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Archetypes

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Psychology	39%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	15%
Life Sciences	11%
Humanities and Social Sciences	11%
Chemistry	7%
Medical Sciences	3%
3 Other Domains	14%

Selected Abstracts

Bis(fluoromesityl) Palladium Complexes, Archetypes of Steric Crowding and Axial Protection by ortho Effect , Evidence for Dissociative Substitution Processes , Observation of 19F,19F Through-Space Couplings

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2004
Camino Bartolomé
Abstract Bisarylated complexes trans -[Pd(Fmes)2(SR2)2] [Fmes = 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (fluoromesityl); SR2 = SMe2, tht; tht = tetrahydrothiophene] are precursors for various bisarylated fluoromesityl palladium(II) complexes by ligand-substitution reactions. Boiling under reflux in acetonitrile gives the mixed complexes trans -[Pd(Fmes)2(NCMe)(SR2)], whereas boiling under reflux in toluene leads to trans -[PdCl2L2] (L = PMe3, tBuNC, pTol-NC, 4-MePy), in the presence of neutral monodentate ligands, or to (NnBu4)[trans -Pd(Fmes)2I(SR2)] when treated with (NnBu4)I. trans -[Pd(Fmes)2(SMe2)2] reacts with bidentate ligands, also boiling under reflux in toluene, to give [Pd(Fmes)2(L,L)] [L,L = Me2bipy, 2,2, - biquinolyl, ,2N,N, -OCPy2, dppm (Ph2PCH2PPh2), dppe (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2), pte (PhSCH2CH2SPh), ,2S,N -SPPh2Py, ,2O,N -OPPhPy2], or the bimetallic complex [Pd(Fmes)2(,-1,N:1,2,O:2,N -Py2MeCO)Pd(Fmes)(SMe2)] (characterized by X-ray diffractometry) when treated with (OH)(CH3)CPy2. The crowding associated with two Fmes groups produces several interesting features: (1) trans complexes are preferred over cis complexes, against the expected electronic preferences; (2) the low-temperature NMR spectra of several complexes, or the X-ray diffraction structure of [Pd(Fmes)2(2,2, - biquinolyl)], reveal significant structural distortions associated with steric crowding; (3) the need for boiling under reflux in the synthesis suggests a dissociative substitution mechanism, which is unknown so far for Pd; (4) some of the complexes show 19F,19F through-space couplings. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source]

Editing a Journal: Archetypes of Incoming Mail

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 1 2009
I. M. Gategarder
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Archetypes as action patterns,

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
George B. Hogenson
Abstract:, The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. Translations of Abstract La découverte de neurones miroirs par des chercheurs de l'université de Parme promet une altération radicale de notre compréhension des états cognitifs et affectifs fondamentaux. Cet article analyse le rapport entre les neurones miroirs et la théorie des archétypes de Jung. Il pose l'éventualité que les archétypes puissent être envisagés comme des «patterns»élémentaires d'action. Il part d'une interprétation des évanouissements de Freud aux temps de sa relation avec Jung, comme exemple de «pattern» d'action définissant également une image archétypique. Le défi posé par les neurones miroirs aux conceptions traditionnelles de la psychologie analytique et de la psychanalyse, réside dans une modalité de fonctionnement qui exclut le recours aux processus cognitifs. Une telle conception est de plus en plus répandue et ce, dans des champs divers. L'article passe en revue les dernières avancées du Boston Process of Change Study Group, de même que les conclusions des théories dynamiques du développement et de la robotique théorique, pour appuyer l'idée que les agents inconscients ne sont pas la condition absolue d'une action cohérente. L'article s'achève en évoquant la probabilité que l'ensemble de ces recherches ne parviennent à la conclusion que l'inconscient dynamique constitue une hypothèse superflue en psychanalyse et en psychologie analytique. Die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen durch Forscher an der Universität von Parma verspricht eine radikale Änderung unseres Verständnisses von Kognitiven und affektiven Zuständen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Spiegelneuronen und Jungs Theorie der Archetypen und kommt zu dem Vorschlag, daß Archetypen als elementare Verhaltensmuster zu betrachten seien. Begonnen wird mit einer Rückschau auf eine angenommene Interpretation der Ohnmachtsanfälle S. Freuds im Kontakt mit Jung als eines Beispiels für ein Verhaltensmuster, das gleichzeitig ein archetypisches Bild definiert. Die Herausforderung aber, die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen für die traditionellen Sichtweisen der Analytischen Psychologie und Psychoanalyse darstellt besteht darin, daß sie ohne Rückgriff auf kognitive Prozeßelemente funktionieren. Dies ist eine Position, die auch auf anderen Gebieten zunehmend an Akzeptanz gewinnt. Der Aufsatz resümiert deswegen die neuesten diesbezüglichen Theorien, die von der Bostoner Forschungsgruppe ,Prozeß des Wandels' aufgestellt wurden sowie die Schlüsse, die aus der Untersuchung von dynamischen Systemen, aus Erkenntnissen der praktischen und theoretischen Roboterentwicklung gewonnen wurden um die Folgerung zu stützen, daß die Existenz einer Ebene des Unbewußten zur Ausführung kohärenter Aktionen nicht erforderlich ist. Der Text schließt mit der Annahme, daß der gesamte Fundus dieser Forschung zu der Folgerung führen könnte, daß das dynamische Unbewußte eine unnötige Hypothese der Psychoanalyse und der Analytischen Psychologie sei. La scoperta dei neuroni specchio fatta dai ricercatori dell'Università di Parma ci permette di cambiare radicalmente il nostro modo di intendere gli stati fondamentali cognitivi e affettivi. In questo lavoro viene presa in esame la relazione tra i neuroni specchio e la teoria degli archetipi e si propone di considerare gli archetipi come schemi di azione elementari. Si inizia riesaminando una interpretazione degli svenimenti di Freud nella sua relazione con Jung considerandola come un esempio di uno schema di azione che definisce anche un'immagine archetipica. La sfida che i neuroni specchio presentano al punto di vista tradizionale della psicologia analitica e della psicoanalisi è che essi operano senza ricorrere a un elemento procedurale cognitivo. Tale posizione viene sempre più accettata anche in altri campi. In questo scritto si analizzano poi sia le più recenti affermazioni fatte dal Boston Process of Change Study Group sia le conclusioni raggiunte dal punto di vista dei sistemi dinamici di sviluppo e dalla teoria robotica per giungere alla conclusione che l'agentività dell'inconscio non è un requisito necessario per un'azione coerente. Il lavoro si conclude con la considerazione che questo intero corpo di ricerca può condurre alla conclusione che un inconscio dinamico non rappresenta un'ipotesi necessaria né nella psicoanalisi né nella psicologia analitica. El descubrimiento de las neuronas de espejo por las investigadores en la Universidad de Parma prometen alterar radicalmente nuestra comprensión de estados cognoscitivos y afectivos fundamentales. Este trabajo explora la relación de las neuronas de espejo con la teoría del Jung de los arquetipos y propone que los arquetipos puedan ser vistos como pautas elementales de acción. Se inicia con una revisión de la interpretación propuesta a los desvanecimientos de S. Freud en su relación con Jung como ejemplo de una pauta de acción que define una imagen arquetípica. El desafío que las neuronas espejo presenta a los conceptos tradicionales en la psicología analítica y el psicoanálisis, sin embargo, es que ellos operan sin el recurso de un elemento de procesamiento cognoscitivo. Es esta una posición que ha ganado aceptación también en otros campos. El trabajo por lo tanto revisa las reflexiones más recientes del Grupo de Estudio del Proceso de Cambio de Boston así como las conclusiones descritas por las dinámicas de los sistemas del desarrollo y la robótica teórica para subrayar la conclusión de que el control inconsciente no es un requisito para la acción coherente. El papel concluye con la sugerencia según la cual estas investigaciones pueden llevar a la conclusión de que el inconsciente dinámico es una hipótesis innecesaria en el psicoanálisis y la psicología analítica. [source]

