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Nobel Prize (nobel + prize)
Selected AbstractsA Family Story about LifeIMAGING & MICROSCOPY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2006Article first published online: 12 JAN 200 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2006 to Roger D. Kornberg (Stanford University, CA, USA) for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription. [source] The Contributions of Professors Fischer Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes to the Financial Services IndustryINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2000Terry Marsh This paper is written as a tribute to Professors Robert Merton and Myron Scholes, winners of the 1997 Nobel Prize in economics, as well as to their collaborator, the late Professor Fischer Black. We first provide a brief and very selective review of their seminal work in contingent claims pricing. We then provide an overview of some of the recent research on stock price dynamics as it relates to contingent claim pricing. The continuing intensity of this research, some 25 years after the publication of the original Black,Scholes paper, must surely be regarded as the ultimate tribute to their work. We discuss jump-diffusion and stochastic volatility models, subordinated models, fractal models and generalized binomial tree models for stock price dynamics and option pricing. We also address questions as to whether derivatives trading poses a systemic risk in the context of models in which stock price movements are endogenized, and give our views on the ,LTCM crisis' and liquidity risk. [source] Hot topics in stem cells and self-renewal: 2010AGING CELL, Issue 4 2010Norman E. Sharpless Summary In many tissues, mammalian aging is associated with a decline in the replicative and functional capacity of somatic stem cells and other self-renewing compartments. Understanding the basis of this decline is a major goal of aging research. In particular, therapeutic approaches to ameliorate or reverse the age-associated loss of stem function could be of use in clinical geriatrics. Such approaches include attempts to protect stem cells from age-promoting damage, to ,rejuvenate' stem cells through the use of pharmacologic agents that mitigate aging-induced alterations in signaling, and to replace lost stem cells through regenerative medicine approaches. Some headway has been made in each of these arenas over the last 18 months including advances in the production of donor-specific totipotent stem cells through induced pluripotency (iPS), gains in our understanding of how tumor suppressor signaling is controlled in self-renewing compartments to regulate aging, and further demonstration of extracellular ,milieu' factors that perturb stem cell function with age. This period has also been marked by the recent award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidation of telomeres and telomerase, a topic of critical importance to stem cell aging. [source] Paul C. Lauterbur, 77, dies; won Nobel Prize for M.R.I.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 3 2007Kenneth Chang No abstract is available for this article. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 8 2009The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive). Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 1 2009The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive). Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 11-12 2008The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive). Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 11-12 2007The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive). Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 1 2007The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive). Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 12 2006The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive. Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 11 2006The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive. Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] Cover Picture: QSAR Comb.MOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 10 2006The transmembrane protein aquaporin spans biological membranes and forms channels that allow the passage of water molecules. The water channels consist of alpha helices (purple cylinders) and are shown as a Conolly surface,in which the electrostatic potential is represented by colors (blue: negative, red: positive. Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels and for structural and mechanistic studies on ion channels, respectively. Cover illustration by courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Brickmann, Dr. Thorsten Borosch, MOLNET e.V. [source] West Turns East at the End of HistoryNEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2009Octavio Paz Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990, Octavio Paz was Latin America's great poet, essayist and critic whose most enduring work was The Labyrinth of Solitude. We would often meet in the late afternoon over scotch on ice at his apartment on Reforma in Mexico City, the warm afternoon rain pounding against the windows of his book-lined study, gazing out toward the Angel of Independence column in the center of