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non-NMDA Receptors (non-nmda + receptor)
Selected AbstractsAcute Effects of Ethanol on Kainate Receptors in Cultured Hippocampal NeuronsALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2000Edmar T. Costa Background: Kainate receptors are a subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors that regulate excitability and mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. The acute effects of ethanol on these receptors are not completely understood. Methods: The acute effects of ethanol on pharmacologically isolated kainate receptor-mediated currents were studied in cultured hippocampal neurons obtained from neonatal rats. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques were used for these studies. LY303070 (GYKI-53784), a potent AMPA (,-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) receptor-selective noncompetitive antagonist, was used to isolate kainate currents. Results: Kainate receptor-mediated currents corresponded to 7% of the total non- N -methyl- d -aspartate (non-NMDA) currents in these neurons and were reduced to 24% of control values in the presence of 15 ,M lanthanum. These kainate receptor-mediated currents were significantly inhibited by ethanol concentrations of 50 mM or more. Under our recording conditions, ethanol inhibited non-NMDA receptor- and NMDA receptor-mediated currents to a similar extent as kainate receptor-mediated currents. Western blot analysis indicated that glutamate receptor-5 and -6/7 subunits, and kainic acid-2 subunits are expressed in these cultured hippocampal neurons. Conclusions: The present results suggest that kainate receptors are important targets for the actions of ethanol in the central nervous system. [source] Respiratory responses evoked by blockades of ionotropic glutamate receptors within the Bötzinger complex and the pre-Bötzinger complex of the rabbitEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Donatella Mutolo Abstract The respiratory role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors within the Bötzinger complex (BötC) and the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) was investigated in ,-chloralose,urethane anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rabbits by using bilateral microinjections (30,50 nL) of EAA receptor antagonists. Blockade of both N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors by 50 mm kynurenic acid (KYN) within the BötC induced a pattern of breathing characterized by low-amplitude, high-frequency irregular oscillations superimposed on tonic phrenic activity and successively the disappearance of respiratory rhythmicity in the presence of intense tonic inspiratory discharges (tonic apnea). KYN microinjections into the pre-BötC caused similar respiratory responses that, however, never led to tonic apnea. Blockade of NMDA receptors by D(,)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5; 1, 10 and 20 mm) within the BötC induced increases in respiratory frequency and decreases in peak phrenic amplitude; the highest concentrations caused tonic apnea insensitive to chemical stimuli. Blockade of non-NMDA receptors by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 1, 10 and 20 mm) within the BötC produced only less pronounced increases in respiratory frequency. Responses to D-AP5 in the pre-BötC were similar, although less pronounced than those elicited in the BötC and never characterized by tonic apnea. In the same region, CNQX provoked increases in respiratory frequency similar to those elicited in the BötC, associated with slight reductions in peak phrenic activity. The results show that EAA receptors within the investigated medullary subregions mediate a potent control on both the intensity and frequency of inspiratory activity, with a major role played by NMDA receptors. [source] Tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collaterals induces rhythmic bursts via NMDA receptor activation in rat CA1 pyramidal neuronsHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 4 2002Christian Bonansco Abstract Exploring the principles that regulate rhythmic membrane potential (Vm) oscillations and bursts in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is essential to understanding the , rhythm (,). Recordings were performed in vitro in hippocampal slices from young rats, and a group of the recorded CA1 pyramidal cells were dye-filled with carboxifluorescein and immunolabeled for the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collaterals (SCs) and iontophoresis of glutamate evoked rhythmic Vm oscillations and bursts (,10 mV, ,7 Hz, 2,5 spikes per burst) in cells (31%) placed close to the midline ("medial cells"). Rhythmic bursts remained under picrotoxin (10 ,M) and Vm oscillations persisted with tetrodotoxin (1.5 ,M), but bursts were blocked by AP5 (25 ,M) and Mg2+ -free solutions. Depolarization and AMPA never induced rhythmic bursts. The rest of the neurons (69%), recorded closer to the CA3 region ("lateral cells"), discharged rhythmically single repetitive spikes under SC stimulation and glutamate in control conditions, but fired rhythmic bursts under similar stimulation, both when NMDA was applied and when non-NMDA receptors were blocked with CNQX (20 ,M). Medial cells exhibited a larger NMDA current component and a higher NMDAR1 density at the apical dendritic shafts than lateral cells, suggesting that these differences underlie the dissimilar responses of both cell groups. We conclude that the ",-like" rhythmic oscillations and bursts induced by glutamate and SC stimulation relied on the activation of NMDA receptors at the apical dendrites of medial cells. These results suggest a role of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the generation of CA1 , via the activation of NMDA receptors of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 2002;12:434,446. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Glutamate receptors modulate sodium-dependent and calcium-independent vitamin C bidirectional transport in cultured avian retinal cellsJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Camila Cabral Portugal Abstract Vitamin C is transported in the brain by sodium vitamin C co-transporter 2 (SVCT-2) for ascorbate and glucose transporters for dehydroascorbate. Here we have studied the expression of SVCT-2 and the uptake and release of [14C] ascorbate in chick retinal cells. SVCT-2 immunoreactivity was detected in rat and chick retina, specially in amacrine cells and in cells in the ganglion cell layer. Accordingly, SVCT-2 was expressed in cultured retinal neurons, but not in glial cells. [14C] ascorbate uptake was saturable and inhibited by sulfinpyrazone or sodium-free medium, but not by treatments that inhibit dehydroascorbate transport. Glutamate-stimulated vitamin C release was not inhibited by the glutamate transport inhibitor l -,-threo-benzylaspartate, indicating that vitamin C release was not mediated by glutamate uptake. Also, ascorbate had no effect on [3H] d -aspartate release, ruling out a glutamate/ascorbate exchange mechanism. 2-Carboxy-3-carboxymethyl-4-isopropenylpyrrolidine (Kainate) or NMDA stimulated the release, effects blocked by their respective antagonists 6,7-initroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) or (5R,2S)-(1)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801). However, DNQX, but not MK-801 or 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), blocked the stimulation by glutamate. Interestingly, DNQX prevented the stimulation by NMDA, suggesting that the effect of NMDA was mediated by glutamate release and stimulation of non-NMDA receptors. The effect of glutamate was neither dependent on external calcium nor inhibited by 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,,N,,N,,N,,-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxy-methyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), an internal calcium chelator, but was inhibited by sulfinpyrazone or by the absence of sodium. In conclusion, retinal cells take up and release vitamin C, probably through SVCT-2, and the release can be stimulated by NMDA or non-NMDA glutamate receptors. [source] | ||||||||||