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New Rules (new + rule)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	33%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	28%
Engineering	9%
Chemistry	9%

Selected Abstracts

Pathways out of Patronage Politics: New Roles for Communities, New Rules for Politics in the Philippines

IDS BULLETIN, Issue 6 2009
Jude Esguerra III
This case study discusses adaptations of co-production and co-financing approaches pioneered by two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the province of Palawan in Metro Manila, part of the Baranggay-Bayan Governance Consortium, a loose network of NGOs across the Philippines. The Consortium associates itself with local government officials, social movements and political parties that are interested not only in making use of the existing so-called democratic spaces but also of the political empowerment of the poor. It does so by creating community capabilities for increased bargaining power vis-à-vis local elected officials, reversing the exclusionary logic of patronage politics in the country and supporting co-production and co-financing between local governments and communities willing to put efforts towards solving their own problems. [source]

New Rules for the Treatment of Stock Options: Caveats for Management

JOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2001
Jeanne Sylvestre
Stock options have become an increasingly popular part of compensation packages. But some of the latest rules for handling them are complex. The authors explain how to navigate these treacherous waters, and list a variety of caveats you must heed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source]

Mass Affluence: Seven New Rules of Marketing to Today's Consumer

THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2005
Joseph C. Miller
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Detecting New Forms of Network Intrusion Using Genetic Programming

COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2004
Wei Lu
How to find and detect novel or unknown network attacks is one of the most important objectives in current intrusion detection systems. In this paper, a rule evolution approach based on Genetic Programming (GP) for detecting novel attacks on networks is presented and four genetic operators, namely reproduction, mutation, crossover, and dropping condition operators, are used to evolve new rules. New rules are used to detect novel or known network attacks. A training and testing dataset proposed by DARPA is used to evolve and evaluate these new rules. The proof of concept implementation shows that a rule generated by GP has a low false positive rate (FPR), a low false negative rate and a high rate of detecting unknown attacks. Moreover, the rule base composed of new rules has high detection rate with low FPR. An alternative to the DARPA evaluation approach is also investigated. [source]

Is the Globalization Consensus Dead?

ANTIPODE, Issue 2010
Robert Wade
Abstract:, The development economist Dani Rodrik recently declared that "the globalization consensus is dead". The claim has momentus implications, because this consensus has steered economic policy around the world for the past quarter century. It emanates from the heartland of neoclassical economics, and defines the central tasks of the Washington-based organizations which claim to speak for the world. This essay answers two main questions. First, is Rodrik's claim true, and by what measures of "consensus"? Second, to the extent that the consensus has substantially weakened, is the state returning to the heart of economic life, as Karl Polanyi might have predicted? The answers? First, the globalization consensus about desirable economic policy has weakened, though it is far from "dead". Second, the western state is returning to the heart of economic life in response to the current global economic crisis, but will retreat soon after national economies recover,because unless the crisis becomes a second Great Depression, the norms of more free markets and more global economic integration will be politically challenged only at the margins. New rules of finance may be introduced, but with enough loopholes that by 2015 Wall Street and the City will operate in much the same way as in the recent pre-crisis past. [source]