Lycanthropy alive in Babylon: the existence of archetype

ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2009
A. A. Younis
Objective:, Lycanthropy is the belief in the capacity of human metamorphosis into animal form. It has been recorded in many cultures. Apart from historic description of lycanthropy, there has been several case reports described in the medical literature over the past 30 years. Method:, We identified eight cases of lycanthropy in 20 years, mainly in the area of Babylon, Iraq. Results:, The most commonly reported diagnosis was severe depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms. The type of animal that the patients changed into were mainly dogs (seven cases) and only one case changed into a cow for the first time to report. Conclusion:, Lycanthropy delusion is a rare delusion but appears to have survived into modern times with possible archetypal existence. [source]

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa patatin-like protein PlpD is the archetype of a novel Type V secretion system

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010
Richard Salacha
Summary We discovered a novel secreted protein by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PlpD, as a member of the bacterial lipolytic enzyme family of patatin-like proteins (PLPs). PlpD is synthesized as a single molecule consisting of a secreted domain fused to a transporter domain. The N-terminus of PlpD includes a classical signal peptide followed by the four PLP conserved blocks that account for its lipase activity. The C-terminus consists of a POTRA (polypeptide transport-associated) motif preceding a putative 16-stranded ,-barrel similar to those of TpsB transporters of Type Vb secretion system. We showed that the C-terminus remains inserted into the outer membrane while the patatin moiety is secreted. The association between a TpsB component and a passenger protein is a unique hybrid organization that we propose to classify as Type Vd. More than 200 PlpD orthologues exist among pathogenic and environmental bacteria, which suggests that bacteria secrete numerous PLPs using this newly defined mechanism. [source]

Complete sequence of the IncP-9 TOL plasmid pWW0 from Pseudomonas putida

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 12 2002
Alicia Greated
Summary The TOL plasmid pWW0 (117 kb) is the best studied catabolic plasmid and the archetype of the IncP-9 plasmid incompatibility group from Pseudomonas. It carries the degradative (xyl) genes for toluenes and xylenes within catabolic transposons Tn4651 and Tn4653. Analysis of the complete pWW0 nucleotide sequence revealed 148 putative open reading frames. Of these, 77 showed similarity to published sequences in the available databases predicting functions for: plasmid replication, stable maintenance and transfer; phenotypic determinants; gene regulation and expression; and transposition. All identifiable transposition functions lay within the boundaries of the 70 kb transposon Tn4653, leaving a 46 kb sector containing all the IncP-9 core functions. The replicon and stable inheritance region was very similar to the mini-replicon from IncP-9 antibiotic resistance plasmid pM3, with their Rep proteins forming a novel group of initiation proteins. pWW0 transfer functions exist as two blocks encoding putative DNA processing and mating pair formation genes, with organizational and sequence similarity to IncW plasmids. In addition to the known Tn4651 and IS1246 elements, two additional transposable elements were identified as well as several putative transposition functions, which are probably genetic remnants from previous transposition events. Genes likely to be responsible for known resistance to ultraviolet light and free radicals were identified. Other putative phenotypic functions identified included resistance to mercury and other metal ions, as well as to quaternary ammonium compounds. The complexity and size of pWW0 is largely the result of the mosaic organization of the transposable elements that it carries, rather than the backbone functions of IncP-9 plasmids. [source]

