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Normative Theories (normative + theory)
Selected AbstractsThe Trial on Trial: Volume Three: Towards a Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial by A. Duff, L. Farmer, S. Marshall and V. Tadros (Eds.) and Fair Trials: The European Criminal Procedural Tradition and the European Court of Human Rights by S.J. SummersTHE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 1 2010NICOLA PADFIELD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Watching the US Election from Abroad: Normative Theory and the Publics of American PoliticsANTIPODE, Issue 2 2010Sarah Starkweather First page of article [source] Everyday Morality: Where Radical Geography Meets Normative TheoryANTIPODE, Issue 1 2009Susan J. Smith First page of article [source] Communication Flows in International Product Innovation TeamsTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2000Rudy K. Moenaert Recently, we have witnessed a strong growth in the internationalization of many firms' product development activities. However, the lack of attention devoted by scientific research to the management of international innovation contrasts sharply with the importance attached to it as a cornerstone of international business success. Although several empirical studies and normative theories have specified the communication requirements in innovation teams, an empirically based insight is definitely needed on the communication requirements and requirements that prevail in the complex context of international innovation teams, in which the participants are located in different company units, countries, and cultures. This article addresses the following research question: viewing international innovation as an interfunctional activity, what are the communication requirements an international innovation team is facing, and what are the communication capabilities (interface mechanisms) that may be adopted to initiate, develop, and launch the new product effectively and efficiently? An extensive case study research project was designed to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework. Over a two year time period, the research team has investigated selected innovation projects in four European multinational corporations. The analysis of the case study data suggests five requirements that determine the effectiveness and efficiency of communication in international product development teams: network transparency, knowledge codification, knowledge credibility, communication cost, secrecy. To cope with these communication requirements, organizations may create firm level capabilities (parallel structures, cross-functional and inter-unit climate, communication infrastructure, goal congruence) and team level capabilities (core team, team leadership, formalization, procedural justice). The evidence from the in-depth case study research indicates that these mechanisms provide a parsimonious and powerful approach to address the communication requirements in international product innovation teams. After the information processing framework proposed by Tushman and Nadler [124], the adoption of these mechanisms is expected to improve innovation effectiveness. This holds important consequences for the management of international product innovation projects. First, the innovating firm must balance centralization and decentralization, employ formal as well as informal strategies, and integrate ad-hoc and permanent strategies. Second, it highlights the critical role of the project leader. Given the fact that companies often select the most available person, rather than the best person for the job, the allocation of light weight project leaders may create heavyweight problems in international teams. Third, following the argument in favor of procedural justice, the absence of involvement may severely hinder cross-functional commitment to international innovation projects. Fourth, the innovating firm must also actively manage the communication flows with external parties. Failure to do so may result in flawed specifications, and a limited understanding about product design and market strategies. [source] Relativity of Value and the Consequentialist UmbrellaTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 217 2004Jennie Lousie Does the real difference between non-consequentialist and consequentialist theories lie in their approach to value? Non-consequentialist theories are thought either to allow a different kind of value (namely, agent-relative value) or to advocate a different response to value (,honouring' rather than ,promoting'). One objection to this idea implies that all normative theories are describable as consequentialist. But then the distinction between honouring and promoting collapses into the distinction between relative and neutral value. A proper description of non-consequentialist theories can only be achieved by including a distinction between temporal relativity and neutrality in addition to the distinction between agent-relativity and agent-neutrality. [source] Guidance and Justification in Particularistic EthicsBIOETHICS, Issue 4 2000Ulrik Kihlbom This paper argues that, contrary to a common line of criticism followed by scholars such as Helga Kuhse, a particularistic version of virtue ethics properly elaborated, can provide sound moral guidance and a satisfactory account for moral justification of