Further uses of the heat of oxidation in chemical hazard assessment

PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 1 2003
Laurence G. Britton
Flammability: The "net heat of oxidation" technique described in an earlier publication is extended to predicting the lower flammable limits, lower limit flame temperatures, and limiting oxygen concentrations of chlorinated organic fuels having H:Cl ratios greater than unity. A new Rule is derived for predicting the effect of initial temperature on the lower flammable limits and limiting oxygen concentrations of organic fuels. It is suggested that this Rule be used in preference to the modified "Burgess-Wheeler" Rule. The effect of initial pressure is discussed. Instability: Net heats of oxidation (kcal/mol oxygen) for a series of disparate fuel groups are compared with ",HD," the maximum heat of decomposition (cal/g) calculated using CHETAH methodology. Given the reasonable assumption that CHETAH's "maximum heat of decomposition" cannot exceed the net heat of combustion ",HC," examination is made as to whether the ratio of these parameters (each expressed in units of kcal/mol), coined the "Reaction Heat Ratio" (RH), provides a useful new indicator for instability assessment. Of these parameters, the net heat of oxidation (,HC/S) is the best indicator to help assign NFPA Instability Ratings. However, ,HC/S cannot generally be used to assign ratings for organo-peroxides. Also, its performance as an indicator for hazardous polymerization depends on the ,HC/S difference between the reacting monomer and the polymer product, so it should become increasingly unreliable as the monomer ,HC/S approaches -100 kcal/mol oxygen. The ranking method tacitly assumes organic polymers to have a constant heat of oxidation of about -100 kcal/mol oxygen. Errors in this assumption must invalidate the ranking approach where ,HC/S differences are small. Finally, separate "cut-offs" must be used at each NFPA Instability Rating for organo-nitrates versus other organics containing combinations of CHON atoms. Additional materials need to be examined to extend this preliminary analysis. The net heat of oxidation would be a useful additional output parameter of the CHETAH program, if only for its application in flammability assessment. No conclusions are drawn regarding the usefulness of net heat of oxidation or RH in conducting CHETAH hazard assessments, since this procedure requires consideration of several variables. However, the analysis may be helpful to the ASTM E 27.07 subcommittee responsible for developing the program. For example, the -,HD , 700 cal/g cut-off used to assign a "high" CHETAH hazard rating typically corresponds to organic materials rated NFPA 1, the second to lowest hazard rating. [source]

A connectionist inference model for pattern-directed knowledge representation

EXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 2 2000
I Mitchell
In this paper we propose a connectionist model for variable binding. The model is topology dependent on the graph it builds based on the predicates available. The irregular connections between perceptron-like assemblies facilitate forward and backward chaining. The model treats the symbolic data as a sequence and represents the training set as a partially connected network using basic set and graph theory to form the internal representation. Inference is achieved by opportunistic reasoning via the bidirectional connections. Consequently, such activity stabilizes to a multigraph. This multigraph is composed of isomorphic subgraphs which all represent solutions to the query made. Such a model has a number of advantages over other methods in that irrelevant connections are avoided by superimposing positionally dependent sub-structures that are identical, variable binding can be encoded and multiple solutions can be extracted simultaneously. The model also has the ability to adapt its existing architecture when presented with new clauses and therefore add new relationships/rules to the model explicitly; this is done by some partial retraining of the network due to the superimposition properties. [source]

Independence in Appearance and in Fact: An Experimental Investigation,

CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003
Nicholas Dopuch
Abstract In this study, we use experimental markets to assess the effect of the Security and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) new independence rule on investors' perceptions of independence, investors' payoff distributions, and market prices. The new rule requires client firms to disclose in their annual proxy statements the amount of nonaudit fees paid to their auditors. The new disclosure is intended to inform investors of auditors' incentives to compromise their independence. Our experimental design is a 2 3 between-subjects design, where we control the presence (unbiased reports) or absence of auditor independence in fact (biased reports). While independence in fact was not immediately observable to investors, we controlled for independence in appearance by varying the public disclosure of the extent of nonaudit services provided by the auditor to the client. In one market setting, investors were not given any information about whether the auditor provided such nonaudit services; in a second setting, investors were explicitly informed that the auditor did not provide any non-audit services; and in a third setting, investors were told that the auditor provided nonaudit services that could be perceived to have an adverse effect on independence in fact. We found that disclosures of nonaudit services reduced the accuracy of investors' beliefs of auditors' independence in fact when independence in appearance was inconsistent with independence in fact. This then caused prices of assets to deviate more from their economic predictions (lower market efficiency) in the inconsistent settings relative to the no-disclosure and consistent settings. Thus, disclosures of fees for nonaudit services could reduce the efficiency of capital markets if such disclosures result in investors forming inaccurate beliefs of auditor independence in fact - that is, auditors appear independent but they are not independent in fact, or vice versa. The latter is the maintained position of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), which argued against the new rule. Further research is needed to assess the degree of correspondence between independence in fact and independence in appearance. [source]