Gene expression and digit homology in the chicken embryo wing

EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2005
Monique C. M. Welten
Summary The bird wing is of special interest to students of homology and avian evolution. Fossil and developmental data give conflicting indications of digit homology if a pentadactyl "archetype" is assumed. Morphological signs of a vestigial digit I are seen in bird embryos, but no digit-like structure develops in wild-type embryos. To examine the developmental mechanisms of digit loss, we studied the expression of the high-mobility group box containing Sox9 gene, and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1b (bmpR-1b),markers for precondensation and prechondrogenic cells, respectively. We find an elongated domain of Sox9 expression, but no bmpR-1b expression, anterior to digit II. We interpret this as a digit I domain that reaches precondensation, but not condensation or precartilage stages. It develops late, when the tissue in which it is lodged is being remodeled. We consider these findings in the light of previous Hoxd-11 misexpression studies. Together, they suggest that there is a digit I vestige in the wing that can be rescued and undergo development if posterior patterning cues are enhanced. We observed Sox9 expression in the elusive "element X" that is sometimes stated to represent a sixth digit. Indeed, incongruity between digit domains and identities in theropods disappears if birds and other archosaurs are considered primitively polydactyl. Our study provides the first gene expression evidence for at least five digital domains in the chick wing. The failure of the first to develop may be plausibly linked to attenuation of posterior signals. [source]

Electronic Structure and Geminate Pair Energetics at Organic,Organic Interfaces: The Case of Pentacene/C60 Heterojunctions

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 23 2009
Stijn Verlaak
Abstract Organic semiconductors are characterized by localized states whose energies are predominantly determined by electrostatic interactions with their immediate molecular environment. As a result, the details of the energy landscape at heterojunctions between different organic semiconductors cannot simply be deduced from those of the individual semiconductors, and they have so far remained largely unexplored. Here, microelectrostatic computations are performed to clarify the nature of the electronic structure and geminate pair energetics at the pentacene/C60 interface, as archetype for an interface between a donor molecule and a fullerene electron acceptor. The size and orientation of the molecular quadrupole moments, determined by material choice, crystal orientation, and thermodynamic growth parameters of the semiconductors, dominate the interface energetics. Not only do quadrupoles produce direct electrostatic interactions with charge carriers, but, in addition, the discontinuity of the quadrupole field at the interface induces permanent interface dipoles. That discontinuity is particularly striking for an interface with C60 molecules, which by virtue of their symmetry possess no quadrupole. Consequently, at a pentacene/C60 interface, both the vacuum-level shift and geminate pair dissociation critically depend on the orientation of the pentacene ,-system relative to the adjacent C60. [source]

The changing professional organization: A review of competing archetypes

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 3 2006
David M. Brock
The aim of this paper is to summarize literature relevant to the professional organization and to present a contemporary analysis of the archetype concept in this field. In order to understand recent and ongoing changes in professional organizations, the paper begins with a review of how the professional archetype evolved from the 1960s to 1990. Then, with examples from contemporary accounting, health care and law organizations, it considers the processes by which an institutionalized archetype can change. Forces for change , such as deregulation, competition, technology and globalization , can challenge the interpretive scheme and eventually delegitimize the existing archetype. At the same time, significant environmental changes can override isomorphic pressures and de-institutionalize the long-accepted structures. Thus we herald the emergence a new professional archetype , or perhaps several competing archetypes. Finally, the paper reviews the evolving field of professional organization as a whole, and understands the extant archetypes. A typology of professional organizations is proposed that currently seems to have three clusters of organizations , possibly three competing archetypes , namely, the traditional professional partnership, the specialized ,Star' form and the corporate global professional network, or GPN. [source]

Theorizing Diaspora: Perspectives on "Classical" and "Contemporary" Diaspora

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 2 2004
Michele Reis
Cohen (1997) employed the term "classical" diaspora in reference to the Jews. Indeed, a vast corpus of work recognizes the Jewish people as examples of quintessential diasporic groups. However, a broader conceptualization of the term diaspora allows for the inclusion of immigrant communities that would be otherwise sidelined in the conventional literature on diaspora. This study is therefore a departure from the traditional diasporic literature, which tends to use the Jewish Diaspora as the archetype. It favours, rather, the classification of three principal broad historical waves in which the Jewish Diaspora can be interpreted as part of a classical period. The historicizing of diasporization for the purpose of this paper is achieved by an empirical discussion of the three major historical waves that influenced the diasporic process throughout the world: the Classical Period, the Modern Period, and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The paper discusses these three critical phases in the following manner: first, reference is made to the Classical Period, which is associated primarily with ancient diaspora and ancient Greece. The second historical phase analyses diaspora in relation to the Modern Period, which can be interpreted as a central historical fact of slavery and colonization. This section can be further subdivided into three large phases: (1) the expansion of European capital (1500,1814), (2) the Industrial Revolution (1815,1914), and (3) the Interwar Period (1914,1945). The final major period of diasporization can be considered a Contemporary or Late-modern phenomenon. It refers to the period immediately after World War II to the present day, specifying the case of the Hispanics in the United States as one key example. The paper outlines some aspects of the impact of the Latin American diaspora on the United States, from a socio-economic and politico-cultural point of view. While the Modern and Late-modern periods are undoubtedly the most critical for an understanding of diaspora in a modern, globalized context, for the purpose of this paper, more emphasis is placed on the latter period, which illustrates the progressive effect of globalization on the phenomenon of diasporization. The second period, the Modern Phase is not examined in this paper, as the focus is on a comparative analysis of the early Classical Period and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The incorporation of diaspora as a unit of analysis in the field of international relations has been largely neglected by both recent and critical scholarship on the subject matter. While a growing number of studies focus on the increasing phenomenon of diasporic communities, from the vantage of social sciences, the issue of diaspora appears to be inadequately addressed or ignored altogether. Certain key factors present themselves as limitations to the understanding of the concept, as well as its relevance to the field of international relations and the social sciences as a whole. This paper is meant to clarify some aspects of the definition of diaspora by critiquing the theories in the conventional literature, exposing the lacunae in terms of interpretation of diaspora and in the final analysis, establishing a historiography that may be useful in comparing certain features of "classical" diaspora and "contemporary" diaspora. The latter part of the paper is intended to provide illustrations of a contemporary diasporic community, using the example of Hispanics in the United States. [source]

