New Phenomenon (new + phenomenon)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Internal Displacement in Burma

DISASTERS, Issue 3 2000
Steven Lanjouw
The internal displacement of populations in Burma is not a new phenomenon. Displacement is caused by numerous factors. Not all of it is due to outright violence, but much is a consequence of misguided social and economic development initiatives. Efforts to consolidate the state by assimilating populations in government-controlled areas by military authorities on the one hand, while brokering cease-fires with non-state actors on the other, has uprooted civilian populations throughout the country. Very few areas in which internally displaced persons (IDPs) are found are not facing social turmoil within a climate of impunity. Humanitarian access to IDP populations remains extremely problematic. While relatively little information has been collected, assistance has been focused on targeting accessible groups. International concern within Burma has couched the problems of displacement within general development modalities, while international attention along its borders has sought to contain displacement. With the exception of several recent initiatives, few approaches have gone beyond assistance and engaged in the prevention or protection of the displaced. [source]


Energy Security and the Division of Competences between the European Community and its Member States

EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008
Sanam S. Haghighi
However, dealing with energy issues in general and securing energy supply in particular is a new phenomenon within the EU's regulatory framework. One important issue which has not yet been discussed by legal scholars and which has been questioned repeatedly by energy experts, is the question who is actually responsible to guarantee security of energy supply in Europe? Is it the European Community alone? Is it the Member States alone? Or is it both? This question cannot be answered without a detailed legal analysis of the EU law in general, and EU law on division of competences between the Community and the Member States in particular. This article seeks to highlight the complications of this area of law within the EU and expand it to cover the energy sector in order to determine who and under what circumstances is responsible for guaranteeing security of energy supply for the consumers within the EU borders. [source]


Der Erzähler als ,Popmoderner Flaneur' in Christian Krachts Roman Faserland

GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2002
Anke S. Biendarra
Faserland (1995) exemplifies a new phenomenon in contemporary German literature. It cleared the way for a younger generation of writers and their description of the formerly marginalised experiences of everyday life, whose narratives focus is on the communication between narrator and reader. Hitherto, discussion of this novel has largely concentrated on its connection with ,pop literature', whilst its literary qualities and conceivable links with (post)modern literature have been ignored. Walter Benjamin's typology of the flâneur is used to illuminate the novel's aesthetic strengths, its narrative voice and textual structure. In taking into account historical developments, the interpretation characterizes the narrator as a ,popmodern flâneur', whose gaze no longer falls upon the metropolis but upon a frayed microcosm of German society. It suggests that the narrative report is a fictitious and imagined journey, which reveals itself as the narrator's failed attempt to ascertain a concept of subjectivity. In a world that presents itself as a Vanity Fair, the narrator's language, which retreats to the empty style of a world of commodities, fails. The poetic project of mastering experiences through narrative is equally unsuccessful. [source]


Emerging clinical concerns in the ageing haemophilia patient

HAEMOPHILIA, Issue 6 2009
B. A. KONKLE
Summary., The availability of safe replacement clotting factor concentrates together with effective antiviral drugs to treat human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C viruses and the provision of care at designated haemophilia treatment centres have resulted in a new phenomenon in haemophilia management , the ageing patient. Today, increasing numbers of persons with haemophilia (PWH) are middle-aged and older, and they face the same age-related health issues as the general population. The impact of these risks on PWH is unclear, however, and there is a paucity of information about how to manage comorbidities in this patient population. This review focuses on five comorbidities that uniquely affect older PWH: cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, renal disease and joint disease. Available research is summarized and potential management approaches are suggested. [source]


Improving international nurse training: an American,Italian case study

INTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 2 2006
H. F. W. Dubois msc
Background:, Institutionalized international nurse training organized by national educational institutions is a relatively new phenomenon. This, descriptive case study examines an early example of an American,Italian initiative of such training, in order to stimulate future international education of nurses. Aim:, To find out what factors have to be taken into account to improve training and what its potential effects are in exchange and also in the context of nurse migration. Method:, A questionnaire was sent to the 85 nurses who all participated in this particular international programme (response rate: 30.6%). Findings:, The collected data indicate that personalized and well-aimed training, preparatory language courses, predeparture exposure of nurses to the culture of the host country and well-prepared welcomes are among the most important ways to improve this programme. Implications for practice:, While the specific circumstances and cultures involved in this particular case study should not be ignored, these factors might also be applied to maximize the positive effects of nurse-migration. Two-way learning is among the positive effects of such an international training experience. Motivational and team-building effects can result in enhanced quality of care and a more efficient allocation of resources. However, the mind-opening effect seems to be the most important learning experience. Therefore, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of nursing/education is considered the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience. The effects of this experience could include avoiding cultural imposition in the increased cultural diversity of nursing in the country of origin. [source]