that daunting megalopolis. Over the years, we collaborated on several issues of Vuelta, a small but influential journal like NPQ. Paz believed that "the most important things can be said at the margins beyond the entertainment and commercial imperatives of the mass media." Though petty literary politics sometimes intruded, Paz was a truly magnanimous soul whose entire life was an exploration. Everything interested him, from Surrealism to the Indian caste system (he was the Mexican ambassador to India before resigning in 1968 to protest the student massacre at Tlatelolco). He liked to quote Baudelaire, saying that poets were universal translators because they translate the language of the universe,stars, water, trees,into the language of man. Paz died in 1998. We held this conversation in 1992. It also appeared in Vuelta as "La Transformacion del Tiempo: El Encuentro de Oriente y Occidente." [source] Literature Can Close the Fear GapNEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2005SALMAN RUSHDIE Post-national literature is a new genre of writing for a new era beyond boundaries. In this section, we present interviews and comments adapted from conversations with authors from India, Iran, Lebanon, Turkey, Argentina, China and Austria,all but one of whom now live outside their countries, often writing in a language not their own. Most of the conversations and interviews were conducted by Michael Skafidas, the former editor of Greek NPQ, in New York at the time of the PEN Festival of International Literature, organized by Salman Rushdie. Ha Jin was interviewed by Jehangir Pocha. Gao Xingjian's contribution is adapted from his lecture upon winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. [source] How Finsen's light cured lupus vulgarisPHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE, Issue 3 2005Kirsten Iversen Møller In 1903, Niels Ryberg Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for his invention of light therapy for skin tuberculosis (lupus vulgaris). The mechanism of action has not been shown; thus, we wanted to elucidate the mechanism of Finsen's light therapy. We measured radiation that could be transmitted through his lens systems and absorption of the stain solution filters in the lamps, and related the obtained results to the possible biological effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Judged from transmission characteristics all tested lens systems were glass lenses (absorbing wavelength <340 nm). The tested filters likewise absorbed wavelengths <340 nm. The methylene blue solution used to absorb heat, blocked out wavelengths below 340 nm and between 550 and 700 nm. Furthermore, fluorescence of M. tuberculosis indicated the presence of porphyrins and HPLC analysis of sonicated M. marinum showed that coproporphyrin III was present, which highly justified that porphyrins were present in M. tuberculosis. Production of singlet oxygen through radiation of porphyrins with light of e.g. 400 nm seems to be a most plausible explanation why Finsen's therapy worked in spite of the lack of shortwave ultraviolet radiation, which Finsen believed was the most effective radiation for treating skin tuberculosis. [source] Alexis Carrel: Genius, Innovator and IdeologistAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 10 2008P. Dutkowski Alexis Carrel was a Frenchman from Lyon, who gained fame at the Rockefeller Institute in New York at the beginning of the 20th century. He was the first to demonstrate that arteriovenous anastomoses were possible. Alexis Carrel was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions to vascular surgery and transplantation in 1912. He was a versatile scientist, who made numerous discoveries from the design of an antiseptic solution to treat injuries during the First World War to tissue culture and engineering, and organ preservation, making him the father of solid organ transplantation. Together, with the famous aviator and engineer Charles Lindbergh, they were the first scientists capable of keeping an entire organ alive outside of the body, using a perfusion machine. Due to his many dubious ideas and his association with fascism in the 1930s and during the Second World War, many of his scientific achievements have been forgotten today and taken for granted. [source] Are Statistical Contributions to Medicine Undervalued?BIOMETRICS, Issue 1 2003Norman E. Breslow Summary. Econometricians Daniel McFadden and James Heckman won the 2000 Nobel Prize in economics for their work on discrete choice models and selection bias. Statisticians and epidemiologists have made similar contributions to medicine with their work on case-control studies, analysis of incomplete data, and causal inference. In spite of repeated nominations of such eminent figures as Bradford Hill and Richard Doll, however, the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine has never been awarded for work in biostatistics or epidemiology. (The "exception who proves the rule" is Ronald Ross, who, in 1902, won the second medical Nobel for his discovery that the mosquito was the vector for malaria. Ross then went on to develop the mathematics of epidemic theory,which he considered his most important scientific contribution,and applied his insights to malaria