Ecosystem engineering across ecosystems: do engineer species sharing common features have generalized or idiosyncratic effects on species diversity?

JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2006
Ernesto I. Badano
Abstract Aim, To integrate the effects of ecosystem engineers (organisms that create, maintain or destroy habitat for other species) sharing the same archetype on species diversity, and assess whether different engineer species have generalized or idiosyncratic effects across environmentally similar ecosystems. Location, High-Andean habitats of Chile and Argentina, from 23° S to 41° S. Methods, We measured and compared the effects of eight alpine plants with cushion growth-form on species richness, species diversity (measured as the Shannon,Wiener index) and evenness of vascular plant assemblages across four high-Andean ecosystems of Chile and Argentina. Results, The presence of cushion plants always increased the species richness, diversity (measured as the Shannon,Wiener index) and evenness of high-Andean plant assemblages. However, while the presence of different cushion species within the same ecosystem controlled species diversity in the same way, these effects varied between cushion species from different ecosystems. Main conclusions, Results consistently supported the idea that increases in habitat complexity due to the presence of ecosystem engineers, in this case cushion plants, would lead to higher community diversity. Results also indicate that effects of the presence of different cushion species within the same ecosystem could be generalized, while the effects of cushion species from different ecosystems should be considered idiosyncratic. [source]

Investigation on the role of cell transcriptional factor Sp1 and HIV-1 TAT protein in PML onset or development

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005
M. Mischitelli
JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), characterized by multiple areas of demyelination and attendant loss of brain function. PML is often associated with immunodepression and it is significantly frequent in AIDS patients. The viral genome is divided into early and late genes, between which lies a non-coding control region (NCCR) that regulates JCV replication and presents a great genetic variability. The NCCR of JCV archetype (CY strain) is divided into six regions: A,F containing binding sites for cell factors involved in viral transcription. Deletions and enhancements of these binding sites characterize JCV variants, which could promote viral gene expression and could be more suitable for the onset or development of PML. Therefore, we evaluated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of JCV genome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV positive and negative subjects both with PML and after sequencing, we analyzed the viral variants found focusing on Sp1 binding sites (box B and D) and up-TAR sequence (box C). It is known that Sp1 activates JCV early promoter and can contribute in maintaining methylation-free CpG islands in active genes, while up-TAR sequence is important for HIV-1 Tat stimulation of JCV late promoter. Our results showed that in HIV-positive subjects all NCCR structures presented enhancements of up-TAR element, whereas in HIV-negative subjects both Sp1 binding sites were always retained. Therefore, we can support the synergism HIV-1/JCV in CNS and we can hypothesize that both Sp1 binding sites could be important to complete JCV replication cycle in absence of HIV-coinfection. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Making Sense of Inquiry Sensemaking

JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 1 2000
Andrew D. Brown
This paper presents a discourse analysis of a report of a tribunal of inquiry in order to further our understanding of inquiry team sensemaking. The subject of the paper is the report of the Allitt Inquiry into attacks on children on Ward 4 at Grantham and Kesteven Hospital in the UK. Premised on an understanding of the report as an exercise in sensemaking, and sensemaking as a narrative process, the paper illustrates how authorial strategies centred on issues of normalization, observation and absolution are employed to create a rhetorical and verisimilitudinous artefact. This, it is argued, is accomplished as part of a more general strategy of depoliticizing the disaster event, legitimating social institutions (especially those connected with the medical profession), ameliorating anxieties by elaborating fantasies of omnipotence and control, and thenceforth acting as a sensitizing narrative archetype. [source]

Functional analysis of polyomavirus BK non-coding control region quasispecies from kidney transplant recipients

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 11 2009
Gunn-Hege Olsen
Abstract Replication of the human polyomavirus BK (BKV) in renal tubular epithelial cells causes viruria and BKV-nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients. Following prolonged high-level BKV replication, rearrangement of the archetype non-coding control region (NCCR) leads to a mixture of BKV variants. The aim of this study was to compare potential functional differences of 12 rearranged (rr)-NCCR variants with the archetype (ww)-NCCR (WWT) found in allograft biopsies or urine from three kidney transplant recipients including two with BKV-nephropathy. Twelve different rr-NCCRs and one archetype ww-NCCR were inserted between the early and late protein coding region of BKV(Dunlop) to make recombinant BKV genomes for transfection into Vero cells. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative PCR demonstrated that viral protein expression and extracellular BKV loads of 10 rr-NCCR variants were similar or higher than observed for the ww-NCCR BKV. Two rr-NCCR variants (RH-2 and RH-19) were non-functional. The functional rr-NCCRs produced infectious progeny successfully infecting primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. The number of infected cells and extracellular BKV loads corresponded to the activity seen in Vero cells. Three rr-NCCR variants (RH-1, RH-10, RH-13) only gave rise to a few infected cells similar to ww-NCCR, whereas seven variants had intermediate activity (RH-5, RH-6, RH-8, RH-9, RH-11) or high replication activity (RH-7 and RH-18) with several hundred infected cells per well. The results indicate that both functional and non-functional BKV rr-NCCR variants arise during BKV replication in kidney transplant recipients and that most functional rr-NCCR variants confer a higher replication capacity than archetype ww-NCCR. J. Med. Virol. 81:1959,1967, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues in physics and chemistry: Teacher candidates' beliefs