CPR's new rule 14 provides parties with interim measures, to be heard by a special arbitrator

ALTERNATIVES TO THE HIGH COST OF LITIGATION, Issue 10 2007
Esther Seonmin Lee
Esther Seonmin Lee, of Malibu, Calif., analyzes a rule on interim measures in arbitration that is a part of each of the new sets of CPR Institute domestic and international arbitration rules [source]

Young Adulthood as a Factor in Social Change in the United States

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2006
Michael J. Rosenfeld
This essay compares family change during two periods of social and historical upheaval in the United States: the industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century and the more recent family changes of the late twentieth century. Despite the manifest social and demographic changes brought about by the industrial revolution, some aspects of family life remained unchanged. Almost all new families formed in the United States before and during the industrial revolution were same-race heterosexual marriages. In the past half-century, however, family diversity has become the new rule; interracial marriages and extramarital cohabitation have both risen sharply. A key to understanding the lack of family diversity in the past and the recent rise in diversity is the changing nature of young adulthood. [source]

Detecting New Forms of Network Intrusion Using Genetic Programming

Settling the kings' lands: aprisio in Catalonia in perspective

EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 3 2010
Jonathan Jarrett
Important aspects of social history can sometimes be lost in legalisms. A long debate, recently continued in EME, has studied the right of aprisio claimed by those who took over wasteland on the frontier of the future Catalonia. This paper argues that previous treatments of the term have conflated many separate factors and misunderstood what aprisio actually was in practice. When studied at ground level it seems that, despite the role given to immigrant settlers by historians, landholders by aprisio need not have been newcomers, but locals using new rules for otherwise normal land clearances. [source]

Reduced modified quadratures for quadratic membrane finite elements

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2004
Craig S. Long
Abstract Reduced integration is frequently used in evaluating the element stiffness matrix of quadratically interpolated finite elements. Typical examples are the serendipity (Q8) and Lagrangian (Q9) membrane finite elements, for which a reduced 2 × 2 Gauss,Legendre integration rule is frequently used, as opposed to full 3 × 3 Gauss,Legendre integration. This ,softens' these element, thereby increasing accuracy, albeit at the introduction of spurious zero energy modes on the element level. This is in general not considered problematic for the ,hourglass' mode common to Q8 and Q9 elements, since this spurious mode is non-communicable. The remaining two zero energy modes occurring in the Q9 element are indeed communicable. However, in topology optimization for instance, conditions may arise where the non-communicable spurious mode associated with the elements becomes activated. To effectively suppress these modes altogether in elements employing quadratic interpolation fields, two modified quadratures are employed herein. For the Q8 and Q9 membrane elements, the respective rules are a five and an eight point rule. As compared to fully integrated elements, the new rules enhance element accuracy due to the introduction of soft, higher-order deformation modes. A number of standard test problems reveal that element accuracy remains comparable to that of the under-integrated counterparts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The Denationalization of Cabinets in the European Commission

JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 4 2010
MORTEN EGEBERG
The cabinets of the European Commission are seen to play a crucial role in the policy-making process. So far, however, they have in many respects remained ,black boxes'. In this article we ,unpack' the demographic composition in terms of nationality of three commissions' cabinets. The standard portrayal of cabinets has been that of national enclaves and points of access. Reforms during the period have required a more multinational composition. Our study shows that not only have the new rules been implemented: the new formal requirements have become over-fulfilled and increasingly so. In 2004, 96 per cent of the cabinets contained more nationalities than formally prescribed and 57 per cent of the personnel were non-compatriots of their respective commissioners. Based on studies of comparable phenomena, it is reason to believe that decomposition of a particular demographical cluster within an organizational unit reduces the impact of such demographical factors on officials' decision behaviour. [source]

