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Selected AbstractsSynthesis of 3-(Tosylalkyl)indazoles and their Desulfonylation Reactions , A New Entry to 3-Substituted Indazoles by an Unprecedented Friedel,Crafts ProcessEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 19 2009Silvia Campetella Abstract Reaction of indazoles with aldehydes in the presence of p -toluenesulfinic acid affords the corresponding sulfonyl indazoles in satisfactory yields. The reported Friedel,Crafts process is rather unusual on indazoles because of the reduced electronic density of the heterocycle. The obtained sulfonyl indazoles can be desulfonylated under reductive conditions, finally leading to 3-alkylated indazoles.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Sequential 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to ,-(2-Aminophenyl) ,,,-Ynones and Cyclocondensation: A New Entry to the Isoxazolino[4,5- c]quinoline RingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2009Giorgio Abbiati Abstract The reaction of ,-(2-aminophenyl) ,,,-ynones with N -methyl nitrones provides a simple and efficient entry to the isoxazolino[4,5- c]quinoline ring system through a sequential 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/annulation process. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Silylation-Mediated Transesterification of O -Phenyl H-Phosphonothioates , A New Entry to Nucleoside H-Phosphonothioate MonoestersEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2004Gaston Lavén Abstract O -Phenyl H-phosphonothioate undergoes a facile transesterification with suitably protected nucleosides upon in situ silylation with tert -butyldiphenylsilyl chloride in pyridine/ toluene to produce the corresponding 3,-H-phosphonothioates in good yields. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] A New Entry to Bis-Tröger's BasesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2004Thierry Mas Abstract This paper reports the use of p -phenylenediamine to prepare bis-Tröger's bases. The methyl,nitro-substituted bis-Tröger's base 5, already previously prepared by another procedure, was obtained in fewer steps, although with no improvement in the yield of the desired syn isomer. The symmetric dinitro-substituted bis-Tröger's base 17, which cannot be prepared by the older method, was then synthesized. Its structure was determined by mass spectrometry, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and, in the case of the syn isomer, by X-ray crystallography. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] ChemInform Abstract: A New Entry for Preparation of 2-Substituted Azaindoles.CHEMINFORM, Issue 21 2010Montaser Shaykoon Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented SnCl2×2H2O-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of Nitroarenes via C,N Bond Formation: A New Entry to the Synthesis of Cryptotackieine (XII) and Related Skeletons.CHEMINFORM, Issue 11 2009Sunil Sharma Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: The Pauson,Khand Reaction as a New Entry to the Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic Heterocycles: Application to the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Alstonerine (X).CHEMINFORM, Issue 7 2009Kenneth A. Miller Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: New Entry to 9-Acetyl/Formyl-Substituted 2H,8H-Pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-ones Through Baylis,Hillman Reaction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 52 2008A. Raghotham Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A New Entry to 1,5-Keto Esters and Their 4,4-Dideuterio Derivatives via Methylene Chloride as "Methylene Dianion" Equivalents.CHEMINFORM, Issue 42 2008Kuo-Wei Lin Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Asymmetric Aziridination: A New Entry to Optically Active Non-N-protected Aziridines.CHEMINFORM, Issue 25 2006Hirotoshi Kawabata Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] A New Entry in Catalytic Alkynylation of Aldehydes and Ketones: Dual Activation of Soft Nucleophiles and Hard Electrophiles by an Indium(III) Catalyst.CHEMINFORM, Issue 32 2005Ryo Takita Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] A New Entry to Asymmetric Synthesis of Optically Active ,,,-Substituted ,-Butyrolactones, Using a Carbohydrate Derived Amide as Both a Chiral Auxiliary and a Proton Source.CHEMINFORM, Issue 24 2005Ling-Lin Huang No abstract is available for this article. [source] Low-Coordinated Diphosphinidenecyclobutene Ligands: A New Entry for Stille Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 21 2005Anil S. Gajare No abstract is available for this article. [source] Lawesson Reagent: A New Entry in the Preparation of 2-Azetidinones.CHEMINFORM, Issue 49 2004S. D. Sharma Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Palladium Catalyzed Amination of Vinyl Chlorides: A New Entry to Imines, Enamines and 2-Amino-1,3-butadienes.CHEMINFORM, Issue 42 2004Jose Barluenga Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] New Entry to a Three-Component Pyrimidine Synthesis by TMS,Ynones via Sonogashira Coupling.CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2004Alexei S. Karpov Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] A New Entry to Alkylidenecyclopropanes [cf. (VI)] Through a Ramberg,Backlund Rearrangement of Cyclopropylsulfones [cf. (V)].CHEMINFORM, Issue 29 2003Angela M. Bernard No abstract is available for this article. [source] A New Entry to Carbocycles: Synthesis of Cyclopentene and Cyclohexene Derivatives Through endo-Mode Ring Closure