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 4 2010
Sarah Elizabeth Barrett
Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in-depth interviews, while the participants (n,=,12) were enrolled in a 9-month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject-specific identities of our teacher candidates,Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject-discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380,401, 2010 [source]

34 Senso-reflexory control of the gastric myoelectrical activity , effect of oral exposure to a sweet or a bitter taste on a multichannel electrogastrogram

NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 6 2006
M DZIELICKI
Aim:, To examine the effect of sensory stimulation with a sweet or a bitter taste on the interdigestive gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) in humans. Methods:, Eighteen healthy subjects (10F, 8M) underwent on two separate days four-channel electrogastrographic recordings comprising three consecutive 35 min periods: (i) basal fasted, (ii) a stimulation epoch while a subject was chewing an agar cube soaked with a taste-delivering substance (saccharose for the sweet taste, quinine hydrochloride for the bitter taste), (iii) a post-stimulatory (recovery) epoch. An electrocardiogram was simultaneously registered for the purpose of the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Results:, Exposure to the sweet taste brought about an increase in the power of the high frequency (HF: 0.15,0.4 Hz) band of the power spectrum-analyzed HRV data. The bitter taste had no effect on the HRV. During the stimulation and the recovery epoch a statistically significant augmentation in the relative time share of tachy- and bradygastria within the multichannel electrogastrogram was found either with the sweet or the bitter taste. Whereas no any other modifications of the GMA were elicited by the sweet taste, the exposure to the bitter taste resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the relative time share of normogastria, a decline in the dominant frequency and the dominant power of the gastric slow waves, as well as a reduction in the percentage of the slow wave coupling. Conclusions:, (i) Exposure to the sweet taste elicits a vagal arousal expressed by an increase in the HF power, whereas the bitter taste does not affect the equilibrium between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic component of the autonomous nervous system; (ii) The increased relative time contribution of tachy- and bradygastria within the electrogastrogram during both the stimulation and the recovery epoch should be considered an unspecific phenomenon because it accompanied stimulation either with the sweet or the bitter taste; (iii) The inhibitory effect of the bitter taste on the GMA, reflected by a diminution in the dominant frequency and the dominant power of the gastric slow waves, as well as their reduced coupling, may be indicative of an evolutionary archetype of a warning reaction of the human (mammalian) organism towards this taste. [source]

The enemy: a twenty-first century archetypal study

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2010
Maxine Sheets-Johnstone
Abstract This paper delineates the biologically based archetype of the enemy, showing how it derives ideationally and affectively from the archetype of the stranger, the latter an evolutionary given within the lives of animate creatures. In doing so, it both extends Jung's classic exposition of archetypes and sustains their relationship to instincts. It shows how globalization magnifies the archetype of the enemy; how, in a living sense, stranger and archetype are taxonomically distinct; and how, just as the enemy is the cultural elaboration of the biologically based archetype of the stranger, so war is the cultural elaboration of male-male competition. In elucidating these aspects of the enemy, it makes explicit reference to Darwin's lengthy descriptive writings about male-male competition across invertebrate and vertebrate species. Key implications and ramifications are discussed on the basis of both Jung's and Darwin's insights into what is commonly known as ,the mind/body problem.' Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Approaching archetypes: reconsidering innateness

