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Nonlinear Optical (nonlinear + optical)
Kinds of Nonlinear Optical Terms modified by Nonlinear Optical Selected AbstractsHigh-Generation Second-Order Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Dendrimers: Convenient Synthesis by Click Chemistry and the Increasing Trend of NLO Effects,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 15 2010Zhong'an Li Klick und passt: Dendrimere der vierten und fünften Generation (siehe Struktur) mit 30 bzw. 62 Azobenzol-Chromophoreinheiten sind in befriedigenden Ausbeuten durch eine Kombination aus divergenter und konvergenter Synthese zugänglich. Die Sharpless-Klickreaktion spielt dabei eine zentrale Rolle. [source] Nucleation kinetics and growth of nonlinear optical bis (dimethyl sulfoxide) manganese mercury thiocyanate single crystalsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2008C. M. Raghavan Abstract Nonlinear optical (NLO) material of bis (dimethyl sulfoxide) manganese mercury thiocyanate (MMTD) was synthesized by two step reaction method. The solubility and metastable zonewidth were experimentally determined in order to optimize the growth parameters. Bulk crystals of MMTD were grown by slow cooling and slow evaporation methods. The structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Presence of functional groups and the coordination of Lewis base ligand of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Optical transparency of the grown crystals was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder method. Etching studies reveal the formation of triangular hillock etch patterns, indicative of 2D nucleation mechanism. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Growth of tetrakis thiourea potassium iodide as new second order optical materialCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2008J. Thomas Joseph Prakash Abstract A novel organometallic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal, namely thiourea complex of tetrakis thiourea potassium iodide (TTPI), has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The harvested crystal is large in size. To our knowledge there is no report is available for the bulk size single crystal of TTPI. This material has a positive temperature coefficient and has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystal have been characterized by employing several techniques such as single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR spectra, thermo gravimetric analyses respectively. Etching studies have also been carried out in order to know the surface defects on the as grown specimen of TTPI. The relative second harmonic generation efficiency have been tested by using Nd:YAG laser as source. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Studies on the structural, thermal and optical behaviour of solution grown organic NLO material: 8-hydroxyquinolineCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2007N. Vijayan Abstract Single crystal of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) having chemical formula C9H7NO, an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal system has been confirmed from the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The crystalline perfection was evaluated by high resolution X-ray diffractometry (HRXRD). From this analysis we found that the quality of the crystal is quite good. However, a very low angle (tilt angle 14 arc sec) boundary was observed which might be due to entrapping of solvent molecules in the crystal during growth. Its optical behavior has been examined by UV-Vis. analysis, which shows the absence of absorbance between the wavelengths ranging from 400 to 1200 nm. From the thermal analysis it was observed that the material exhibits single sharp weight loss starting at 113°C without any degradation. The laser damage threshold was measured at single shot mode and the SHG behavior has been tested using Nd:YAG laser as a source. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Tetraaza-Coordinated Nickel(II) ComplexesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 14 2003Santo Di Bella Abstract In this contribution, we report the design and theoretical analysis, using the INDO/SCI-SOS quantum chemical formalism, of novel molecular architectures based on planar [N4]-, (2-aminobenzylideneiminato)- and tetraazamacrocycle-coordinated nickel(II) complexes, having second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Calculations indicate that these molecules possess comparable, or even larger, second-order nonlinearity to the bis(salicylaldiminato)NiII Schiff-base analogues. The nonlinearity of substituted complexes is dominated by the nature and position of substituents on the tribenzo[b,f,l] and/or cyclotetradecine rings, and is determined by the relative directions of the ground- and excited-state dipole moments. Moreover, substitution with acceptor groups in the dibenzo[b,l] rings involves a significant octupolar contribution to optical nonlinearity. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Dendronized tricyanopyrroline-based chromophores in nonlinear optical active host polymerJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 15 2008Mai Ha Hoang Abstract We synthesized new nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores containing a 3,5-bis(3,5-bisbenzyloxy-benzyloxy)-benzoate dendron. Tricyanopyrroline (TCP)-based chromophores were designed and prepared by virtue of its strong electron withdrawing property. A soluble polyimide containing 6-({4-[2-(1-allyl-4-cyano-5-dicyanomethylene-2-oxo-2,5-dihydro- 1H -pyrrol-3-yl)-vinyl]-phenyl}-butyl-amino)-hexanoyl group in the side chain was also prepared as an NLO active host polymer. A benzoate dendron was tethered at two different binding positions of the chromophore to yield two different guest molecules. Thin-film composites of these dendronized chromophores dissolved in the NLO active polyimide host were employed to fabricate the electro-optic (EO) samples. The EO properties of new NLO polyimides containing dendronized chromophores were compared with those of the sample with nondendronized plain chromophores. The effect of a bulky dendron on the EO properties was investigated using an in situ reflection technique. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5064,5076, 2008 [source] Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of methacrylate polymers based on 2-[4-(N -methyl,N -hydroxyethylamino)phenylazo]-phenyl-6-nitrobenzoxazole chromophoreJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 12 2003Paola Persico Abstract Methacrylate polymers containing different molar contents of nonlinear optical (NLO) active molecular segments based on 2-[4-(N -methyl,N -hydroxyethylamino)phenylazo]-phenyl-6-nitrobenzoxazole chromophores were synthesized, and their phase behavior and second-order NLO properties were investigated. Polymers containing 6,17 mol % chromophore segments allowed the preparation of amorphous and optically clear thin films. Some mesomorphic structuration was exhibited by a polymer with 33 mol % chromophoric units. However, this feature did not prevent the possibility of investigating the NLO properties. Nonlinear resonance-enhanced d33 coefficients were determined by second harmonic generation experiments on spin-coated, corona-poled thin films at , = 1064 nm. Values ranging from 40 to 60 pm/V were measured with increasing chromophore molar contents. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1841,1847, 2003 [source] Synthesis of nonlinear optical polyimides containing azodiamine derivative chromophores and their electrooptic and thermal propertiesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 14 2002Yuming Zhou Abstract Some thermally stable second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polyimides were synthesized. The polyimides were prepared by the ring-opening polyaddition of 4,4,-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride with two aromatic azodiamine derivatives as the NLO chromophores. These chromophores, based on a nitro group connected with azobenzene as the acceptor end of a donor,,-bridge,acceptor chromophore and a diamine group as the donor end, had specific chemical stability. On the basis of ZERNER'S INDO methods, according to the sum-over-states formula, a program for the calculation of nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities was devised. The resulting polyimides had high number-average and weight-average molecular weights of up to 26,000 and 53,500, respectively, and a large glass-transition temperature of 248 °C. With an in situ poling and temperature ramping technique, the optimal temperatures (Topt's) for corona poling were obtained for the largest second-order NLO response. The electrooptic coefficient (,33) of a polyimide at a wavelength of 830 nm was up to 21 pm/V after corona poling under its Topt, and the value remained at elevated temperatures (>90.6% was retained at 240 °C for >120 h). The thermal stability of the NLO polyimides was studied with UV spectrometry after poling of the films. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2478,2486, 2002 [source] Synthesis and characterization of novel crosslinkable polymers with a nonlinear optical chromophore as a pendant groupJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 22 2001Sung-Ho Jin Abstract New crosslinkable polymers with a nonlinear optical (NLO) active chromophore as a pendant group were synthesized by condensation chain polymerization via palladium-catalyzed carbon,carbon coupling reactions. The polymerization yields were almost quantitative between the diiodobenzene (DIB) and diethyldipropargyl malonate (DEDPM) or 4-(dimethylamino)-4,-(6-dipropargylacetoxypropylsulfonyl)stilbene (DASS-6) monomers. To improve the molecular weight and mechanical properties of the NLO active polymer, we carried out the copolymerization with DIB and DASS-6 with various feed ratios of DEDPM. The resulting polymers were soluble in organic solvents and spun-cast onto indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates to make thin films. The molecular structures of the resulting polymers were characterized with various instrumental methods to confirm the carbon,carbon coupling reactions between the DIB and diacetylene monomers. The absorption of the ultraviolet,visible spectrum of the resulting polymers was drastically reduced after thermal curing at 160 °C because of the crosslinking of the reactive acetylene group in the polymer backbone. The electrooptic coefficient (r33) measured at 1.3 ,m ranged from 7 to 15 pm/V. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4025,4034, 2001 [source] Hybrid Nonlinear Optical Materials Containing Imidazole Chromophore through the Sol-Gel ProcessMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 20 2007Yuanjing Cui Abstract A new sol-gel hybrid film based on heterocyclic chromophore, namely 2-[4,-(N -ethyl- N -hydroxyethyl)amino phenyl azo]-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (IZ), has been synthesized and characterized. The hybrid system possesses a high chromophore loading density up to 65 wt.-% without observing a phase separation. The initial decomposition temperatures of the chromophore and hybrid material were determined to be 260 and 272,°C, respectively. Poled films show a fairly high and stable nonlinear optical (NLO) response, even at an elevated temperature. [source] Antecedents of two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopyMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 1 2004Barry R. Masters Abstract In 1931, Maria Göppert-Mayer published her doctoral dissertation on the theory of two-photon quantum transitions (two-photon absorption and emission) in atoms. This report describes and analyzes the theoretical and experimental work on nonlinear optics, in particular two-photon excitation processes, that occurred between 1931 and the experimental implementation of two-photon excitation microscopy by the group of Webb in 1990. In addition to Maria Göppert-Mayer's theoretical work, the invention of the laser has a key role in the development of two-photon microscopy. Nonlinear effects were previously observed in different frequency domains (low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and magnetization), but the high electric field strength afforded by lasers was necessary to demonstrate many nonlinear effects in the optical frequency range. In 1978, the first high-resolution nonlinear microscope with depth resolution was described by the Oxford group. Sheppard and Kompfner published a study in Applied Optics describing microscopic imaging based on second-harmonic generation. In their report, they further proposed that other nonlinear optical effects, such as two-photon fluorescence, could also be applied. However, the developments in the field of nonlinear optical stalled due to a lack of a suitable laser source. This obstacle was removed with the advent of femtosecond lasers in the 1980s. In 1990, the seminal study of Denk, Strickler, and Webb on two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy was published in Science. Their paper clearly demonstrated the capability of two-photon excitation microscopy for biology, and it served to convince a wide audience of scientists of the potential capability of the technique. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:3,11, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Bis(salicyladiminato)Ni(II) Schiff base complexes, grafted on H-terminated Si(100) surfaces, observed by Scanning Near-field Optical/Atomic Force Microscopy (SNOM/AFM)PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 12 2005A. Ustione Abstract This paper reports the synthesis and structure of a dipolar nonlinear optical bis(salicyladiminato)Ni(II) derived Schiff base complex, chemisorbed on H-terminated Si(100) surfaces. The existence of a monolayer of the derived complex, chemisorbed on the Si(100) surface is unambiguously confirmed by high resolution core-level XPS and AFM/SNOM analyses. The comparison between the optical SNOM images highlights the contribution of the monolayer to the local reflectivity of the sample. Angle-resolved XPS data indicate the presence of chlorine head-atoms on the monolayer surface. Altogether, XPS and AFM/SNOM data suggest the formation of a homogeneous, complete, and ordered monolayer self-assembled on the Si(100) surface. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Bond analyses of borates from the Inorganic Crystal Structure DatabaseACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 5 2006Daqiu Yu Various fundamental building blocks (FBBs) are observed in the crystallographic structures of oxoborates available in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, Version 1.3.3 (2004); the occurrence of borate groups with low complexity is dominant. Bond-valence parameters d0 of B,O bonds in 758 oxoborates with various FBBs have been calculated using the bond-valence sum model. Some discrepancies in the d0 values obviously occur if the detailed configurations of FBBs in borate crystals are considered; d0 is sensitive to the chemical bonding structure of B atoms in the crystallographic framework. Moreover, d0 values are affected by the existence of interstitial