our opinions regarding, for instance, health care practice. In the first part of the paper, three criteria for comparing normative theories with respect to action-guiding power are outlined, and it is argued that the presented particularistic version of virtue ethics actually can provide more guidance than the universalistic theories favoured by Kuhse and others. In the second part of the paper it is claimed that universalist normative theories have serious problems accounting for the role that moral principles are supposed to play in the justification, of moral opinions, whereas the present version of virtue ethics accommodates a plausible alternative idea of justification without invoking moral principles or eschewing objectivity. [source] Understanding and Efficiency: Habermas's Concept of Communication ReliefCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 2 2008Thomas Hove This commentary calls attention to a topic neglected in the scholarly reception of Habermas's work,the concept of communication relief. In his recent public sphere theory, he classifies different media forms that are necessary for coordinating different types of social action. He identifies three such media forms: linguistic agreement, steering media, and generalized communication. Although communication scholars acknowledge his ideas on linguistic agreement, they have overlooked those on steering media and generalized communication. Accordingly, this analysis focuses more on the latter two media forms, which fall under the broader concept of relief mechanisms. Extending the media theories of Talcott Parsons, Habermas identifies four types of relief mechanisms: money, power, influence, and value commitment. Money and power perform steering media functions that promote efficiency. Influence and value commitment perform generalized communication functions that promote not only efficiency but also understanding. Implications for normative theories of mass-mediated democratic communication are discussed. Résumé Compréhension et efficacité : Le concept habermassien du soulagement communicationnel Ce commentaire attire l,attention sur un sujet négligé dans la réception universitaire des travaux de Habermas : le concept du soulagement communicationnel (communication relief). Dans sa récent théorie sur la sphère publique, il classifie différentes formes de médias nécessaires à la coordination de différents types d'action sociale. Il identifie ainsi trois formes médiatiques : l,accord linguistique, les médias de direction et la communication généralisée. Bien que les chercheurs en communication reconnaissent ses idées sur l'accord linguistique, ils ont négligé celles sur les médias de direction et la communication généralisée. Par conséquent, cette analyse se concentre surtout sur les deux dernières formes médiatiques, regroupées sous le concept de mécanismes de soulagement. Prolongeant les théories médiatiques de Talcott Parsons, Habermas identifie quatre types de mécanismes de soulagement : l,argent, le pouvoir, l'influence et l,engagement envers des valeurs. L'argent et le pouvoir accomplissent des fonctions de médias de direction qui promeuvent l,efficacité. L'influence et l,engagement envers des valeurs accomplissent des fonctions de communication généralisée qui promeuvent non seulement l'efficacité mais aussi la compréhension. Les conséquences pour les théories normatives de la communication démocratique de masse sont commentées. Abstract Verstehen und Effizienz. Das Habermas'sche Konzept der Kommunikationserleichterung Dieser Kommentar greift ein Thema auf, dass in der bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung mit den Arbeiten Habermas' vernachlässigt wurde , das Konzept der kommunikativen Erleichterung. In seiner aktuellen Theorie der Öffentlichkeit klassifiziert er verschiedene Formen von Medien, die notwendig sind, um verschiedene Arten von sozialem Handeln zu koordinieren. Er identifiziert drei solche Medienarten: linguistische Übereinstimmung, Führungsmedien und generalisierte Kommunikation. Obwohl Wissenschaftler seinen Ideen zur linguistischen Übereinstimmung zustimmen, haben sie die Annahmen zu Führungsmedien und generalisierter Kommunikation bislang übersehen. Dementsprechend fokussiert dieser Beitrag auf diese zwei Medienformen, welche dem Konzept des Erleichterungsmechanismus zuzuordnen sind. In Erweiterung der Medientheorien von Talcott Parsons identifiziert Habermas vier Typen von Erleichterungsmechanismen: Geld, Macht, Einfluss und Wertebindung. Geld und Macht leisten führende Medienfunktionen, welche Effizienz fördern. Einfluss und Wertebindung hingegen erfüllen generalisierte Kommunikationsfunktionen, welche nicht nur Effizienz, sondern auch Verständnis fördern. Abschließend werden Schlussfolgerungen für normative Theorien der massenmedial vermittelten demokratischen Kommunikation diskutiert. Resumen La Comprensión y la Eficiencia: El Concepto de Comunicación de Alivio de Habermas Este comentario llama la atención sobre un tema desatendido en la recepción de los estudiosos del trabajo de Habermas,el concepto de la comunicación de alivio. En su teoría reciente sobre la esfera pública, Habermas clasifica las formas diferentes de los medios que son necesarias para coordinar distintos tipos de acciones sociales. Él identifica 3 formas de los medios: acuerdos lingüísticos, la dirección de los medios, y la comunicación generalizada. Aún