control programs.) The low esteem accorded epidemiology and biostatistics in some medical circles, and increasingly among the public, correlates highly with the contradictory results from observational studies that are displayed so prominently in the lay press. In spite of its demonstrated efficacy in saving lives, the "black box" approach of risk factor epidemiology is not well respected. To correct these unfortunate perceptions, statisticians would do well to follow more closely their own teachings: conduct larger, fewer studies designed to test specific hypotheses, follow strict protocols for study design and analysis, better integrate statistical findings with those from the laboratory, and exercise greater caution in promoting apparently positive results. [source] Robert F. Furchgott, Nobel laureate (1916,2009) , a personal reflectionBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 3 2009William Martin Robert F. Furchgott, pharmacologist and joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology (1998) died on the 12th of May 2009 aged 92. By unlocking the astonishingly diverse biological actions of nitric oxide, Furchgott leaves behind a rich legacy that has both revolutionized our understanding of human physiology and stimulated new and exciting opportunities for drug development in a wide range of pathological conditions. In this article, William Martin, who worked with Furchgott for 2 years (1983,1985), following the exciting discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide, pays tribute to his close friend and colleague. [source] Prostaglandins, bioassay and inflammationBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue S1 2006R J Flower The formation of the British Pharmacological Society coincided almost exactly with a series of ground-breaking studies that ushered in an entirely new field of research , that of lipid mediator pharmacology. For many years following their chemical characterisation, lipids were considered only to be of dietary or structural importance. From the 1930s, all this changed , slowly at first and then more dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s with the emergence of the prostaglandins (PGs), the first intercellular mediators to be clearly derived from lipids, in a dynamic on-demand system. The PGs exhibit a wide range of biological activities that are still being evaluated and their properties underlie the action of one of the world's all-time favourite medicines, aspirin, as well as its more modern congeners. This paper traces the development of the PG field, with particular emphasis on the skilful utilisation of the twin techniques of bioassay and analytical chemistry by U.K. and Swedish scientists, and the intellectual interplay between them that led to the award of a joint Nobel Prize to the principal researchers in the PG field, half a century after the first discovery of these astonishingly versatile mediators. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S182,S192. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706506 [source] Nobel Prize to Willem Einthoven in 1924 for the discovery of the mechanisms underlying the electrocardiogram (ECG)ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 8 2009Rolf Zetterström No abstract is available for this article. [source] 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics for Theoretical Work on Superfluid 3HeCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 7 2004Anthony J. Leggett Prof. Abstract The element helium comes in two (stable) forms,4He and3He; at low temperatures and pressures both form liquids rather than solids. The liquid phase of the common isotope,4He, was realized nearly a century ago, and since 1938 has been known to show, at temperatures below about 2 K, the property of superfluidity,the ability to flow through the narrowest capillaries without apparent friction. The light isotope,3He, is believed to be of quite a different nature; however,because of its similarity to the electrons in metals, which at low temperatures sometimes form "Cooper pairs" and thereby become superconducting, theorists in the 1960s and early 1970s had speculated that something similar might happen in liquid3He, which would then also show superfluidity though for reasons rather different than4He. In 1972 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments at Cornell University revealed the existence, below 3 millidegrees, if two new phases, one of which displayed extraordinary NMR properties. Anthony Leggett is one of the theorists who succeeded in fitting the experimental properties into the "Cooper-pairing" scenario; in particular, he explained the NMR behavior and predicted further novel NMR phenomena which were subsequently found. [source] The 1964 Nobel Prize for the discovery of the biosynthesis of cholesterolACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2009Rolf Zetterström First page of article [source] The 1908 Nobel Prize , discovery of the basic principles of innate and acquired immunityACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2009Rolf ZetterströmArticle first published online: 26 FEB 200 First page of article [source] Nobel Prize 1937 to Albert von Szent-Györgyi: identification of vitamin C as the anti-scorbutic factorACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2009Rolf ZetterströmArticle first published online: 23 FEB 200 First page of article [source] The 1998 Nobel Prize,discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signalling moleculeACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2009Rolf ZetterströmArticle first published online: 5 JAN 200 First page of article [source] Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis BACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2008Rolf Zetterström First page of article [source] A mysterious something: The discovery of insulin and the 1923 Nobel Prize for Frederick G. Banting (1891,1941) and John J.R. Macleod (1876,1935)ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2006Tonse N. K. Raju No abstract is available for this article. [source] Symposium: ,A celebration of neuroanatomy in the centennial of Cajal's Nobel Prize'JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 2 2007D. Ceri Davies No abstract is available for this article. [source] Drosophila melanogaster: the model organismENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2006David B. Roberts Abstract In the 20th century, there were two decades during which Drosophila melanogaster was the most significant model organism and each decade led to the establishment of new scientific disciplines. The first decade was roughly from 1910 and during this period a small group at Columbia University, headed by Thomas Hunt Morgan, established the rules of transmission genetics with which we are all familiar. In the second decade, roughly from 1970, many of the principles and techniques of the earlier period were used to determine the genetic control of basic aspects of the biology of organisms, notably their development and their behaviour. In this review I will show that it was not only the genius of the research workers (five were awarded Nobel Prizes and it has been argued, with justification, that at least one more should have been awarded) but also the special features of D. melanogaster that led to these advances. While Drosophila is still a significant model organism, the advent of molecular biology permits the investigation of organisms less amenable to genetic analysis, but the principles applied in these investigations were in the main principles laid down during the earlier work on Drosophila. [source] Femtonik , aus dem Labor in die IndustrieLASER TECHNIK JOURNAL, Issue 4 2005Holger Kock Liebe Leserin, lieber Leser, sicher haben Sie es schon gelesen: der Nobelpreis für Physik wird in diesem Jahr an Roy Glauber, John Hall und Theodor Hänsch verliehen. Redaktion und Verlag gratulieren allen dreien, besonders herzlich natürlich Professor Hänsch aus München. Ich möchte hier nur ein paar Worte aus einem seiner ersten Interviews zitieren*: , What does it mean to you, to get the Prize? , Well, I mean, it's the ultimate recognition that scientists can hope to receive. It's recognition not just for my person, but, I think, for our entire team, for the organisations that have supported our work. And I think for Germany it is certainly a sign that, hopefully, will attract more young people into science, because for a while it looked like we were out of luck with modern Nobel Prizes. Of course, in the early days, Germany did pretty well. Nach den Preisen 1997, 1999 (Chemie) und 2001 ist das der vierte Nobelpreis in nur einer Dekade für ein Thema aus der Photonik , ein klarer Beleg für die Bedeutung des Themas. Als dieses Sonderheft geplant wurde, war von dieser Nobelpreisverleihung nichts zu ahnen, jetzt erscheint die Thematik Femtonik natürlich in einem ganz anderen Licht. Die Preisverleihung bestätigt, wie wichtig und grundlegend die Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet sind. Nicht zuletzt durch die Preisträger wurden Forschung und Entwicklung in den letzten Jahren massiv vorangetrieben und führten sowohl zu bahnbrechenden Erkenntnissen in der Grundlagenforschung als auch zu ersten neuen Verfahren und Produkten. Das Anliegen dieses Heftes ist es nun, dem Nicht-Experten die Grundlagen der Femtonik zu erklären und anhand von einigen Beispielen Anwendungen vorzustellen, die das Labor inzwischen verlassen haben. Darunter ist übrigens auch ein Beitrag (S. 48), der die Umsetzung genau jener Idee beschreibt, für die John Hall und Theodor Hänsch Ihren Preis erhielten. Ein entscheidender Hintergrund bei diesem Thema war und ist die gezielte Förderung durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. Ein Bekenntnis dazu finden Sie auch im Beitrag des Referatsleiters "Optische Technologien" auf Seite 25. Zum Zeitpunkt der Druckfreigabe stand die neue Regierungsmannschaft noch nicht fest. Wir können uns nur wünschen, dass die neue Regierung ernst macht mit Ihrem Ziel, Exzellenz in der Forschung und Entwicklung stärker zu fördern. Denn gerade der aktuelle Nobelpreis zeigt es: Spitzenforschung geht auch in Deutschland. Vor ein paar Jahren war Femtonik einfach "nur" Grundlagenforschung. Heute gibt es auf diesem Gebiet einerseits Nobelpreise, andererseits werden die ersten Kurzpulslaser in der Automobilindustrie eingeführt. Hoffen wir, dass dieses Beispiel Schule macht. * Interview von Joanna Rose, © Nobel Web AB [source] | |||||||||||||||||||