Growing Disability Rates , the Gender Issue: The Dutch Case in an International Perspective

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 1 2005
Marcel Einerhand
In the Netherlands, with its remarkably high disability rates, a new phenomenon seems to be emerging. Growing disability rates in the past few years have been exclusively caused by the growing inflow of women into the disability schemes. Comparing the Dutch situation internationally shows that roughly the same problem seems to exist in those countries in which there is a more general problem of large inflow into disability. Women are overrepresented in these arrangements. The Dutch literature shows that there are many factors (both work- and non-work-related) that contribute to a larger push of women towards disability. We conclude that the benefit system can be seen as a sort of "filter". If the filter is weak, many persons will enter disability. If the pressure on women to enter is larger (or the forces to stop women from entering disability smaller), then inflow risks for women will be higher. [source]


"The Deal": The Balance of Power, Military Strength, and Liberal Internationalism in the Bush National Security Strategy

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 1 2008
Adam Quinn
The Bush National Security Strategy, even as it calls for "a balance of power that favors freedom," in truth rejects a balance of power approach to international order. It foresees instead the cooperation of all Great Powers under American leadership in furtherance of a common agenda imagined to be founded in universal values. Such rejection of a genuine "balance of power" approach represents a coherent evolution from America's long tradition of foreign policy thought. Emerging from its founding tradition of separation, U.S. strategic thought was influenced both by Theodore Roosevelt's advocacy of military strength in the service of good and Woodrow Wilson's ideological conviction that American engagement in the world could be made conditional on the pursuit of global reform in line with an idealized conception of American values and practices. The conviction that this notional "deal" is still valid provides this administration's ideological bedrock. The Bush worldview should not be seen as a radically new phenomenon, but as a logical outgrowth from the American foreign policy tradition. [source]


Human perception of verticality: Psychophysical experiments on the centrifuge and their neuronal implications

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2000
Fred W. Mast
The role of the otoliths in the perception of verticality is analyzed in two different gravitational environments, 1 g and 1.5 g, and in different roll body positions between upright and upside down. The subjective visual vertical (SVV) is determined when a subject judges the orientation of an indicator as apparently vertical. An increase of g level hardly affects the SVV in the subject's frontal plane (y-z plane). However, for the first time, a three-dimensionally adjustable indicator was used for the SVV and this revealed a new phenomenon: An increase of g level induces a backward slant of the SVV into subject's median plane (x-z plane). The data are discussed with regard to Mittelstaedt's SVV theory; particular emphasis is given to the otolith-head coordinate transformation and the normalization of afferent otolith components. The results of this study provide evidence that the former is implemented at an earlier level and thus precedes the latter. [source]


A Single EU Seat in the IMF?

JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2 2004
Lorenzo Bini Smaghi
This article examines the rationale for consolidating EU Member States' position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Although a substantial amount of co-ordination already takes place, particularly on issues related to the euro area and the single monetary and exchange rate policy, co-operation between EU countries in the IMF remains a relatively new phenomenon and divergences still prevail. The current institutional set-up, whereby the 15 EU countries are spread in nine constituencies, undermines effectiveness. Al though there is scope for further improving co-operation, there are natural limits to what can be achieved within the existing co-operation frame work. A single EU constituency would enable EU Member States to have a strong impact on IMF policies, potentially as strong as that of the US. However, this may not be an objective for all EU countries in the current conjuncture. [source]


The spectrum of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization in Iranian nursing

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 16 2008
Neda Mehrdad MSN
Aim., The focus of the study is the identification of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization in nursing practice from the perspective of Iranian nurses. Background., In Iran, research utilization is a new phenomenon thus our knowledge with regard to those factors that promote or discourage research use is limited. No overall picture of the state of research utilization in Iran therefore exists. Method., A descriptive design is used. The questionnaire was distributed to 410 nurses from educational hospitals and nursing schools affiliated with Tehran Medical Sciences University in Iran. Results., The major barriers to research utilization were that the nurses do not have time to read research; facilities are inadequate for implementation; and nurses do not feel they have enough authority to change patient care procedures. Findings revealed a number of facilitators which were categorised into two main groups of human resources and individual/organisational factors. Conclusion., The healthcare system in Iran does not provide the incentive for nurses to engage in research or to avail themselves of research findings. Also, time is the major issue owing to a nursing shortage. If research utilization is to increase in Iran, therefore, the most important organisational change that needs to occur is the provision of available facilities for nurses to use research evidence. Relevance to clinical practice., Key factors that need attention in implementing research results into practice are suggested. Clearly, identification of barriers and facilitators is useful potentially to overcome barriers and enforce facilitators and this could ultimately improve nursing practice. [source]


