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New Institutions (new + institution)
Selected AbstractsTrajectories for Greening in China: Theory and PracticeDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2006Peter Ho This edited volume argues that China's development poses the greatest ever environmental challenge for the modern world in terms of speed, size and scarcity. The volume is organized around the greening of the Chinese state and society: can the inclusion of sustainable development principles into governance, management and daily practices by social actors lead to sustainable development per se? This introduction sketches the different scholarly camps around greening and sustainable development, ranging from sceptical to radical environmentalism. The contributions demonstrate that China is showing clear signs of greening as new institutions and regulations are created, environmental awareness increases and green technologies are implemented. However, the question remains whether this is sufficient to effectuate long-term sustainable development. The key factors here are the sheer speed of China's economic growth, the size of its population, and the relative scarcity of its natural and mineral resources. Chinese development presents compelling reasons for rethinking the viability of greening. It is necessary to move beyond both alarmist visions of an environmental doomsday, and optimistic notions that incremental changes in technology, institutions and lifestyles are sufficient for sustainability. It might be more fruitful , and not only for China , to consider ,precautionary' rather than ,absolute' limits to growth. [source] Strengthening Public Safety Nets from the Bottom UpDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 5 2002Jonathan Morduch Helping to reduce vulnerability poses a new set of challenges for public policy. A starting point is understanding the ways in which communities and extended families try to cope with difficulties in the absence of public interventions. Coping mechanisms range from the informal exchange of transfers and loans to more structured institutions that enable an entire community to provide protection to its neediest members. This article describes ways of building public safety nets to complement and extend informal and private institutions. The most effective policies will combine transfer systems that are sensitive to existing mechanisms with new institutions for providing insurance and credit and for generating savings. [source] Designing new institutions for implementing integrated disaster risk management: key elements and future directionsDISASTERS, Issue 4 2007Chennat Gopalakrishnan The goal of integrated disaster risk management is to promote an overall improvement in the quality of safety and security in a region, city or community at disaster risk. This paper presents the case for a thorough overhaul of the institutional component of integrated disaster risk management. A review of disaster management institutions in the United States indicates significant weaknesses in their ability to contribute effectively to the implementation of integrated disaster risk management. Our analysis and findings identify eight key elements for the design of dynamic new disaster management institutions. Six specific approaches are suggested for incorporating the identified key elements in building new institutions that would have significant potential for enhancing the effective implementation of integrated disaster risk management. We have developed a possible blueprint for effective design and construction of efficient, sustainable and functional disaster management institutions. [source] Institutional Diversity and Capitalist Transition: The Political Economy of Agrarian Change in Arunachal Pradesh, IndiaJOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE, Issue 4 2009BARBARA HARRISS-WHITE This paper contributes a preliminary analysis of the process of agrarian capitalist transition in Arunachal Pradesh, one of the least studied regions of India. Primarily based on information collected through a field survey in eleven villages, the paper seeks to explain the nature and implications of institutional unevenness in the development of capitalism. Institutional diversity is not simply mapped across space, it is also manifested in the simultaneous existence of market and non-market institutions across the means of production within the same village or spatial context. In addition, there is a continuous and complex interaction among these institutions which both shapes and is shaped by this capitalist transition. Primitive accumulation emerges as a continuing characteristic of the on-going agrarian and non-agrarian capitalist transition. Institutional adaptation, continuity and hybridity are as integral to the emergence of the market economy as are the processes of creation of new institutions and demise of others. There is no necessary correspondence between the emerging commercialization of the different productive dimensions of the agrarian economy. These uneven processes are deeply influenced by existing and emerging power relations and by the state. Framed by the Bernstein,Byres debate about the contemporary (ir)relevance of the agrarian question, evidence is presented to justify the conclusion that although the processes at work are far from the classical models of the transition to capitalism, all aspects of the agrarian question remain relevant. [source] Do We Need to Create Geriatric Hospitals?JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 1 2002Muriel R. Gillick MD During a single illness episode, the sickest, frailest older patients are often treated in multiple distinct sites, including the emergency room, the intensive care unit, a general medical floor, and a skilled nursing facility. Such frequent transfers involve changes in physician, changes in nursing care, the rewriting of orders, and physical dislocation, all of which can adversely affect outcomes. This system, although efficient, increases the chance of medical errors, promotes delirium, and undermines the doctor-patient relationship. Partial solutions include a team approach to care, an electronic medical record, and substitution of home for hospital care. A more comprehensive solution is to