Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
New Principle (new + principle)
Selected AbstractsSplitting elastic modulus finite element method and its applicationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2001Dang Faning Abstract To establish the best precision FEM, the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional of the variational principles must be changeable. A new kind of variational principle in linear theory of solid mechanics, called the splitting elastic modulus variational principle, is introduced. Its distinctive feature is that the functional contains one arbitrary additional parameter, called splitting factor; the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional can be changed by the splitting factor. Finite element method, which is based on the new principle, is established. It is called splitting modulus FEM, its stiffness can be adjusted by properly selecting the splitting factors, some ill-conditioned problem can be conquered by it. The methods to choose the splitting factors, reduce the condition number of stiffness matrix and improve the precision of solutions are also discussed. The reason why the new method can transform the ill-conditioned problems into well-conditioned ones is analysed finally. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparison of entropy minimization principles in heat exchange and a short-cut principle: EoTDINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2003F. Balkan Abstract In this paper the principles called ,equipartition of forces, EoF' and ,equipartition of entropy production, EoEP' are compared in minimizing the entropy production in heat exchange. Entropy production rates for various cases are calculated according to both principles. The calculations show that entropy productions calculated with EoEP principle are always smaller than those calculated with EoF principle although the differences are considerably small. It is also shown that the heat exchange with EoEP principle implied TH/TC=const. Additionally, a new approach, equipartition of temperature difference, EoTD, has been tested comparatively. Although the entropy production rates calculated by this approach are slightly larger than those of two other principles, it can be used as a new principle for quick determination. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Self-Assembly of Dendritic Macromolecules Based on the Ionic Interaction of Linear Chain Polyelectrolyte Cores with Oppositely Charged Focal Ionogenic Groups of DendronsMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 12 2004Alexander Y. Bilibin Abstract Summary: A new principle for the design of dendritic macromolecules , the ionic binding of linear chain polyelectrolyte with oppositely charged focal ionogenic groups of dendrons , has been developed. The majority of the dendritic ionic complexes (DICs) are prepared with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as a polymeric core and L -aspartic acid dendrons of different generations. Two series of DICs were prepared using PSS and aspartic dendrons bearing terminal (located at the external periphery) methoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl groups (C1- n and C6- n respectively where n is the generation number). Ionic binding of about 100% was found for dendrons of Generation 1,3. The solubility of the DICs was examined and the DICs prepared were studied by IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and viscometry. Dendritic ionic complexes prepared using poly(styrenesulfonic acid) acid and aspartic dendrons bearing terminal methoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl groups. [source] Reply to da Rocha and Rodrigues' comments on the orientation congruent algebra and twisted forms in electrodynamicsANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 7 2010D.G. Demers Abstract The recent claim by da Rocha and Rodrigues that the nonassociative orientation congruent algebra (,,,, algebra) and native Clifford algebra are incompatible with the Clifford bundle approach is false. The new native Clifford bundle approach, in fact, subsumes the ordinary Clifford bundle one. Associativity is an unnecessarily too strong a requirement for physical applications. Consequently, we obtain a new principle of nonassociative irrelevance for physically meaningful formulas. In addition, the adoption of formalisms that respect the native representation of twisted (or odd) objects and physical quantities is required for the advancement of mathematics, physics, and engineering because they allow equations to be written in sign-invariant form. This perspective simplifies the analysis of, resolves questions about, and ends needless controversies over the signs, orientations, and parities of physical quantities. [source] New indolicidin analogues with potent antibacterial activity,CHEMICAL BIOLOGY & DRUG DESIGN, Issue 5 2004T.S. Ryge Abstract:, Indolicidin is a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide amide, ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH2, isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. Indolicidin is active against a wide range of microorganisms and has also been shown to be haemolytic and cytotoxic towards erythrocytes and human T lymphocytes. The aim of the present paper is two-fold. First, we examine the importance of tryptophan in the antibacterial activity of indolicidin. We prepared five peptide analogues with the format ILPXKXPXXPXRR-NH2 in which Trp-residues 4,6,8,9,11 were replaced in all positions with X = a single non-natural building block; N -substituted glycine residue or nonproteinogenic amino acid. The analogues were tested for antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus American type culture collection (ATCC) 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. We found that tryptophan is not essential in the antibacterial activity of indolicidin, and even more active analogues were obtained by replacing tryptophan with non-natural aromatic amino acids. Using this knowledge, we then investigated a new principle for improving the antibacterial activity of small peptides. Our approach involves changing the hydrophobicity of the peptide by modifying the N-terminus with a hydrophobic non-natural building block. We prepared 22 analogues of indolicidin and [Phe4,6,8,9,11] indolicidin, 11 of each, carrying a hydrophobic non-natural building block attached to the N-terminus. Several active antibacterial analogues were identified. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the analogues against sheep erythrocytes was assessed in a haemolytic activity assay. The results presented here suggest that modified analogues of antibacterial peptides, containing non-natural building blocks, are promising lead structures for developing future therapeutics. [source] Evidence-based medicine: the time has come to set standards for staging,THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Phil Quirke Abstract For international communication in cancer, staging systems such as TNM are essential; however, the principles and processes used to decide about changes in every new edition of TNM need to be subject to debate. Changes with major impact for patient treatment are introduced without evidence. We think that TNM should be a continual reactive process, rather than a proactive process. Changes should only occur after extensive discussion within the community, and before the introduction of any changes these should be tested for reproducibility and compared to the currently used gold standard. TNM should not be used to test hypotheses. It should introduce established facts that are beneficial to predicting patient prognosis. TNM should thus be restructured on a basis equivalent to evidence-based guidelines. The strength of the evidence should be explicitly stated and the evidence base given. It is time for the principles of staging to be widely debated and new principles and processes to be introduced to ensure that we are not in the same situation in the future. The disparity between therapeutic decision making and TNM staging is marked and we would appeal for the radical overhaul of TNM staging to make it fit for the twenty-first century. TNM is central to the management of cancer patients and we must protect and enhance its reputation. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Reflective verbalization improves solutions,the effects of question-based reflection in design problem solvingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Annekatrin Wetzstein In this experimental study (N=60), the impact of question-based reflective verbalization on the quality of a design solution was investigated. Participants first designed an everyday object (garden grill) using various design strategies and then either answered questions of a naive partner, where they had to verbally describe, explain, justify and evaluate their solution (experimental group), or were given a filler task (control group). After the intervention, participants continued their design. The improvement in the design quality was significantly larger for the experimental group than for the control group. Significantly more participants of the experimental group developed new principles and added new explanations of functions to their design, whereas in the control group only corrections were made. We suggest that the dialogue specific style of reflective verbalization in the experimental group is linked to a specific way of thinking which is important for solving complex problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||