Passage to cyberactivism: how dynamics of activism change

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2003
Laura Illia
Abstract The boost to activism to which the internet has largely contributed has been underlined by financial and image issues growing from hacker attacks and the online promotion of activist groups. Emergency corporate counteractions with regard to these cyber threats have not analysed this new phenomenon. The state of the research in this area has consistently remained at the period before the development and widespread use of the internet. Cyberactivism, therefore, is a cyber phenomenon without a clear meaning or a clear definition. In order to understand cyberactivism, it is important to understand that it is much more than simply about hacking and activists' online promotion. It is a new phenomenon, growing out of activism but changing the pressure on corporations. With the internet, new dynamics of issue selection have been established and a different aggregation within groups has taken place. A new organisational set-up among activist groups puts new pressure on corporations, which must develop new strategies concerning online rules. Cyber actions are originated by individuals triggering a spontaneous relationship between many users. The pressure is no longer the result of a long aggregation into association, but of an immediate and spontaneous network of relationships. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications [source]


Institutional Change and Ethnic Parties in South America

LATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2003
Donna Lee Van Cott
ABSTRACT The central question of this article is why indigenous social movements formed electorally viable political parties in Latin America in the 1990s. This development represents a new phenomenon in Latin America, where ethnic parties have been both rare and unpopular among voters. Institutional reforms in six South American countries are examined to see if the creation and success of these parties can be correlated with changes in electoral systems, political party registration requirements, or the administrative structure of the state. The study concludes that institutional change is likely to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the emergence and electoral viability of ethnic parties. [source]


Medical Error and Patient Safety: Understanding Cultures in Conflict

LAW & POLICY, Issue 2 2002
Joanna Weinberg
Evidence documenting the high rate of medical errors to patients has taken a prominent place on the health care radar screen. The injuries and deaths associated with medical errors represent a major public health problem with significant economic costs and erosion of trust in the health care system. Between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths due to preventable medical errors are estimated to occur each year, making medical errors the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. However, the recent prominence of the issue of safety or error does not reflect a new phenomenon or sudden rift in the quality of health care (although it is a system fraying at the edges). Rather, the prominence of the issue reflects a radical change in the culture of health care, and in how relationships within the health care system are structured and perceived. In this paper, I discuss the multiple factors responsible for the change in the culture of health care. First, the culture has shifted from a clinician cantered system, in which decision making is one,sided, to a shared system of negotiated care between clinician and patient, and, often, between administrator or payer. Second, the nature of quality in health care has changed due to the geometric increase in the availability of technological and pharmaceutical enhancements to patient care. Third, the health care culture continues to rely on outdated models of conflict resolution. Finally, the regulatory structure of health system oversight was set in place when fee,for,service care governed physician,patient relationships and where few external technologies were available. In the current health care culture, that structure seems inadequate and diffuse, with multiple and overlapping federal and state regulatory structures that make implementation of patient safety systems difficult. [source]


Phase Separation and Organisation of Colloidal Spheres Suspended in Sheared Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers

MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 11 2005
Shanju Zhang
Abstract Summary: Organisation behaviours of spherical particles suspended in sheared, lyotropic, liquid-crystalline polymer solutions have been investigated using polarizing optical microscopy. We find that in a nematic phase the particles phase separate and adopt anisotropic chain-like structures along the director. An earring defect is observed around a single particle whereas a cross or strings defect between neighbouring particles is found to serve as a repulsive barrier to prevent the particles from contacting each other. A theoretical analysis is presented to explain this new phenomenon. An optical micrograph of 0.01 wt.-% glass spheres suspended in a nematic solution of 40 wt.-% ethyl cellulose in chloroform under an external shear force. [source]


The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2002
Hans-Peter Kohler
Lowest-low fertility, defined as a period total fertility rate at or below 1.3, has rapidly spread in Europe during the 1990s. This article traces the emergence of this new phenomenon to the interaction of five factors. First, tempo and compositional distortions reduce the total fertility rate below the associated level of cohort fertility. Second, socioeconomic changes,including increased returns to human capital and high economic uncertainty in early adulthood,have made late childbearing a rational response for individuals and couples. Third, social interaction effects reinforce this behavioral adjustment and contribute to large and persistent postponement in the mean age at birth. Fourth, institutional settings favor an overall low quantum of fertility. Fifth, postponement,quantum interactions amplify the consequences of this institutional setting when combined with ongoing delays of child-bearing. The article concludes with speculations about future trends in current and prospective lowest-low-fertility countries. [source]