create a geriatric hospital for treatment of the most common medical and surgical problems and for provision of rehabilitative or skilled nursing care. Designing new institutions for geriatric care will require new legislation and a new set of regulations but should be considered for the oldest and frailest patients. [source] Adaptive Management and Watersheds: A Social Science Perspective,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2008Catherine Allan Abstract: Adaptive management is often proposed as the most effective way to manage complex watersheds. However, our experience suggests that social and institutional factors constrain the search for, and integration of, the genuine learning that defines adaptive management. Drawing on our work as social scientists, and on a guided panel discussion at a recent AWRA conference, we suggest that watershed-scale adaptive management must be recognized as a radical departure from established ways of managing natural resources if it is to achieve its promise. Successful implementation will require new ways of thinking about management, new organizational structures and new implementation processes and tools. Adaptive management encourages scrutiny of prevailing social and organizational norms and this is unlikely to occur without a change in the culture of natural resource management and research. Planners and managers require educational, administrative, and political support as they seek to understand and implement adaptive management. Learning and reflection must be valued and rewarded, and fora established where learning through adaptive management can be shared and explored. The creation of new institutions, including educational curricula, organizational policies and practices, and professional norms and beliefs, will require support from within bureaucracies and from politicians. For adaptive management to be effective researchers and managers alike must work together at the watershed-scale to bridge the gaps between theory and practice, and between social and technical understandings of watersheds and the people who occupy and use them. [source] Beyond Therapy: Problem-Solving Courts and the Deliberative Democratic StateLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 4 2008Rekha Mirchandani Problem-solving courts (drug courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, and mental health courts), unlike traditional courts, attempt to get at the root of the individual and social problems that motivate criminal behavior. Theoretical understandings of problem-solving courts are mostly Foucauldian; proponents argue that these new institutions employ therapeutic techniques that encourage individuals to self-engineer in ways that subtly increase state power. The Foucauldian approach captures only some elements of problem-solving courts and does not fully theorize the revolution in justice that these courts present. Problem-solving courts, domestic violence courts in particular, orient not just around individual change but also around social change and cultural transformation. Combining the Foucauldian idea of a therapeutic state (as developed by James Nolan) with an understanding of the deliberative democratic mechanisms of larger-scale structural transformation (found in Habermas and others) leads to a more balanced and empirically open orientation to the actual motivations, goals, and achievements of problem-solving courts. [source] Wer soll für die Schulden im Bundesstaat haften?PERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 1 2009Eine vernachlässigte Frage der Föderalismusreform II A commission eager to impose stricter debt limits on state budgets encountered opposition by the Länder. This article proposes the strengthening of the Länder liability for their respective debt in order to disentangle interdependencies between state layers. A recent Federal Constitutional Court ruling is analyzed which sharply reduced bailout expectations of Länder and hence allows for the evolution of new institutions such as public bonds with collective action clauses as intermediate institutions towards strict bankruptcy procedures. [source] From Cooperative to Opportunistic Federalism: Reflections on the Half-Century Anniversary of the Commission on Intergovernmental RelationsPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 5 2006Tim Conlan In 1955, the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations,the Kestnbaum Commission,embellished the intellectual framework of cooperative federalism and laid out a policy agenda for promoting it. Since then, our intergovernmental system has evolved from a predominantly cooperative federal,state,local system to one characterized by corrosive opportunistic behavior, greater policy prescriptiveness, eroding institutional capacity for intergovernmental analysis, and shifting paradigms of public management. These trends threaten to undermine effective intergovernmental relations and management. Recent developments, however, offer some promise for building new institutions of intergovernmental analysis, more effective paradigms of intergovernmental public management, and greater horizontal cooperation. [source] Indonesia After the Asian Crisis,ASIAN ECONOMIC POLICY REVIEW, Issue 1 2007Hal HILL Indonesia was deeply affected by the 1997,1998 crisis, more so than its East Asian neighbors. Its economic contraction was deeper and more prolonged. It was the only one to experience a (temporary) loss of macroeconomic control. It also suffered "twin crises," in the sense that its serious economic and financial problems were accompanied by regime collapse. Consequently, recovery was a slow and complex process, as new institutions had to be created, and old ones reformed under successive short-lived administrations. But this process is largely over. The directly elected president with a strong popular mandate is in power. The new institutional framework for economic policy-making is in place. Macroeconomic stability has been restored. Although growth has yet to return to pre-crisis levels, by 2004 per capita income and poverty incidence had recovered to levels prevailing in the mid-1990s, and in the circumstances economic recovery has arguably proceeded about as quickly as could reasonably have been expected. [source] | |||||||||||||