of Allenyl Sulfones.CHEMINFORM, Issue 20 2003Chisato Mukai Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Baylis,Hillman Reaction of Isatin Derivatives: Isatins as a New Entry for the Baylis,Hillman Reaction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 15 2003Yun Mi Chung Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Alumina Promoted Cyclization of ,-Nitro-oximes: A New Entry to the Synthesis of 1,2,5-Oxadiazoles N-Oxides (Furoxans).CHEMINFORM, Issue 9 2001Massimo Curini Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Price and Variety in the Spokes Model,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 522 2007Yongmin Chen The spokes model of nonlocalised spatial competition provides a new analytical tool for differentiated oligopoly and a representation of spatial monopolistic competition. An increase in the number of firms leads to lower equilibrium prices when consumers have relatively high product valuations, but, surprisingly, to higher equilibrium prices for intermediate consumer valuations. New entry alters consumer and social welfare through price, market expansion, and matching effects. With free entry, the market may provide too many or too few varieties from a social welfare perspective, and the equilibrium price remains above marginal cost even when the number of firms is arbitrarily large. [source] The UMD-LDLR database: additions to the software and 490 new entries to the database,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 2 2002Ludovic Villéger Abstract Mutations in the LDL receptor gene (LDLR) cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), one of the most frequent hereditary dominant disorders. The protein defect was identified in 1973, the gene was localized by in situ hybridization in 1985, and since, a growing number of mutations have been reported. The UMD-LDLR database is customized software that has been developed to list all mutations, and also to provide means to analyze them at the nucleotide and protein levels. The database has been recently modified to fulfill the recommendations of the Nomenclature Working Group for human gene mutations. However, in the current version, both the nomenclature and usual LDLR gene mutation names are reported since the latter are more commonly used. The software has also been modified to accommodate the splicing mutations and alleles that carry two nucleotide variations. The current version of UMD-LDLR contains 840 entries, of which 490 are new entries. Point mutations account for 90% of all mutations in the LDLR gene; the remaining are mostly major rearrangements, due to the presence of Alu sequences. Three new routines have been implemented in the software, thus giving users access to 13 sorting tools. In addition to the database, a Web site containing information about polymorphisms, major rearrangements, and promoter mutations is available. Both are accessible to the scientific community (www.umd.necker.fr) and should help groups working on LDLR to check their mutations and identify new ones, and greatly facilitate the understanding of functional classes/genotype relationships and of genotype/phenotype correlations. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Solar cell efficiency tables (version 29)PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2007Martin A. Green Abstract Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since June 2006 are reviewed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Efficient location of free spaces in TCAM to improve router performanceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2005Weidong Wu Abstract A ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is a popular hardware device for performing fast IP-address lookup. Because keeping all entries sorted in TCAM, we need move the entries for inserting a new entry. In this paper, we have presented a scheme for minimizing route update overheads in TCAM-based forwarding engines. Our optimizations are based on the hierarchy of prefixes in the routing table. The number of memory movement per update depends on the sequence of the new-inserted prefixes, instead of the initial prefixes in routing table. For the real route update traces, the average number of movements is less than 0.01. Further, when compared to an existing optimization algorithm, in the average case, our algorithm shows a 90% reduction in movement overheads. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Banking reform in India and ChinaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2001Lawrence Sáez Abstract This paper analyzes the important process about financial reform in the area of bank illiquidity in low-income emerging markets. This process is taking place within the context of a debate as to whether or not governments should try to rehabilitate existing state-owned banks or allow a new or parallel banking system to emerge in order to reduce non-performing assets from state-owned commercial banks. A comparison of institutional development in China and India suggests that new entry rather than the rehabilitation approach may work more favorably to reduce non-performing assets. The paper offers an explanation as to why governments choose rehabilitation over new entry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A New Approach to Pyrrolocoumarin Derivatives by Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions: Expedient Construction of Polycyclic Lamellarin ScaffoldADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2009Lei Chen Abstract A new and efficient protocol for straightforward synthesis of chromeno[3,4- b]pyrrol-4(3H)-one derivatives by palladium-catalyzed sequential coupling/cyclization reactions has been developed. The key strategy relies on creation of pyrrole ring through palladium-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of related acetylenic aminocoumarins. The synthetic utility of the obtained chromeno[3,4- b]pyrrol-4(3H)-one product has been demonstrated by the expedient synthesis of polycyclic lamellarin scaffold in four steps. It provides a new entry to synthesis of potentially valuable lamellarin analogues. [source] COMPETITION AND REGULATION IN THE U.K. ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY (WITH A BRIEF LOOK AT CALIFORNIA)JOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2001Stephen C. Littlechild In this article, the U.K.'s Director General of Electricity Supply from 1989 to 1998 assesses the effects of deregulation and competition on the U.K. electricity industry after about a decade. Expansion of existing competitors, new entry, and further restructuring have reduced the aggregate share of the largest two generation companies from nearly 80% to 26%. Efficiency has improved and wholesale prices have fallen after an initial increase. Voluntary bilateral contracts markets are about to replace the mandatory "Pool," with centralised control limited to physically balancing the system and settling contract imbalances. Retail supply competition has been active for large industrial customers since the beginning, and 80% of them now buy from another supplier. The market for residential customers opened in early 1999, and already nearly a quarter of them have chosen another supplier. Incentive price controls on transmission and distribution have stimulated increased efficiency and significantly reduced use-of-system charges. Overall, prices for all classes of customers have fallen by 25,35% in real terms since privatisation, and quality of service has improved. California has adopted a policy that is similar in many respects, but with very different results. The problems there have stemmed partly from less favourable demand and supply conditions, but also from significant policy differences, including barriers to building new capacity, obstacles to the use of long-term supply (or hedging) contracts, retail price controls at untenable levels, and the requirement that (after a transition period) utilities pass through wholesale spot prices directly to their customers. Changes in such policies will eventually enable both producers and consumers in California to benefit from competition. [source] The Competitive Dynamics of Geographic Deregulation in Banking: Implications for Productive EfficiencyJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 5 2008DOUGLAS D. EVANOFF market entry; bank mergers; banking deregulation; cost X-efficiency Deregulation of geographic restrictions in banking over the past 20 years has intensified both potential and actual competition in the industry. The accumulating empirical evidence suggests that potential efficiency gains associated with consolidating banks are often not realized. We evaluate the impact of this increased competition on the productive efficiency of non-merging banks confronted with new entry in their local markets and find that the incumbent banks respond by improving cost efficiency. Thus, studies evaluating the impact of bank mergers on the efficiency of the combining parties alone may be overlooking the most significant welfare-enhancing aspect of merger activity. [source] Economies of scale after deregulation in LTL trucking: a test case for the survivor techniqueMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2008James N. GiordanoArticle first published online: 4 MAR 200 Early critics of motor carrier deregulation believed that the policy was unwise because strong economies of scale would lead to harmful market concentration, particularly in the industry's LTL segment. Using two methodologies, the survivor technique and the trans-log cost function, this study finds that economies of scale do extend across the entire spectrum of firm sizes in LTL trucking. Long-run average cost appears to decline mildly and at a diminishing rate with increases in firm size, however, such that any cost advantage for larger firms has been insufficient to eliminate new entry and competition from smaller rivals. As a result, after the first 20 years of deregulation, the corresponding increase in market concentration has also been mild. Moreover, the consistency of results from the two methodologies gives credibility to the survivor technique as an empirical method of identifying economies of scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Explaining The Shakeout Process: A ,Successive Submarkets' Model,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 537 2009Jian Tong This article explains contemporaneous exit and entry in a new industry with a diffusion process across submarkets. It allows a re-interpretation of the shakeout process in some industries in a novel way. The industry is a collection of initially inactive independent submarkets; the timing of their activation is determined by an exogenous aggregate diffusion process. New submarket opening attracts new entry. However, the post-entry endogenous sunk investment requirement induced by innovations also forces much exit to follow entry. The aggregate market thus has overlapping exit and entry; and has a shakeout if the aggregate diffusion process follows a typical S-shape. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||