivo. ,-GC enhanced antibody production in vivo in a CD1d-dependent manner in the presence of class II-restricted Th cells and induced a limited antibody response in Th-deficient mice. ,-GC also led to alterations in isotype switch, selectively increasing production of immunoglobulin G2b. Further analysis revealed that ,-GC led to priming of class II-restricted Th cells in vivo. Additionally, we observed that ,-GC enhanced production of antibodies reactive with T-independent antigen, showing the effects of NKT cells on B cells independently of Th cells. Our data show that NKT cells have multiple effects on the induction of a humoral immune response. We propose that NKT cells could be exploited for the development of novel vaccines where protective antibody is required. [source]

A potent adjuvant effect of CD40 antibody attached to antigen

IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
Tom A. Barr
Summary There is great potential for novel vaccines based on recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides. Unfortunately these antigens often lack the immunogenicity of whole, killed pathogens used in traditional vaccines. Thus there is strong interest in the identification of immunological adjuvants with low reactogenicity, but high potency, to enhance immune responses and realize the potential of these new vaccine strategies. CD40 antibodies have been shown to have adjuvant effects when administered at very high doses. These large doses are impractical and induce a cascade of cytokine release giving rise to septic shock-like symptoms, as well as splenomegaly and polyclonal antibody production. We show here that a very small amount of CD40 antibody can exhibit potent adjuvant effects when attached to soluble antigen. The lack of detectable systemic effects indicates that this method may be a powerful and practical means of enhancing the efficacy of recombinant vaccines. [source]

New strategies for the control of arthropod vectors of disease in dogs and cats

MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
D. OTRANTO
Abstract Arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs) in cats and dogs have a major impact on animal health and welfare and, in many cases, also on human health. Many ABDs are expected to increase in prevalence as a result of changing social habits, habitat modifications, introductions of exotic vectors and climate change. Control has, historically, focused on the use of insecticides and chemotherapy. We review alternative, emerging approaches to ABDs that currently offer promise, particularly modelling and molecular techniques and the development of novel vaccines that target molecules produced by arthropods during the bloodmeal. We argue that there is an urgent need to establish effective surveillance systems for most ABDs across various countries in order to facilitate a detailed risk analysis, which should include evaluation of potential spread to new areas and the possible introduction of new exotic species or disease agents. This will require clear and exhaustive knowledge on the distribution of ABDs in different areas, understanding of the diagnostic limitations pertaining to ABDs and standardization of techniques among reference laboratories in different countries. Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance and the development of management strategies to minimize its onset are also essential. Ultimately, it is probable that approaches which attempt to reduce vector abundance or treat hosts with chemotherapy alone are unlikely to be effective in the long term. More suitable approaches may include greater use of a range of mutually compatible options in integrated management programmes. [source]

Improved accuracy of cell surface shaving proteomics in Staphylococcus aureus using a false-positive control

PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 10 2010
Nestor Solis
Abstract Proteolytic treatment of intact bacterial cells is an ideal means for identifying surface-exposed peptide epitopes and has potential for the discovery of novel vaccine targets. Cell stability during such treatment, however, may become compromised and result in the release of intracellular proteins that complicate the final analysis. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, causing community and hospital-acquired infections, and is a serious healthcare concern due to the increasing prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistances amongst clinical isolates. We employed a cell surface "shaving" technique with either trypsin or proteinase- K combined with LC-MS/MS. Trypsin-derived data were controlled using a "false-positive" strategy where cells were incubated without protease, removed by centrifugation and the resulting supernatants digested. Peptides identified in this fraction most likely result from cell lysis and were removed from the trypsin-shaved data set. We identified 42 predicted S. aureus COL surface proteins from 260 surface-exposed peptides. Trypsin and proteinase- K digests were highly complementary with ten proteins identified by both, 16 specific to proteinase- K treatment, 13 specific to trypsin and three identified in the control. The use of a subtracted false-positive strategy improved enrichment of surface-exposed peptides in the trypsin data set to approximately 80% (124/155 peptides). Predominant surface proteins were those associated with methicillin resistance,surface protein SACOL0050 (pls) and penicillin-binding protein 2, (mecA), as well as bifunctional autolysin and the extracellular matrix-binding protein Ebh. The cell shaving strategy is a rapid method for identifying surface-exposed peptide epitopes that may be useful in the design of novel vaccines against S. aureus. [source]

Photogenerated glycan arrays identify immunogenic sugar moieties of Bacillus anthracis exosporium

PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 2 2007
Denong Wang Dr.
Abstract Using photogenerated glycan arrays, we characterized a large panel of synthetic carbohydrates for their antigenic reactivities with pathogen-specific antibodies. We discovered that rabbit IgG antibodies elicited by Bacillus anthracis spores specifically recognize a tetrasaccharide chain that decorates the outermost surfaces of the B. anthracis exosporium. Since this sugar moiety is highly specific for the spores of B. anthracis, it appears to be a key biomarker for detection of B. anthracis spores and development of novel vaccines that target anthrax spores. [source]

Using tobacco to biomanufacture novel vaccines

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009
Article first published online: 26 MAY 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Dendritic cells in the recognition of intestinal microbiota

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
Jan Hendrik Niess
Summary Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) constantly survey the luminal microenvironment which contains commensal microbiota and potentially harmful organisms regulating pathogen recognition and adaptive as well as innate defense activation. Distinct mechanisms are beginning to emerge by which intestinal antigen sampling and handling is achieved ensuring specificity and contributing to redundancy in pathogen detection. Distinct DC subsets are associated with these mechanisms and regulate specific innate or adaptive immune responses to help distinguish between commensal microbiota, pathogens and self antigens. Understanding DC biology in the mucosal immune system may contribute to the unraveling of infection routes of intestinal pathogens and may aid in developing novel vaccines and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. [source]