Flow experiences and image making: An online chat-room ethnography

PSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, Issue 10 2004
Aviv Shoham
Chat rooms are a relatively new phenomenon. They provide a unique experiential locale, much like a community. They have become a popular replacement for oft-diminishing communities of yore. Qualitatively building on three overarching themes, chat rooms are put at the nexus of three diverse theoretical themes: community, flow experiences, and image management,the latter two being explored in this article. Chat rooms provide flow-like experiences to participants and allow chatters to manage and enhance their images. Given that chatters are highly involved and frequent visitors to their online community (specific chat rooms), they provide a unique opportunity to study this relatively new phenomenon, which has far-reaching, multidisciplinary implications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]


Is ,new' anti-Semitism really ,new'?,

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2006
George Halasz
Abstract The paper considers whether the ,new' anti-Semitism identified by, for example, Bauer, Pipes and Sacks is in fact a new phenomenon. It considers several key moments in the history of anti-Semitism, together with a series of meetings facilitated by Volkan between psychotherapists affected by the Holocaust. The conclusion is that the ,new' manifestations are ,old' processes reactivated in new contexts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Creative imitation: exploring the case of cross-industry innovation

R & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2010
Ellen Enkel
In cross-industry innovation, already existing solutions from other industries are creatively imitated and retranslated to meet the needs of the company's current market or products. Such solutions can be technologies, patents, specific knowledge, capabilities, business processes, general principles, or whole business models. Innovations systematically created in a cross-industry context are a new phenomenon for theory and practice in respect of an open innovation approach. While the cognitive distance between the acquired knowledge and the problem to be solved was regarded as a counterproductive factor in older research, recent theory regards it as positively related to innovation performance. Following the latest theory, we examine 25 cross-industry cases to ascertain cognitive distance's influence on innovation performance. Our study reveals that there is no direct correlation between a higher or a closer distance and a more explorative or exploitative outcome. [source]


THE INFORMATIONAL ROLE OF BANK LOAN RATINGS

THE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006
Ha-Chin Yi
Abstract We analyze the relatively new phenomenon of credit ratings on syndicated loans, asking first whether they convey information to the capital markets. Our event studies show that initial loan ratings and upgrades are not informative, but downgrades are. The market anticipates downgrades to some extent, however. We also examine whether public information reflecting borrower default characteristics explains cross-sectional variation in loan ratings and find that ratings are only partially predictable. Our evidence suggests that loan and bond ratings are not determined by the same model. Finally, we estimate a credit spread model incorporating bank loan ratings and other factors reflecting default risk, information asymmetry, and agency problems. We find that ratings are related to loan rates, given the effect of other influences on yields, suggesting that ratings provide information not reflected in financial information. Ratings may capture idiosyncratic information about recovery rates, as each of the agencies claims, or information about default prospects not available to the market. [source]


The response to paired motor cortical stimuli is abolished at a spinal level during human muscle fatigue

THE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 23 2009
Chris J. McNeil
During maximal exercise, supraspinal fatigue contributes significantly to the decline in muscle performance but little is known about intracortical inhibition during such contractions. Long-interval inhibition is produced by a conditioning motor cortical stimulus delivered via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 50,200 ms prior to a second test stimulus. We aimed to delineate changes in this inhibition during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Eight subjects performed a 2 min MVC of elbow flexors. Single test and paired (conditioning,test interval of 100 ms) stimuli were delivered via TMS over the motor cortex every 7,8 s throughout the effort and during intermittent MVCs in the recovery period. To determine the role of spinal mechanisms, the protocol was repeated but the TMS test stimulus was replaced by cervicomedullary stimulation which activates the corticospinal tract. TMS motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) were recorded from biceps brachii. Unconditioned MEPs increased progressively with fatigue, whereas CMEPs increased initially but returned to the control value in the final 40 s of contraction. In contrast, both conditioned MEPs and CMEPs decreased rapidly with fatigue and were virtually abolished within 30 s. In recovery, unconditioned responses required <30 s but conditioned MEPs and CMEPs required ,90 s to return to control levels. Thus, long-interval inhibition increased markedly as fatigue progressed. Contrary to expectations, subcortically evoked CMEPs were inhibited as much as MEPs. This new phenomenon was also observed in the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Tested with a high intensity conditioning stimulus during a fatiguing maximal effort, long-interval inhibition of MEPs was increased primarily by spinal rather than motor cortical mechanisms. The spinal mechanisms exposed here may contribute to the development of central fatigue in human muscles. [source]


Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For?

CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2007
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
ABSTRACT,This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society. [source]


The Intersection of Conversation, Cognitions, and Campaigns: The Social Representation of Organ Donation

COMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 1 2009
Susan E. Morgan
Social representations theory (SRT) has been underused in the communication field. This theory helps explain the interrelationships between interpersonal communication, cognition, and the mass media, particularly in situations where a new phenomenon emerges that requires some kind of social response. Because organ donation is still poorly understood by the public, in large part because of entertainment television, SRT is well suited to helping researchers and practitioners understand the complex interplay of factors within a population(s) that contribute to reluctance to donate organs after death. In this paper, it is argued that public communication campaigns should include strategies to provoke interpersonal communication about the topic as a means of creating social representations that promote behaviors that support public health. Résumé Au croisement des conversations, de la cognition et des campagnes de communication : La représentation sociale du don d'organes La théorie des représentations sociales (TRS) demeure sous-utilisée dans les sciences de la communication. Cette théorie aide à expliquer les relations entre la communication interpersonnelle, la cognition et les médias de masse, surtout dans les situations où l'émergence d,un nouveau phénomène requiert une certaine réaction sociale. Puisque le don d'organes demeure mal compris du public, en grande partie à cause de la télévision récréative, la TRS est utile pour aider les chercheurs et les intervenants à comprendre l,interaction complexe, dans une population, de facteurs contribuant à une réticence à donner ses organes après son décès. Dans cet article, il est soumis que les campagnes de communication publique devraient inclure des stratégies visant à provoquer la communication interpersonnelle sur le sujet, de manière à créer des représentations sociales qui promeuvent les comportements en appui à la santé publique. Abstract Die Schnittstelle zwischen persönlichem Gespräch, Kognitionen und Kampagnen: Die soziale Repräsentation von Organspende Bislang fand die Theorie der sozialen Repräsentation in der Kommunikationswissenschaft nur ungenügend Anwendung. Die Theorie erklärt die Beziehungen zwischen interpersonaler Kommunikation, Kognition und den Massenmedien, insbesondere in Situationen, in denen ein neues Phänomen zu Tage tritt, das eine bestimmte Art sozialer Reaktion erfordert. Da die Organspende vor allem aufgrund des Unterhaltungsfernsehens in der Öffentlichkeit immer noch eher schlecht verstanden ist, trägt die Theorie der sozialen Repräsentation dazu bei, dass Forscher und Praktiker das komplexe Zusammenspiel der Faktoren besser verstehen, welches die Zurückhaltung gegenüber der Spende von Organen nach dem Tod in verschiedenen Populationen beeinflusst. In diesem Artikel wird deshalb argumentiert, dass öffentliche Kommunikationskampagnen auch Strategien beinhalten sollten, die interpersonale Kommunikation zum Thema anregen, was wiederum als Mittel dient, soziale Repräsentationen herzustellen und Verhaltensweisen zu fördern, die der öffentlichen Gesundheit zuträglich sind. Resumen La Intersección entre la Conversación, las Cogniciones, y las Campañas: La Representación Social de la Donación de Órganos La teoría de las representaciones sociales (SRT) ha sido poco usada en el campo de la comunicación. Esta teoría ayuda a explicar las interrelaciones entre la comunicación interpersonal, la cognición y los medios de comunicación, particularmente en situaciones donde un nuevo fenómeno, que requiere algún tipo de respuesta social, emerge. Dado que la donación de órganos es poco comprendida por el público, en gran parte debido a la televisión de entretenimiento, la teoría de representación social (SRT) es apropiada para ayudar a los investigadores y los profesionales a entender la complejidad de la interacción de los factores que dentro de una población (o poblaciones) contribuyen a la renuencia a donar órganos después de la muerte. Este artículo sostiene que la comunicación pública de las campañas debería incluir estrategias que provoquen la comunicación interpersonal acerca del tema como un medio para crear representaciones sociales que promuevan los comportamientos de apoyo a la salud pública. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source]


Obtaining upper bounds of heat kernels from lower bounds

COMMUNICATIONS ON PURE & APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Issue 5 2008
Alexander Grigor
We show that a near-diagonal lower bound of the heat kernel of a Dirichlet form on a metric measure space with a regular measure implies an on-diagonal upper bound. If in addition the Dirichlet form is local and regular, then we obtain a full off-diagonal upper bound of the heat kernel provided the Dirichlet heat kernel on any ball satisfies a near-diagonal lower estimate. This reveals a new phenomenon in the relationship between the lower and upper bounds of the heat kernel. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]