Coping with the Tragedy of the Commons: Game Structure and Design of Rules

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 2 2005
Nicolas Faysse
Abstract., The paper provides an assessment of some recent results of the large amount of New Institutional Economics analyses investigating a common-pool resource setting, with a specific focus on game theory models. Most of the studies have used a noncooperative approach in order to explain how under-provision for the resource or its over-use , the so-called Tragedy of the Commons , can be avoided, within given management rules. They show how the characteristics of the game (payoff matrix, repetition) or of the users (group size, wealth, heterogeneity and moral norms) may give incentives for the latter to play in a way that benefits all users. By contrast, much fewer articles have used a formalized approach to assess the possibility for players to design new rules to overcome the initial Tragedy of the Commons. The article ends with some proposals of directions for future research. [source]

Automated Alignment and Nomenclature for Consistent Treatment of Polymorphisms in the Human Mitochondrial DNA Control Region

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2010
Bruce Budowle Ph.D.
Abstract:, Naming mtDNA sequences by listing only those sites that differ from a reference sequence is the standard practice for describing the observed variations. Consistency in nomenclature is desirable so that all sequences in a database that are concordant with an evidentiary sequence will be found for estimating the rarity of that profile. The operational alignment and nomenclature rules, i.e., "Wilson Rules," suggested for this purpose do not always guarantee a single consistent sequence description for all observed polymorphisms. In this work, the operational alignment/nomenclature rules were reconfigured to better reflect traditional user preferences. The rules for selecting alignments are described. In addition, to avoid human error and to more efficiently name mtDNA sequence variants, a computer-facilitated method of aligning mtDNA sample sequences with a reference sequence was developed. There were 33 differences between these hierarchical rules and the data in SWGDAM, which translates into a 99.92% consistency between the new rules and the manual historical nomenclature approach. The data support the reliability of the current SWGDAM database. As the few discrepancies were changed in favor of the new hierarchical rules, the quality of the SWGDAM database is further improved. [source]

Coding and documentation: Medicare severity diagnosis-related groups and present-on-admission documentation

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009
Noel H. Ballentine MD
Abstract Effective October 1, 2007, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has changed its methodology for determining the diagnosis-related group for hospitalized patients. In an effort to more accurately reflect severity of illness, the 538 diagnosis-related groups have been converted to 745 new Medicare severity diagnosis-related groups. In addition, selected hospital-acquired complications not identified as present on admission will no longer be reimbursed. The changes will have profound effects on reimbursement for hospitalizations. To minimize financial losses under the new rules, hospitals and physicians will have to devote significant resources and attention to improved documentation. This article will discuss the new payment system, the physician's role in ensuring that all clinically important diagnoses are captured by coding specialists, and strategies that can be employed to respond proactively to the challenge. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:124,130. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine. [source]

EFD: A Hybrid Knowledge/Statistical-Based System for the Detection of Fraud

JOURNAL OF RISK AND INSURANCE, Issue 3 2002
John A. Major
Electronic Fraud Detection (EFD) assists Investigative Consultants in the Managed Care & Employee Benefits Security Unit of The Travelers Insurance Companies in the detection and preinvestigative analysis of health care provider fraud. The task EFD performs, scanning a large population of health insurance claims in search of likely fraud, has never been done manually. Furthermore, the available database has few positive examples. Thus, neither existing knowledge engineering techniques nor statistical methods are sufficient for designing the identification process. To overcome these problems, EFD uses knowledge discovery techniques on two levels. First, EFD integrates expert knowledge with statistical information assessment to identify cases of unusual provider behavior. The heart of EFD is 27 behavioral heuristics, knowledge-based ways of viewing and measuring provider behavior. Rules operate on them to identify providers whose behavior merits a closer look by the investigative consultants. Second, machine learning is used to develop new rules and improve the identification process. Pilot operations involved analysis of nearly 22,000 providers in six metropolitan areas. The pilot is implemented in SAS Institute's SAS System, AICorp's Knowledge Base Management System, and Borland International's Turbo Prolog. [source]

Following America into the second industrial revolution: new rules of competition and Ontario's farm machinery industry, 1850,1930