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010
Erik Goodwyn
Abstract:, The question of innateness has hounded Jungian psychology since Jung originally postulated the archetype as an a priori structure within the psyche. During his life and after his death he was continually accused of Lamarckianism and criticized for his theory that the archetypes existed as prior structures. More recently, with the advent of genetic research and the human genome project, the idea that psychological structures can be innate has come under even harsher criticism even within Jungian thought. There appears to be a growing consensus that Jung's idea of innate psychological structures was misguided, and that perhaps the archetype-as-such should be abandoned for more developmental and ,emergent' theories of the psyche. The purpose of this essay is to question this conclusion, and introduce some literature on psychological innateness that appears relevant to this discussion. Translations of Abstract La question de l'innéité a talonné la psychologie jungienne dès le moment où Jung postula que l'archétype était une structure a priori contenue dans la psyché. Tout au long de sa vie et après sa mort, il fut constamment accusé de lamarckisme et critiqué pour sa théorie de l'existence des archétypes comme structures a priori. Plus récemment, avec l'avènement des recherches en génétique et le projet du génome humain, l'idée que les structures psychologiques pourraient être innées a suscité les foudres de la critique, y compris au sein même de la pensée jungienne. Il semblerait qu'il y ait un consensus croissant quant au caractère erroné de la théorie de Jung de l'existence de structures psychologiques innées, ainsi qu'une tendance générale à considérer que l'archétype-en-soi devrait être abandonné au profit de théories psychiques plus développementales et «émergentes ». Le but de cet essai est d'interroger une telle conclusion et d'introduire un peu de littérature sur l'innéité psychologique afin d'alimenter la discussion. Die Frage nach dem Angeborenen hat die jungianische Psychologie umgetrieben seit Jung den Archetyp als eine a priori in der Psyche vorhandene Struktur postulierte. Während seines Lebens und nach seinem Tode wurde er fortwährend des Lamarckismusses beschuldigt und für seine Theorie kritisiert, nach der die Archetypen als a-priori-Strukturen vorhanden sein sollen. Unlängst, mit dem Aufblühen der genetischen Forschung und dem Projekt der Entschlüsselung des menschlichen Genoms, erntete die Idee, daß psychische Strukturen angeboren sein könnten, selbst im jungianischen Denken noch harschere Kritik. Es scheint einen wachsenden Konsens darüber zu geben, daß Jungs Idee der angeborenen psychischen Strukturen irreführend sei und daß vielleicht der Archetyp-an-sich aufgegeben werden sollte zugunsten von entwicklungspsychologischen und ,emergenten' Theorien des Seelischen. Der Zweck dieses Essays ist es, diesen Schluß in Frage zu stellen und einige Literatur zum psychisch Angeborenen vorzustellen, die für diese Diskussion relevant zu sein scheint. La questione dell' innato ha perseguitatola psicologia junghiana da quando originariamente Jung considerò l'archetipo come una struttura a priori all'interno della psiche. Durante la vita e anche dopo la morte venne continuamente accusato di Lamarchismo e criticato per la sua teoria degli archetipi come struttura a priori. Più recentemente, con l'avvento della ricerca genetica e del progetto del genoma umano, l'idea che strutture psicologiche possano essere innate è stata criticata ancora più duramente anche all'interno del pensiero junghiano. Sembra esserci un crescente consenso al fatto che l'idea junghiana di strutture psicologiche innate sia sviante e che forse l'archetipo in quanto tale debba essere abbandonato in favore di teorie della psiche più evolutive e ,emergenti'. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di mettere in discussione tale conclusione, e porta della letteratura su aspetti psicologici innati rilevante per questa discussione. La pregunta sobre lo innato ha acosado a la psicología Jungiana desde que Jung postuló originalmente el arquetipo como una estructura a priori dentro de la psique. Durante su vida y después su muerte fue acusado continuamente de Lamarckianismo y criticado para su teoría de que los arquetipos existieron como a priori. Más recientemente, con el advenimiento de investigación genética y el proyecto genoma humano, la idea que las estructuras psicológicas puedan ser innatas, ha surgido una crítica más dura aún dentro del pensamiento Jungiano. Allí parece haber un consenso creciente en relación a que la idea de Jung de estructuras psicológicas innatas fue confusa, y que quizás la idea del arquetipo como-tal, debe ser abandonada y dar cabida a teorías más desarrolladas y ,actualizadas' de la psique. El propósito de este ensayo es de cuestionar esta conclusión, e introducir alguna literatura sobre lo innato psicológico, la cual pereciera pertinente en esta discusión. [source]

The ,self' in analytical psychology: the function of the ,central archetype' within Fordham's model

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
Elizabeth Urban
Abstract:, This paper concerns the self as Fordham came to conceive it after a conceptual analysis of Jung's use of the term. Fordham identified a contradiction in Jung's usage, and resolved it by reserving ,self' for a definition of the psychosomatic entirety of the individual, and using a separate term for referring to expressions of the self in human experience (e.g. symbols). Fordham tentatively suggested that the latter be termed the ,central archetype', although this was neither developed nor dropped. I explore the value of this term from a developmental perspective and, more specifically in terms of the deintegration of psyche out of an early psychosomatic unity. This draws upon infant research and an observation of a 14-month old boy. Finally, further developments are briefly described and illustrated, whereby pre-symbolic expressions of the central archetype become symbolic and come to reflect what was for Jung, the ,ultimate', ,Formation, Transformation, Eternal Mind's eternal recreation'. Translations of Abstract Cet article traite du soi tel que Fordham fut amenéà le concevoir, à partir d'une analyse conceptuelle de l'usage jungien de ce terme. Fordham identifia chez Jung une contradiction dans l'usage du terme, qu'il résolut en réservant « soi »à une définition de l'entièreté psychosomatique de l'individu et en utilisant un terme séparé pour se référer aux expressions du soi dans l'expérience humaine (les symboles). Fordham proposa de nommer « archétype central » ces occurrences du soi, mais cette proposition ne fut ni développée ni abandonnée. J'étudie dans cet article la valeur de ce terme dans une perspective développementale et, plus spécifiquement, en termes de dé-intégration de la psyché dans une unité psychosomatique précoce, ceci en référence à l' « infant research », ainsi qu'à l'observation d'un bébé de quatorze mois. Enfin, je décris et illustre brièvement des développements ultérieurs, dans lesquels des expressions pré-symboliques de l'archétype central deviennent symboliques et en viennent à refléter ce qui pour Jung était le but « ultime »; « Formation, Transformation, Eternelle recréation de l'Esprit Éternel ». Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Selbst, so wie Fordham es entwickelt und verstanden hat, einer begrifflichen Analyse von Jungs Gebrauch des Terminus Selbst folgend. Fordham erkannte einen Widerspruch in Jungs Gebrauch und er löste ihn auf, indem er das ,Selbst' für die Definition der psychosomatischen Gesamtheit des Individuums reservierte und einen gesonderten Begriff benutzte, um auf die Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten des Selbst in der menschlichen Erfahrung (z. B. Symbole) zu verweisen. Fordham schlug versuchsweise vor, dieses letztere als ,zentralen Archetypus' zu bezeichnen, wenngleich dieser Vorschlag weder weiter entwickelt, noch fallen gelassen wurde. Ich untersuche den Wert dieses Begriffes von einer entwicklungspsychologischen Perspektive aus und, noch spezifischer, in Begriffen der Deintegration der Psyche ausgehend von einer frühen psychosomatischen Einheit. Dieses verweist auf die Säuglingsforschung und die Beobachtung eines 14 Monate alten Jungen. Schließlich werden weitere Entwicklungen kurz beschrieben und illustriert, wobei die präsymbolischen Äußerungen des zentralen Archetypus zu symbolischen werden und beginnen, das zu reflektieren, was für Jung das ,Endgültige war, Formation, Transformation, des ewigen Geistes ewige Neugestaltung'. Questo lavoro tratta del sé come Fordham giunse a considerarlo, seguendo un'analisi concettuale dell'uso che Jung ne fece. Fordham scoprì una contraddizione nel modo di usarlo di Jung, e la risolse riservando il termine sé per una definizione della totalità psicosomatica dell'individuo e utilizzando un termine diverso per riferirsi all'espressione del sé nell'esperienza umana (ad es. i simboli). Fordham propose come tentativo di chiamare quest'ultimo ,archetipo centrale' sebbene questo non fosse né sviluppato né lasciato cadere. Esamino il valore di questo termine da un punto di vista evolutivo e, più specificamente in termini di deintegrazione della psiche a partire da una totalità psicosomatica. Ciò si basa sull'infant research e sull'osservazione di un bambino di 14 mesi. Infine verranno descritti e illustrati ulteriori sviluppi per mezzo dei quali le espressioni dell'archetipo centrale divengono simboliche e arrivano a riflettere ciò che per Jung era ,il definitivo'; ,Formazione, Trasformazione, creazione eterna della Mente Eterna'. Este trabajo se refiere al self tal como Fordham lo concibe, seguido de un análisis conceptual del uso que Jung le da al término. Fordham encuentra una contradicción en la utilización de Jung, y la resuelve reservando el término ,self' para definir la entidad psicosomática del individuo, y utilizando un término aparte para referirse a las expresiones del self en la experiencia humana (p.ej. los símbolos). Tentativamente Fordham sugiere que este último sea denominado como ,arquetipo central', a pesar de que este no se haya desarrollado ni caído. Exploro el valor de este término desde la perspectiva desarrollista y, mas específicamente en términos de desintegración de la psique de la unidad psicosomática temprana. Ello mediante la investigación y la observación de un niño de 14 meses de edad. Finalmente, otros desarrollos son descritos e ilustrados, donde las expresiones pre-simbólicas del arquetipo central se hacen simbólicas y reflejan lo que para Jung era, ,la finalidad', ,Formación, Transformación, la recreación de la Mente eterna'. [source]

