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Nonverbal Cues (nonverbal + cue)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences40%

Selected Abstracts

Cognitive Biases and Nonverbal Cue Availability in Detecting Deception

HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008
Judee K. Burgoon
In potentially deceptive situations, people rely on mental shortcuts to help process information. These heuristic judgments are often biased and result in inaccurate assessments of sender veracity. Four such biases,truth bias, visual bias, demeanor bias, and expectancy violation bias,were examined in a judgment experiment that varied nonverbal cue availability and deception. Observers saw a complete videotaped interview (full access to visual, vocal, and verbal cues), heard the complete interview (vocal and verbal access), or read a transcript (verbal access) of a truthful or deceptive suspect being questioned about a mock theft and then rated the interviewee on information, behavior, and image management and truthfulness. Results supported the presence of all four biases, which were most evident when interviewees were deceptive and observers had access to all visual, vocal, and verbal modalities. Deceivers' messages were judged as increasingly complete, honest, clear, and relevant; their behavior as more involved and dominant; and their overall demeanor as more credible, with the addition of nonverbal cues. Deceivers were actually judged as more credible than truthtellers in the audiovisual modality, whereas best discrimination and detection accuracy occurred in the audio condition. Results have implications for what factors influence judgments of a sender's credibility and accuracy in distinguishing truth from deception, especially under conditions where senders are producing messages interactively. Résumé Les biais cognitifs et la disponibilité des indices non verbaux dans la détection du mensonge Dans les situations potentiellement trompeuses, les gens se fient sur des raccourcis mentaux afin d'aider à traiter l,information. Ces jugements heuristiques sont souvent biaisés et ont pour résultat des évaluations erronées de l'honnêteté de l,émetteur. Quatre de ces biais (le biais de vérité, le biais visuel, le biais comportemental et le biais de violation des attentes) furent examinés dans une expérience de jugements qui variait en disponibilité des indices non verbaux et en mensonge. Les observateurs ont vu un entretien complet enregistré sur vidéo (accès complet aux indices visuels, vocaux et verbaux), entendu l'entretien complet (accès vocal et verbal) ou lu une transcription (accès verbal) d,un suspect honnête ou trompeur, interrogéà propos d'un faux vol. Ils ont ensuite classé l,interviewé selon des critères d'information, de comportement, de gestion de l,image et d'honnêteté. Les résultats appuient la présence de chacun des quatre biais, qui étaient le plus évidents lorsque les interviewés mentaient et que les observateurs avaient accès à toutes les modalités visuelles, vocales et verbales. Avec l,ajout des indices non verbaux, les messages des menteurs étaient jugés comme étant de plus en plus complets, honnêtes, clairs et pertinents; leurs comportements comme étant plus complexes et dominants; leur comportement général comme plus crédible. Les menteurs étaient en fait jugés plus crédibles que les personnes honnêtes dans la modalité la plus complète (indices visuels, vocaux et verbaux), tandis que la plus grande exactitude dans la discrimination et la détection s'est produite chez les gens n,ayant eu accès qu'à l,enregistrement audio. Les résultats ont des implications pour les facteurs qui influencent les jugements de la crédibilité d'un émetteur et l,exactitude dans la distinction entre la vérité et le mensonge, surtout dans des conditions où les émetteurs produisent les messages de façon interactive. Mots clés : mensonge, comportement non verbal, communication interpersonnelle, crédibilité, confiance, modalité, CMO Abstract Kognitive Befangenheit und nonverbale Hinweisverfügbarkeit beim Aufdecken von Täuschung In potentiellen Täuschungssituationen greifen Menschen auf mentale Abkürzungen zurück, die ihnen helfen, Informationen zu verarbeiten. Diese heuristischen Urteile sind oft befangen und resultieren in einer fehlerhaften Beurteilung der Aufrichtigkeit des Senders. Vier solcher Befangenheiten , Wahrheitsbefangenheit, visuelle Befangenheit, Verhaltensbefangenheit und Erwartungsverletzungsbefangenheit , untersuchten wir in einem Beurteilungsexperiment mit variierter nonverbaler Hinweisverfügbarkeit und Täuschung. Beobachter sahen ein aufgezeichnetes Video (visueller, vokaler und verbaler Zugang), hörten ein Interview (vokaler und verbaler Zugang) oder lasen ein Manuskript (verbaler Zugang) eines wahrheitsgemäßen oder täuschenden Verdächtigen, der bezüglich eines Entwendungsdiebstahls verhört wurde. Danach beurteilten die Teilnehmer diesen hinsichtlich der Informationen und Verhaltensweisen, des Imagemanagement und der Wahrhaftigkeit. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Existenz aller vier Befangenheiten, die sich am deutlichsten zeigten, wenn Interviewte täuschten und die Beobachter Zugang zu allen visuellen, vokalen und verbalen Modalitäten hatten. Die Botschaft des Täuschenden wurde als zunehmend vollständig, ehrlich, klar und relevant, sein Verhalten als stärker involviert und dominant, und sein allgemeines Verhalten als glaubwürdiger beurteilt, wenn nonverbale Hinweise ergänzt wurden. Täuschende wurden in der AV-Variante sogar als glaubwürdiger beurteilt als jene, die die Wahrheit sagten. Die beste Unterscheidung und Entdeckungsgenauigkeit herrschte in der Audio-Kondition vor. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, welche Faktoren die Beurteilung der Glaubwürdigkeit eines Senders und die Genauigkeit bei der Unterscheidung von Wahrheit und Täuschung beeinflussen; insbesondere unter Bedingungen, in denen der Sender die Botschaft interaktiv produziert. Resumen Los Prejuicios Cognitivos y La Disponibilidad de la Clave No Verbal en la Detección del Engaño En situaciones potencialmente engañosas, la gente confía en los atajos mentales para ayudarse en el procesamiento de información. Estos juicios heurísticos son a menudo tendenciosos y dan como resultado evaluaciones imprecisas acerca de la veracidad del emisor. Cuatro de esos prejuicios ,prejuicio sobre la veracidad, prejuicio visual, prejuicio sobre el comportamiento, y prejuicio sobre la violación de expectación ,fueron examinados en un experimento de juicio variando la disponibilidad de la clave no verbal y el engaño. Los observadores vieron una entrevista completa grabada en video (con acceso pleno a las claves visuales, vocales y verbales), escucharon la entrevista en su totalidad (acceso a lo vocal y verbal), ó leyeron una transcripción (acceso a lo verbal) de un sospechoso veraz ó mentiroso cuestionado sobre un presunto robo, luego clasificaron al entrevistado acerca de la información, el comportamiento, el manejo de la imagen y la veracidad. Los resultados respaldaron la presencia de los 4 prejuicios, que fueron más evidentes cuando los entrevistados mintieron y los observadores tuvieron acceso a las modalidades visuales, vocales, y verbales. Los mensajes de los impostores fueron juzgados como más completes, honestos, claros, y relevantes; sus comportamientos fueron más involucrados y dominantes; y sus comportamientos en general fueron más creíbles, con el aditamento de las claves no verbales. Los impostores fueron juzgados actualmente como más creíbles que aquellos que decían la verdad en la modalidad audio visual, mientras que la mayor discriminación y certeza de detección ocurrió en la condición auditiva. Los resultados tienen implicancias sobre qué factores influyen los juicios sobre la credibilidad del emisor de un mensaje y la certeza para distinguir la verdad de la mentira, especialmente bajo condiciones en la cuales los emisores producen mensajes en forma interactiva. Palabra claves: decepción, comportamiento no verbal, comunicación interpersonal, credibilidad, confianza, modalidad, CMC ZhaiYao Yo yak [source]