atoms and the substitution of other anionic groups. In addition, the d0 parameters for B,N, B,S, B,P and B,F bonds are also calculated statistically. Some suitable d0 data for various borate FBBs are recommended according to their particular configurations, especially for those with low complexity. On the basis of the proposed linear relationship between calculated nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of borates and the current d0 values for various FBBs, it is found that the d0 values may be regarded as a useful parameter for pre-investigating the NLO properties of borates, leading to an efficient structural evaluation and design of novel borates. [source] Transverse pattern formation and its control in photorefractive opticsANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 7-8 2004C. Denz Abstract A wealth of periodic transverse patterns is observed in nonlinear optical, photorefractive single-feedback systems. It is the extension of a photorefractive medium in the direction of propagation of the laser beam that allows for the formation of stable hexagons, squares, rhombuses and dodecagons above the first bifurcation of the system. In this article we review the formation of these periodic patterns and present linear and nonlinear stability analyses that predict the type of pattern to appear. Amplitude equations for the interactions of unstable sidebands are introduced. We compare numerical and experimental results on two-dimensional transverse pattern formation. We present control methods for the invasive and non-invasive manipulation of different pattern states using a Fourier filtering technique. [source] Observing Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties by Symmetry Breaking in Centrosymmetric Furan-Containing Oligoaryl CyclophandienesCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 47 2009Hsin-Chieh Lin Dr. Abstract Centrosymmetric furan-containing cyclophandienes 3 and 4, synthesized by our furan annulation protocol, have been shown to exhibit extraordinarily large Stokes shifts and second-order nonlinear optical , values. The , values for 3 and 4 measured at 1.32,,m are 208 and 530×10,30,esu, respectively. The , values of 3 and 4 are similar to those of respective cyclophenes 1,a and 7 in which strong hyperpoarizable interactions between two twisted ,-systems (oligoaryl and bridging double bond) might take place. Symmetry breaking due to the resonance contribution (cf. 2) and the unique structural features of 3 and 4 has been used to account for this unusual photophysical behavior. [source] Optical, Redox, and NLO Properties of Tricyanovinyl Oligothiophenes: Comparisons between Symmetric and Asymmetric Substitution PatternsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 21 2006Juan Casado Dr. Abstract A series of tricyanovinyl (TCV)-substituted oligothiophenes was synthesized and investigated with a number of physical methods including UV/Vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements, X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. Mono- or disubstituted oligomers were prepared by the reaction of tetracyanoethylene with mono- or dilithiated oligomers. The comparative effects of the symmetric and asymmetric substitutions in the electronic and molecular properties have been addressed. These oligomers display dramatic reductions in both their optical and electrochemical band gaps in comparison with unsubstituted molecules. The analysis of the electronic properties of the molecules was assisted by density functional theory calculations, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. TCV substitution influences the energies of the frontier orbitals, especially with respect to the stabilization of LUMO orbitals. X-ray structural characterization of a monosubstituted oligomer exhibits ,-stacking with favorable intermolecular interactions. NLO results agree with the role of the intramolecular charge-transfer feature in the asymmetric samples. These results furthermore exalt the role of conformational flexibility in the disubstituted compounds and reveal an unexpected nonlinear optical activity for symmetric molecules. Regarding the electronic structure, the interpretation of the vibrational data reflects the balanced interplay between aromatic and quinoid forms, finely tuned by the chain length and substitution pattern. The electronic and structural properties are consistent with the semiconducting properties exhibited by these materials in thin film transistors (TFTs). [source] The Role of Ion Pairs in the Second-Order NLO Response of 4-X-1-Methylpiridinium Salts,CHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 2 2010Francesca Tessore Dr. Abstract A series of 4-X-1-methylpyridinium cationic nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores (X=(E)-CHCHC6H5; (E)-CHCHC6H4 -4,-C(CH3)3; (E)-CHCHC6H4 -4,-N(CH3)2; (E)-CHCHC6H4 -4,-N(C4H9)2; (E,E)-(CHCH)2C6H4 -4,-N(CH3)2) with various organic (CF3SO3,, p -CH3C6H4SO3,), inorganic (I,, ClO4,, SCN,, [Hg2I6]2,) and organometallic (cis -[Ir(CO)2I2],) counter anions are studied with the aim of