cuando los estudiosos de la comunicación reconocen sus ideas sobre los acuerdos lingüísticos, han pasado por alto la dirección de los medios y la comunicación generalizada. Por consiguiente, este análisis se enfoca más en estas dos últimas formas de los medios, las cuales caen bajo el concepto amplio de mecanismos de alivio. Extendiendo las teorías de los medios de Talcott Parsons, Habermas identifica 4 tipos de mecanismos de alivio: dinero, poder, influencia, y valor del compromiso. El dinero y el poder funcionan como dirección de los medios que promueven la eficiencia. La influencia y el valor del compromiso funcionan como las funciones de comunicación general que promueven no sólo la eficiencia sino también la comprensión. Las implicancias para las teorías normativas de los medios masivos de comunicación democráticos son discutidas también. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source] The bibliometric properties of article readership informationJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Michael J. Kurtz Digital libraries such as the NASA Astrophysics Data System (Kurtz et al., 2005) permit the easy accumulation of a new type of bibliometric measure, the number of electronic accesses ("reads") of individual articles. We explore various aspects of this new measure. We examine the obsolescence function as measured by actual reads and show that it can be well fit by the sum of four exponentials with very different time constants. We compare the obsolescence function as measured by readership with the obsolescence function as measured by citations. We find that the citation function is proportional to the sum of two of the components of the readership function. This proves that the normative theory of citation is true in the mean. We further examine in detail the similarities and differences among the citation rate, the readership rate, and the total citations for individual articles, and discuss some of the causes. Using the number of reads as a bibliometric measure for individuals, we introduce the read,cite diagram to provide a two-dimensional view of an individual's scientific productivity. We develop a simple model to account for an individual's reads and cites and use it to show that the position of a person in the read,cite diagram is a function of age, innate productivity, and work history. We show the age biases of both reads and cites and develop two new bibliometric measures which have substantially less age bias than citations: SumProd, a weighted sum of total citations and the readership rate, intended to show the total productivity of an individual; and Read10, the readership rate for articles published in the last 10 years, intended to show an individual's current productivity. We also discuss the effect of normalization (dividing by the number of authors on a paper) on these statistics. We apply SumProd and Read10 using new, nonparametric techniques to compare the quality of different astronomical research organizations. [source] Bougainville and Papua New Guinea: Complexities of Secession in a Multi-ethnic Developing StatePOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2000Anthony Matthew The claims made by Bougainville's secessionist leaders correspond with five theoretical perspectives on the morality of secession , based, respectively, on notions of political consent, national identity, cultural preservation, distributive justice and territorial title. Each is tackled in turn, as a means to both assessing the justness of the Bougainvillean case, while also testing the limits of applicability of the moral perspectives themselves. Overall, it is concluded that the complexities of the Bougainville/Papua New Guinea case militate against outright separation. Rather, a balanced resolution of injustices is more likely to be attained by modifications to institutions and patterns of distribution within the existing state. Furthermore, this highly complex case throws up important challenges from which normative theory can profitably learn. [source] The Concept of Solidarity: Emerging from the Theoretical Shadows?BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Issue 1 2007Lawrence Wilde The concept of solidarity has been relatively neglected by social scientists since Durkheim's pioneering work in the late 19th century. The discipline of politics has been guilty of overlooking this ,subjective' element of community life, but recent works by Stjernø and Brunkhorst reflect a growing awareness of the theoretical significance of the concept. Whereas early liberal attempts to theorise solidarity took the nation state to be the appropriate community for its realisation, the emergence of globalisation raises the possibility of human solidarity developing in the global community. Traditional forms of solidarity have been dissipated by the social changes accompanying globalisation, but they were often locked into the defence of particular interests. New forms may be emerging to rekindle the broader vision of human solidarity. Recent work by writers such as Habermas, Honneth, Rorty and Touraine focuses on widening and deepening democratic participation and/or the articulation of our ethical obligations in various ways. It is argued here that these perspectives need to be supplemented by a radical humanist approach grounded in a normative theory of human self-realisation. [source] | ||||||||||