THE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 4 2002
CORDON M. WINDER
Despite the hiatus in farm expansion from 1880 to 1900, Canadian-owned Massey-Harris became a competitive multinational corporation as American branch plants arrived in Ontario. This equivocal performance in Canada's agricultural implements industry poses problems for explanations of Canada's branch plant economy. Most commentators blame an ill-conceived National Policy for promoting and protecting inefficient industry and frustrating industrial development. In reviewing their explanations, I use systematic comparisons among plants as well as between the Ontario, New York, Ohio, and Illinois industries. I argue that Canada's National Policy was an effective industrial policy that promoted competitive implement manufacture under the constraints of Victorian era technology. Problems emerged in the 1880s, however, as Chicago firms developed mass production in harvesting machinery, and these became entrenched as gasoline tractor development swept the industry after 1900. Ontario firms struggled, but they outperformed competitors in New York and Ohio, who had been industry leaders in] 880. Canada's branch plant economy in the farm machinery industry was made in Chicago and by mechanical engineers, not in Ottawa and by politicians. En dépit de l'hiatus dans l'expansion du pare agricole entre 1880 et 1900, la société canadienne Massey-Harris est devenue une grande société multinational compétitive lorsque des usines-succursales américaines ont fait leur arrivée en l'Ontario. Cette baisse de performance de I'Industrie canadienne de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles pose des problèmes sur le plan de l'explication de l'économie des usines-succursales canadiennes. Pour la plupart des analystes, cette situation serait due à une politique nationals mal-conçue. Celle-ci aurait favorisé et protégé une Industrie inefficace, et ainsi frustré le développement industriel. En passant en revue ces analyses, je procède à une série de comparisons systématiques, d'une part des usines entre elles et, d'autre part, entre les industries de New York, de l'Ohio et de l'lllinois. J'avance que la Politique nationale canadienne etait une politique industrielle efficace qui a su promouvoir une Industrie de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles compétitive dans le cadre de la technologie de l'époque victorienne et de ses contraintes. Des problèmes, qui ont fait leur apparition au cours des années 1880, suite à l'adoption par les sociétés de Chicago de la production de masse des moissonneuses, ont perduré suite à l'arrivée en masse des tracteurs à essence après 1900. Ce fut un moment très difficile pour les sociétés de l'Ontario mais elles réussirent à battre leurs concurrents de New York et de l'Ohio qui étaient leaders de l'industrie en 1880. Dans l'industrie des engins agricoles, le sort de l'économie des usines-succursales était décidéà Chicago, par des ingénieurs en mécanique agricole, non à Ottawa, par des hommes politiques. [source]

Choices and Constraints over Retirement Income Streams: Comparing Rules and Regulations,

THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 2008
HAZEL BATEMAN
The new Simplified Superannuation regulations for Australian superannuation provide tax concessions to retirement income streams which comply with legislated minimum drawdown rules. We evaluate these new drawdown rules against four alternatives, including three formula-based ,rules of thumb' used by financial planners. We find that the new regulations are a substantial improvement on the previous rules for allocated pensions and, when compared with the formula-based rules, are a good compromise in terms of simplicity, adequacy and risk. We also find that welfare is lower for most individuals who follow the Simplified Superannuation rules compared with welfare under an optimal path or a simple fixed percentage drawdown rule, but that outcomes could be improved through a further simplification of the new rules. [source]

The Mexican Presidential and Congressional Elections of 2000 and Democratic Transition

BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001
Darren Wallis
The article examines the presidential and congressional elections of July 2000 in Mexico. The elections brought to an end more than 70 years of single party government and the culmination of a gradual democratisation process stretching back at least a decade. The long term decline in the bases of support for the regime and the changing institutional rules for elections and parties are described by way of contextualising the campaign itself and its leading protagonists. While the new rules of the game guaranteed free and fair elections, issues of internal party democracy and negative, personality-based campaigning do not paint a universally rosy democratic picture. Analysis of the election results demonstrates how the opposition was able to move beyond its traditional geographic confines and challenge across the country. However, voters did not give an unambiguous victory to Vicente Fox; his alliance does not possess a majority in either house of congress. Divided government and developments in the party system are considered as two key issues that will shape Mexico's democratic future. [source]