investigating the role of ion pairing and of ionic dissociation or aggregation of ion pairs in controlling their second-order NLO response in anhydrous chloroform solution. The combined use of electronic absorption spectra, conductimetric measurements and pulsed field gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR experiments show that the second-order NLO response, investigated by the electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) technique, of the salts of the cationic NLO chromophores strongly depends upon the nature of the counter anion and concentration. The ion pairs are the major species at concentration around 10,3,M, and their dipole moments were determined. Generally, below 5×10,4,M, ion pairs start to dissociate into ions with parallel increase of the second-order NLO response, due to the increased concentration of purely cationic NLO chromophores with improved NLO response. At concentration higher than 10,3,M, some multipolar aggregates, probably of H type, are formed, with parallel slight decrease of the second-order NLO response. Ion pairing is dependent upon the nature of the counter anion and on the electronic structure of the cationic NLO chromophore. It is very strong for the thiocyanate anion in particular and, albeit to a lesser extent, for the sulfonated anions. The latter show increased tendency to self-aggregate. [source] Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ferrocene- and Porphyrin,[60]Fullerene DyadsCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 7 2007Evangelia Xenogiannopoulou Dr. Abstract A series of novel [60]fullerene,ferrocene and [60]fullerene,porphyrin dyads, in which a fullerene and an electron donating moiety are attached through a flexible triethylene glycol linker are synthesized and their nonlinear optical (NLO) response studied. Specifically, the third-order susceptibility ,(3) of all fullerene derivatives are measured in toluene solutions by the optical Kerr effect (OKE) technique using 532 nm, 35 ps laser pulses and their second hyperpolarizability , are determined. All fullerene dyads studied exhibit enhancement of their NLO response compared to pristine fullerenes which has been attributed to the formation of a charge separated state. All experimentally measured hyperpolarizability , values are also calculated by the semiempirical methods AM1 and PM3. A good correlation is found between the theoretical and experimental values, suggesting that simple semiempirical methods can be employed for the designing and optimization of the fullerene-containing dyads displaying improved nonlinear responses. [source] Polymer Matrix Effects on the Nonlinear Optical Response of Incorporated Chromophore: New Analytical ModelsCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 10 2006Marina Yu. Abstract A new approach aimed at the modeling of the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of a dipole chromophore incorporated into a locally anisotropic, deformable, polarizable polymer matrix is suggested. The general continuum methodology is used with a specific cavity ansatz being employed; the cavity is chosen to be conformal to the characteristic ellipsoid of the generalized permittivity tensor of the polymer medium. The suggested ansatz allows the electrostatic boundary value problem to be solved analytically, and the local field experienced by the chromophore in the polymer electret to be found. Four analytically solvable models, which correspond to two singular and two nonsingular models, are considered; in two of them the chromophore is characterized by singular dipole and quadrupole moments; the other two use the approximation of the electric moment of the chromophore with that of the polarized ellipsoid. The relation between the macroscopic polymer properties and the microscopic characteristics of the NLO chromophore is established. The compliance of the obtained formulas for the local field with those of the classical Onsager approach is analyzed, and their specific features are considered. [source] Studies on Properties of p -Nitrophenylazo Calix[4]arene DerivativesCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2003Jin Chuan-Ming Abstract The p -nitrophenylazo calix[4]arene derivatives 1a-1d with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were prepared by the diazo-coupling reaction of calix[4]arene with p -nitrophenyl diazonium. The diazotization reaction of p -nitroaniline was carried out with isoamyl nitrite as a source of nitrous add in EtONa/EtOH under refluxing condition. X-Ray crystallographic analysis and 1H NMR spectra reveal that they exist as cone conformation in crystal state or in solution. HRS measurements at 1064 nm in THF indicate that p -nitro-phenylazo calix[4]arenes have higher hyperpolarizability ,z values than the corresponding reference compound 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2, 6-dimethyl-phenol, without red shift of the charge transfer band. The tetrakis p -nitrophenylazo calix[4]arene (2) with longer alkyl chains can form monolayer at the air/water interface. [source] | ||||||||||||||||