Preference Conditioning in Healthy Individuals: Correlates With Hazardous Drinking

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2010
Iris M. Balodis
Background:, Conditioned reward is a classic measure of drug-induced brain changes in animal models of addiction. The process can be examined in humans using the Conditioned Pattern Preference (CPP) task, in which participants associate nonverbal cues with reward but demonstrate low awareness of this conditioning. Previously, we reported that alcohol intoxication does not affect CPP acquisition in humans, but our data indicated that prior drug use may impact conditioning scores. Methods:, To test this possibility, the current study examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol use and preference conditioning in the CPP task. Working memory was assessed during conditioning by asking participants to count the cues that appeared at each location on a computer screen. Participants (69 female and 23 male undergraduate students) completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) as measures of hazardous drinking. Results:, Self-reported hazardous drinking was significantly correlated with preference conditioning in that individuals who scored higher on these scales exhibited an increased preference for the reward-paired cues. In contrast, hazardous drinking did not affect working memory errors on the CPP task. Conclusions:, These findings support evidence that repeated drug use sensitizes neural pathways mediating conditioned reward and point to a neurocognitive disposition linking substance misuse and responses to reward-paired stimuli. The relationship between hazardous drinking and conditioned reward is independent of changes in cognitive function, such as working memory. [source]

Communication with Older Breast Cancer Patients

THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007
Ian S. Fentiman MD
Abstract:, An increasing proportion of patients with breast cancer are aged above 70 at the time of diagnosis and yet this particular age group has been underserved in terms of clinical research. Good communication between a doctor and a patient implies giving the advice and treatment most appropriate to that particular individual's needs, based upon their health and the tumor characteristics in the framework of their experience and belief system. Doctors need to be able to pick up both verbal and nonverbal cues and whenever possible to place the needs of the patient rather than her relatives as paramount. Consultations may be blighted at the onset by delays, unsympathetic staff, and patronizing doctors. Many older patients will wish to avoid mastectomy and for those with hormonally sensitive tumors wide excision and tamoxifen without axillary clearance or breast irradiation may provide a safe option. Undertreatment of those with hormonally insensitive cancer may lead to an increased risk of recurrence and premature death from breast cancer. Although there is an increasing realization of the need for clinical studies in older patients this group are grossly under-represented in trial portfolios [source]

Children's prepared and unprepared lies: can adults see through their strategies?

APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2007
Leif A. Strömwall
We investigated adults' ability to detect children's prepared and unprepared lies and truths. Furthermore, we examined children's strategies when lying. Thirty children (11,13 years) were interviewed about one self-experienced and one invented event each. Half had prepared their statements, the other half not. Sixty adult observers assessed the veracity of 10 videotaped statements each. Overall deception detection accuracy (51.5%) was not better than chance. The adults showed higher accuracy for unprepared statements (56.6%), than prepared statements (46.1%). The adults reported to have used more verbal than nonverbal cues to deception, especially the Detail criterion. The most frequent verbal strategy reported by the children was to use real-life components (e.g. own or others' experiences); the most frequent nonverbal strategy was to stay calm. Arguably, the low accuracy is due to adults' failure to see through the lying children's strategies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Rapid judgements in assessing verbal and nonverbal cues: their potential for deception researchers and lie detection

APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
Aldert Vrij
In the present study it was investigated to what extent observers (i) could make rapid yet reliable and valid judgements of the frequency of verbal and nonverbal behaviours of interviewees (liars and truth tellers) and (ii) detect deceit after making these rapid judgements. Five observers watched 52 videoclips of 26 liars and 26 truth tellers. The findings revealed that rapid judgements were reliable and valid. They also revealed that observers were able to detect truths and lies well above the level of chance after making these rapid judgements (74% accuracy rate was found). The implications of these findings for deception researchers and lie detection are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]