Towards a theory of the integration of the Other in representation

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2005
François Martin-Vallas
Abstract:, In this article1, the author tries to uncover the elements of a theoretical model which would take into account the psychic transformations necessary to facilitate the emergence of representation. Toward this end, he firstly relies on Jung's notion of the archetype and Freud's idea of hallucinatory wish fulfilment, which he reconsiders in the light of the writings of Fordham (de-integration and re-integration of the primary self), and of Jean Laplanche (primary seduction), and linking it to the model based on chaos theory as developed in physics. He thus concludes that under the influence of primary seduction, the archetype is able to become a veritable, strange psychic attractor, enabling the determining factor of the instinctual axis of the archetype to open up to the possibility of symbolization, a necessary underlying feature for the occurrence of subjectivity. He ends his argument with a brief clinical vignette which illustrates the effect of openness to the psychic unknown constituted by primary seduction in the transference. [source]

Principle of organization: a dynamic-systems view of the archetype-as-such

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001
Maxson J. McDowell
The personality is a dynamic system. Like all other dynamic systems, it must be self-organized. In this paper I focus upon the archetype-as-such, that is, upon the essential core around which both an archetypal image and a complex are organized. I argue that an archetype-as-such is a pre-existing principle of organization. Within the personality that principle manifests itself as a psychological vortex (a complex) into which we are drawn. The vortex is impersonal. We mediate it through myths and rituals or through consciousness. In this paper I show that Jung's intuition about the archetype-as-such is supported by recent science. I evaluate other concepts of the archetype. My concept is different from that proposed recently by Saunders and Skar. My concept allows each archetype-as-such to be defined precisely in mathematical terms. It suggests a new interpretation of mythology. It also addresses our spiritual experience of an archetype. Because the archetypes-as-such are fundamental to the personality, the better we understand them the better we understand our patients. The paper is grounded with clinical examples. [source]

Structure of the endonuclease IV homologue from Thermotoga maritima in the presence of active-site divalent metal ions

ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010
Stephen J. Tomanicek
The most frequent lesion in DNA is at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites resulting from DNA-base losses. These AP-site lesions can stall DNA replication and lead to genome instability if left unrepaired. The AP endonucleases are an important class of enzymes that are involved in the repair of AP-site intermediates during damage-general DNA base-excision repair pathways. These enzymes hydrolytically cleave the 5,-phosphodiester bond at an AP site to generate a free 3,-hydroxyl group and a 5,-terminal sugar phosphate using their AP nuclease activity. Specifically, Thermotoga maritima endonuclease IV is a member of the second conserved AP endonuclease family that includes Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, which is the archetype of the AP endonuclease superfamily. In order to more fully characterize the AP endonuclease family of enzymes, two X-ray crystal structures of the T. maritima endonuclease IV homologue were determined in the presence of divalent metal ions bound in the active-site region. These structures of the T. maritima endonuclease IV homologue further revealed the use of the TIM-barrel fold and the trinuclear metal binding site as important highly conserved structural elements that are involved in DNA-binding and AP-site repair processes in the AP endonuclease superfamily. [source]

History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet

CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 8 2007
Ethan
Abstract Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions. [source]

The ,self' in analytical psychology: the function of the ,central archetype' within Fordham's model

