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Nominal Dose (nominal + dose)
Selected AbstractsThe duration of efficacy following oral treatment with emamectin benzoate against infestations of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 3 2000J Stone The duration of efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the oral treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infesting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was evaluated in a tank study. One group of salmon was treated at a nominal dose of 50 ,g kg,1 biomass day,1 for 7 consecutive days and a second group was untreated. Fish were then redistributed to 16 tanks, each holding 17 control and 17 treated fish. On days 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76 and 83, two tanks were challenged with L. salmonis copepodites. Eight to 14 days after each challenge, fish were anaesthetized and numbers of lice recorded. Treatment with emamectin benzoate prevented development of copepodites for up to 62 days from the start of treatment, and chalimus numbers remained low for 69 days. Treated fish, challenged from days 34 to 69, had significantly (P<0.01) fewer lice than control fish. Treated fish challenged at days 76 and 83 still had fewer lice than control groups, although differences were not statistically significant for both replicates. When chalimus appeared on treated fish challenged at days 69,83, survival of chalimus to adult stages was lower than on control fish. Louse egg production on treated fish challenged at days 62,83 was not reduced compared to control groups. [source] The output of flunisolide from different nebulisersJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2002Chris O'Callaghan The objective of this study was to determine the output, in-vitro, solution of a concentrated solution of flunisolide from two different nebulisers under simulated breathing conditions. The BimboNeb and Nebula nebulisers were used to nebulise 2.6 mL of flunisolide solution (600 ,g). Particle size was determined by inertial impaction and the total output of drug from the nebulisers under simulated breathing conditions was measured using a sinus flow pump. Two different breathing patterns were used, simulating nebuliser use by a child and an adult. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of flunisolide particles from the BimboNeb and Nebula were both 3.9 ,m. With the simulated paediatric breathing pattern, both nebulisers delivered similar amounts of flunisolide (56.4 ,g (s.d. 1.4,g) and 56.1 ,g (5 ,g) over 5 min from the BimboNeb and Nebula, respectively). With the adult breathing pattern, flunisolide delivery from the BimboNeb was increased to 88.9 ,g (3.3 ,g), but delivery from the Nebula was only slightly increased to 64.6 ,g (1.4 ,g). With both nebulisers, little drug was released after 5 min of nebulisation. Both nebulisers delivered 9,15 % of the nominal dose of flunisolide to the breathing simulator, a similar percentage to previous studies with budesonide and more than previous studies with beclometasone. Drug delivery from the BimboNeb, but not the Nebula, was affected by the simulated breathing pattern. This study suggests that drug delivery from nebulisers is dependent upon the interaction between the nebuliser, the drug and the patient. [source] Aerosol delivery to young children by pMDI-spacer: Is facemask design important?PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2005José Esposito-Festen This study aimed at identifying in a daily-life setting the influence of facemask design on drug delivery via a spacer to young children. In a 4-week randomized crossover study, 24 children (7,23-months old) with recurrent wheeze tested the AstraZeneca®, Galemed®, and Hans Rudolph® facemask combined with the NebuChamber® at home. Each mask was tested twice daily for seven consecutive days. Filters positioned between the NebuChamber and facemask trapped the budesonide aerosol (200 ,g, Pulmicort®). Parents were asked to score the child's degree of cooperation during administration on diary cards. The administration procedure was evaluated through video recordings. Mean filter dose (standard deviation (s.d.)), expressed as % of nominal dose, was 39% (14), 47% (12), and 42% (11) for the AstraZeneca, the Galemed and the Hans Rudolph mask, respectively. Irrespective of the degree of cooperation, the Galemed mask gave significantly higher mean filter doses than the other masks (level of significance) (p < 0.045). Median (range) within-subject dose variability, expressed, as coefficient of variation (CV), was 37% (19,255), 32% (9,114), and 30% (9,115) for the AstraZeneca mask, the Galemed mask and the Hans Rudolph mask, respectively, not significant. Dose variability increased with decreasing cooperation for all three masks (p = 0.007). Drug delivery to young children with recurrent wheeze by means of the NebuChamber can be enhanced using the Galemed facemask. Dose variability seems to be independent of facemask design but mainly depends on cooperation. [source] Dosage regimens for inhaled therapy in children should be reconsideredJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 2 2002JH Wildhaber Abstract: In current asthma guidelines, dosage regimens for inhalation therapy in children are based on adult doses and are generally titrated per kilogram of bodyweight or per square metre of body surface area. However, these recommendations do not correspond well with current knowledge of aerosol therapy in childhood. Lung deposition of the aerosolised drug is the key determinant for clinical efficacy and for systemic side effects of inhalation therapy. Lung deposition increases with age, whereas lung deposition expressed as a percentage per kilogram bodyweight is age-independent. This finding is explained by the self-regulating effect of age-dependent airway anatomy on lung deposition. Therefore, it is more likely that adult doses translate into paediatric doses only by virtue of the differences in self-limiting pulmonary deposition when using the same absolute nominal doses of the medication. Adapting the adult dose to a paediatric dose calculated on body size might be unnecessary and could lead to insufficient pulmonary deposition of medication. These findings suggest that dosage regimens for inhalation therapy for children may have to be reconsidered, and should be determined from dose-ranging studies rather than calculated from adult doses based on body size. [source] | ||||||||||