Insourcing Creativity with Listening Posts in Decentralized Firms

CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2004
Oliver Gassmann
Technological listening posts as a means of technological knowledge sourcing were observed to be a widespread empirical phenomenon in centres of technological excellence and innovation clusters. Our research is based on 55 semi-structured interviews with 12 technology-intensive companies and 6 benchmarking-workshops on external knowledge sourcing with 11 companies. We reveal three archetypes of listening posts: trend scout, technology outpost and matchmaker. We describe their respective mission, organizational structure and critical success factors. Each type is illustrated with case studies. [source]

The Macabre Style: Death Attitudes of Old-Age Home Residents in Israel

ETHOS, Issue 4 2003
Tova Gamliel
An inductive, ethnographic analysis of death attitudes among old-age home residents in Israel is employed to describe the construction of a peculiar death-related discourse termed "the macabre style." This authentic voice of elderly residents emerges from interviews, conversations, and observations as a form of self-immersion in a particular collective consciousness generated by expectations of impending death. The macabre style's rhetorical devices include grim and direct references to death and dying, black humor, historical archetypes, and biblical myths. This construct is further used in order to reflect on and criticize the conceptual circularity of conventional academic categories regarding death attitudes such as "acceptance" and "denial," and as an indication of an old age metonymic discourse of self-transcendence. [source]

Evolution and development of gastropod larval shell morphology: experimental evidence for mechanical defense and repair

EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2001
Carole S. Hickman
SUMMARY The structural diversity of gastropod veliger larvae offers an instructive counterpoint to the view of larval forms as conservative archetypes. Larval structure, function, and development are fine-tuned for survival in the plankton. Accordingly, the study of larval adaptation provides an important perspective for evolutionary-developmental biology as an integrated science. Patterns of breakage and repair in the field, as well as patterns of breakage in arranged encounters with zooplankton under laboratory conditions, are two powerful sources of data on the adaptive significance of morphological and microsculptural features of the gastropod larval shell. Shells of the planktonic veliger larvae of the caenogastropod Nassarius paupertus[Gould] preserve multiple repaired breaks, attributed to unsuccessful zooplankton predators. In culture, larvae isolated from concentrated zooplankton samples rapidly repaired broken apertural margins and restored the "ideal" apertural form, in which an elaborate projection or "beak" covers the head of the swimming veliger. When individuals with repaired apertures were reintroduced to a concentrated mixture of potential zooplankton predators, the repaired margins were rapidly chipped and broken back. The projecting beak of the larval shell is the first line of mechanical defense, covering the larval head and mouth and potentially the most vulnerable part of the shell to breakage. Patterns of mechanical failure show that spiral ridges do reinforce the beak and retard breakage. The capacity for rapid shell repair and regeneration, and the evolution of features that resist or retard mechanical damage, may play a more prominent role than previously thought in enhancing the ability of larvae to survive in the plankton. [source]

Battling Stereotypes: A Taxonomy of Common Soldiers in Civil War History

HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2008
Jason Phillips
This article explores how American historians have stereotyped Civil War soldiers as heroes, victims and villains, race warriors, and citizens at war to explain how these archetypes formed and propose methods that transcend them. The wealth of primary evidence from Civil War soldiers supports virtually any portrayal of them. Scholars influenced by current events and invested in academic debates have marshaled sources to honor courage, condemn war, remember the forgotten, or recreate society. While each camp has expanded our knowledge of soldiers, because Civil War history favors historiography over theory, the field perpetuates stereotypes that rob soldiers of their complexity. Three approaches could help scholars avoid stereotypes and the pitfalls of presentism: historians could emphasize soldiers' individuality and not just their agency; they could study influential soldiers instead of searching for typical ones; and they could write narratives instead of monographs. [source]

IT project managers' construction of successful project management practice: a repertory grid investigation

INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009
Nannette P. Napier
Abstract Although effective project management is critical to the success of information technology (IT) projects, little empirical research has investigated skill requirements for IT project managers (PMs). This study addressed this gap by asking 19 practicing IT PMs to describe the skills that successful IT PMs exhibit. A semi-structured interview method known as the repertory grid (RepGrid) technique was used to elicit these skills. Nine skill categories emerged: client management, communication, general management, leadership, personal integrity, planning and control, problem solving, systems development and team development. Our study complements existing research by providing a richer understanding of several skills that were narrowly defined (client management, planning and control, and problem solving) and by introducing two new skill categories that had not been previously discussed (personal integrity and team development). Analysis of the individual RepGrids revealed four distinct ways in which study participants combined skill categories to form archetypes of effective IT PMs. We describe these four IT PM archetypes , General Manager, Problem Solver, Client Representative and Balanced Manager , and discuss how this knowledge can be useful for practitioners, researchers and educators. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research. [source]

The complexity of individuation

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, Issue 4 2004
Inna Semetsky Honorary Research Associate
Abstract This paper addresses the problematics of individuation in Deleuze and Guattari's philosophy. The concept of fold , the inside of the outside , is analyzed in terms of the relations between thought and unthought constituting the process of thinking in affects. It is suggested that thinking of this sort, called by Deleuze the supreme act of philosophy, may be considered tending towards Jungian and post-Jungian depth psychology. The unconscious of thought is described by the archetypal dynamics of forces acting in the space of the Outside, that this paper posits as the field of collective unconscious. Analogous to Deleuzian virtual tendencies, Jungian archetypes subsist in potentia only and, as a multiplicity of relations between forces, can be expressed through cartographic microanalysis. In accord with Deleuze's method of transcendental empiricism, the unconscious, immanent, microperceptions are reterritorialized by means of mapping the archetypal field. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source]