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New Definition (new + definition)
Selected AbstractsNursing Diagnosis: Is It Time for a New Definition?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 1 2008T. Heather Herdman PhD PURPOSE. The Diagnosis Development Committee (DDC) of NANDA International frequently receives proposed "physiologic" and "surveillance diagnosis" submissions that may not meet the current definition of nursing diagnosis (NANDA, 2007, p. 332). There has been a request for a vote on newly proposed definitions of nursing diagnosis, risk diagnosis, and syndromes. The purpose of this article is to provide information which enables members and interested nurses to continue the dialogue and to share their thoughts and also to consider the thoughts and information generated by the participants in the NANDA-I interest survey on the definition of nursing diagnoses. DATA SOURCES. An electronic survey of the current NANDA-I definitions, and potential changes to those definitions, was distributed via the NANDA-I Web site. This article summarizes the overall findings of that survey and provides an overview of commentary received from the 269 participants. CONCLUSIONS. It is necessary to continue the dialogue on this important decision and to provide a mechanism for input from members and interested nurses before reaching any conclusions on this subject. NURSING IMPLICATIONS. NANDA-I has been recognized as the leader in the development and implementation of nursing diagnoses and must act responsibly in assessing the changing and emerging trends in nursing practice and in responding to these trends. [source] Do We Really Need a New Definition of Hypertension?JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 12 2005Thomas G. Pickering MD DPhil Associate Editor in Chief No abstract is available for this article. [source] New Definitions of HypertensionJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 4 2006Lawrence R. Krakoff MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] On unifying multiblock analysis with application to decentralized process monitoringJOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS, Issue 9 2001S. Joe Qin Abstract Westerhuis et al. (J. Chemometrics 1998; 12: 301,321) show that the scores of consensus PCA and multiblock PLS (Westerhuis and Coenegracht, J. Chemometrics 1997; 11: 379,392) can be calculated directly from the regular PCA and PLS scores respectively. In this paper we show that both the loadings and scores of consensus PCA can be calculated directly from those of regular PCA, and the multiblock PLS loadings, weights and scores can be calculated directly from those of regular PLS. The orthogonal properties of four multiblock PCA and PLS algorithms are explored. The use of multiblock PCA and PLS for decentralized monitoring and diagnosis is derived in terms of regular PCA and PLS scores and residuals. While the multiblock analysis algorithms are basically equivalent to regular PCA and PLS, blocking of process variables in a large-scale plant based on process knowledge helps to localize the root cause of the fault in a decentralized manner. New definitions of block and variable contributions to SPE and T,2 are proposed for decentralized monitoring. This decentralized monitoring method based on proper variable blocking is successfully applied to an industrial polyester film process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: Report from the standardization committee of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS),NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 1 2007Tryggve Nevéus Abstract Purpose We updated the terminology in the field of pediatric lower urinary tract function. Materials and Methods Discussions were held in the board of the International Children's Continence Society and an extensive reviewing process was done involving all members of the International Children's Continence Society, the urology section of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the European Society of Pediatric Urology, as well as other experts in the field. Results and Conclusions New definitions and a standardized terminology are provided, taking into account changes in the adult sphere and new research results. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:90,102, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] New definitions for new higher education institutionsNEW DIRECTIONS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, Issue 146 2009Katrina A. Meyer This chapter provides new definitions or descriptors for different types of virtual universities that have been proposed by several authors. [source] Imperfection Sensitivity or Insensitivity of Zero-stiffness Postbuckling , that is the QuestionPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2009Xin Jia Zero-stiffness postbuckling of a structure is characterized by a secondary load-displacement path along which the load remains constant. In sensitivity analysis of the (initial) postbuckling path it is usually considered as a borderline case between imperfection sensitivity and imperfection insensitivity. However, it is unclear whether zero-stiffness postbuckling as such is imperfection sensitive or insensitive. In this paper, Koiter's initial postbuckling analysis is used as a tool for sensitivity analysis. Distinction between two kinds of imperfections is made on the basis of the behavior of the equilibrium path of the imperfect structure. New definitions of imperfection insensitivity of the postbuckling behavior are provided according to the classification of imperfections. A structure with two degrees of freedom with a zero-stiffness postbuckling path is studied, considering four different imperfections. The results from this example show that zero-stiffness postbuckling is a case of transition from imperfection sensitivity to imperfection insensitivity for imperfections of the first kind and that it is imperfection insensitive for imperfections of the second kind. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: towards a new definitionACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 6 2009I. Pacchiarotti Objective:, To summarize the conceptual and operational definitions of treatment-resistant bipolar depression and to review the evidence-based therapeutic options. Method:, Structured searches of PubMed, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica and Psyclit conducted in December 2008. Results:, Criteria for treatment resistance in bipolar depression are commonly based on concepts stemming from treatment resistance as defined for unipolar depression, an approach that proved to be inadequate. In fact, the addition of an ad hoc criterion based on lithium and other mood stabilizer unresponsiveness after reaching adequate plasma levels appears to be a patch that attempts to take into account the uniqueness of bipolar depression but fails to become operational. Recent data from randomized clinical trials of new anticonvulsants and second-generation antipsychotics should lead to the development of a modern definition of treatment-resistant bipolar depression, and specific therapeutic algorithms. Conclusion:, We suggest a redefinition of resistant bipolar I and II depression. We propose different degrees of severity within bipolar depression in a stepwise manner. [source] Endoscopic classification of chronic gastritis based on a pilot study by the research society for gastritisDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2002Michio Kaminishi Background:,Various types of classification of gastritis have been proposed, but no plausible classification has been available until now. The Research Society for Gastritis performed a pilot study to establish an endoscopic classification, taking into consideration the following: (i) ease of use; (ii) permitting everyone the common image; and (iii) presence of histopathological evidence. Methods:,One hundred and fifty-five patients were enrolled and underwent gastroscopy. Eight basic endoscopic and histological types of gastritis (superficial, hemorrhagic, erosive, verrucous, atrophic, metaplastic, hyperplastic and special types) were defined. Gastritis was endoscopically diagnosed according to the definition of the endoscopic types of gastritis. Four or more biopsy specimens were obtained from the lesser and the greater curvatures of the antrum and the corpus of each patient, and the histological findings of gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection were assessed. The histological diagnosis of gastritis was made according to the definition of histology types of gastritis. The endoscopic and the histological diagnoses were then compared in a blinded fashion. Results:,Endoscopic diagnosis was 62% as sensitive as histological diagnosis for erosive gastritis, 67% for verrucous gastritis and 84% for atrophic gastritis in the antrum. In superficial gastritis, sensitivity was approximately 25% in the corpus, but only 8% in the antrum. Metaplastic and hyperplastic gastritis were correctly diagnosed only in severe cases. Conclusion:,Five basic types of gastritis (superficial, erosive, verrucous, atrophic and special types) should be employed for the new endoscopic gastritis classification. Metaplastic and hyperplastic gastritis are considered to be subtypes of atrophic gastritis and they should be excluded from the basic endoscopic classification. A new definition of gastritis in the antrum accompanied by redness still remains to be investigated. [source] Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization,ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 5 2005Benjamin M. Oviatt This article provides a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship. Consistent with the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization is influenced by various forces. The model begins with an entrepreneurial opportunity and depicts the enabling forces of technology, the motivating forces of competition, the mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and the moderating forces of knowledge and networks that collectively determine the speed of internationalization. [source] Extreme value predictions based on nonstationary time series of wave dataENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 1 2006Christos N. Stefanakos Abstract A new method for calculating return periods of various level values from nonstationary time series data is presented. The key idea of the method is a new definition of the return period, based on the MEan Number of Upcrossings of the level x* (MENU method). In the present article, the case of Gaussian periodically correlated time series is studied in detail. The whole procedure is numerically implemented and applied to synthetic wave data in order to test the stability of the method. Results obtained by using several variants of traditional methods (Gumbel's approach and the POT method) are also presented for comparison purposes. The results of the MENU method showed an extraordinary stability, in contrast to the wide variability of the traditional methods. The predictions obtained by means of the MENU method are lower than the traditional predictions. This is in accordance with the results of other methods that also take into account the dependence structure of the examined time series. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Morphometric Analysis on the Size, Shape and Areal Distribution of Glacial Cirques in the Maritime Alps (Western French-Italian Alps)GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2004Paolo Roberto Federici Abstract The morphometry of 432 glacial cirques in the Maritime Alps (Western French-Italian Alps), studied over several years of fieldwork, was analysed with the use of a geographical information system. Some of the parameters automatically evaluated from digital elevation models required an objective and relatively new definition. In particular, cirque length was measured along a line that, from the threshold midpoint, splits the cirque into two equivalent surfaces; cirque width was automatically drawn as the longest line inscribed in the cirque and perpendicular to the length line. Significant correlations were found among the different factors and parameters analysed. In particular, cirque shape analysis showed that cirques develop allometrically in the three dimensions, i.e. more in length and width than in altitudinal range. Nevertheless cirques of the Maritime Alps have a regular, almost circular shape (mean L/W value = 1.07). The correlations among length, width and area are all very high (r2= 0.8,0.9). In terms of size, cirques show a wide range in area from 0.06 to 5.2 km2 with a mean value of 0.4 km2. The largest cirques are found on SSW-facing slopes and at high elevations. Small cirques can be found at all altitudes but all those at high elevation are part of compound cirques at the main head valleys. Most cirques (37%) are characterized by a northern aspect; NE and SW are also frequent directions. [source] Testing atypical depression definitionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005Franco Benazzi Abstract The evidence supporting the DSM-IV definition of atypical depression (AD) is weak. This study aimed to test different definitions of AD. Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (N = 254) and bipolar-II (BP-II) outpatients (N = 348) were interviewed consecutively, during major depressive episodes, with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. DSM-IV criteria for AD were followed. AD validators were female gender, young onset, BP-II, axis I comorbidity, bipolar family history. Frequency of DSM-IV AD was 43.0%. AD, versus non-AD, was significantly associated with all AD validators, apart from comorbidity when controlling for age and sex. Factor analysis of atypical symptoms found factor 1 including oversleeping, overeating and weight gain (leaden paralysis at trend correlation), and factor 2 including interpersonal sensitivity, mood reactivity, and leaden paralysis. Multiple logistic regression of factor 1 versus AD validators found significant associations with several validators (including bipolar family history), whereas factor 2 had no significant associations. Findings may support a new definition of AD based on the state-dependent features oversleeping and overeating (plus perhaps leaden paralysis) versus the current AD definition based on a combination of state and trait features. Pharmacological studies are required to support any new definition of AD, as the current concept of AD is based on different response to TCA antidepressants versus non-AD. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Observer-based stabilization of linear switching systemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 14 2009Paolo Caravani Abstract The discrete component of the hybrid state of a discrete-time linear switching system is assumed to be uncontrolled and unobserved. Conditions of stabilizability for this class of systems are given in terms of a new definition of control invariance, based on the realization of a discrete observer that permits reconstruction of the discrete-state in certain intervals of the time basis. This paper highlights the relationship between the minimum dwell time of the system and its stabilizability. An almost complete characterization of stabilizability is offered in terms of certain subsets of the continuous-state space. These sets are amenable to tractable parametric procedures for controller synthesis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dissipativity and stability of interconnectionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 5-6 2007Jan C. Willems Abstract A new definition of dissipativity is proposed. It is purely in terms of the rate of supply that goes in and out of a dynamical system. It is proven that dissipativity is equivalent to the existence of a non-negative storage. Several results regarding the dissipativity of systems defined by quadratic differential forms are given, and some open questions are mentioned. These ideas are applied to the question of stability of interconnected systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Should dynamic parameters for prediction of fluid responsiveness be indexed to the tidal volume?ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2010S. T. VISTISEN Background: The respiratory variation in the pre-ejection period (,PEP) has been used to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Recently, we modified this parameter (PEPV) and showed that it was a reliable predictor for post-cardiac surgery, mainly paced, patients when moderately low tidal volumes were used. One of the modifications involved tidal volume indexation, which had not been proposed before for dynamic parameters. The aim of the present animal study was to investigate whether indexation to tidal volume should be part of a new definition of dynamic parameters such as the case for our newly proposed PEPV. Methods: Eight prone, anesthetized piglets (23,27 kg) were subjected to a sequence of 25% hypovolemia, normovolemia, and 25% and 50% hypervolemia. At each volemic level, tidal volumes were varied in three steps: 6, 9, and 12 ml/kg. PEP variations (ms) and pulse-pressure variation (PPV) were measured during the three tidal volume steps at each volemic level. Results: PEP variations increased significantly with increasing tidal volume at all volemic levels but 50% hypervolemia and were proportionally related to the tidal volume at normovolemia. PPV increased significantly with increasing tidal volume at all volemic levels and was roughly proportional to the tidal volume at all volemic levels but hypovolemia. Conclusion: Our study indicates that dynamic parameters are improved by indexing to tidal volume. [source] Private Equity, Corporate Governance, and the Reinvention of the Market for Corporate ControlJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 3 2008Karen H. Wruck In the early 1980s, during the first U.S. wave of debt-financed hostile takeovers and leveraged buyouts, finance professors Michael Jensen and Richard Ruback introduced the concept of the "market for corporate control" and defined it as "the market in which alternative management teams compete for the right to manage corporate resources." Since then, the dramatic expansion of the private equity market, and the resulting competition between corporate (or "strategic") and "financial" buyers for deals, have both reinforced and revealed the limitations of this old definition. This article explains how, over the past 25 years, the private equity market has helped reinvent the market for corporate control, particularly in the U.S. What's more, the author argues that the effects of private equity on the behavior of companies both public and private have been important enough to warrant a new definition of the market for corporate control,one that, as presented in this article, emphasizes corporate governance and the benefits of the competition for deals between private equity firms and public acquirers. Along with their more effective governance systems, top private equity firms have developed a distinctive approach to reorganizing companies for efficiency and value. The author's research on private equity, comprising over 20 years of interviews and case studies as well as large-sample analysis, has led her to identify four principles of reorganization that help explain the success of these buyout firms. Besides providing a source of competitive advantage to private equity firms, the management practices that derive from these four principles are now being adopted by many public companies. And, in the author's words, "private equity's most important and lasting contribution to the global economy may well be its effect on the world's public corporations,those companies that will continue to carry out the lion's share of the world's growth opportunities." [source] Risk-Based Classification of Hypertension and the Role of Combination TherapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 2008Matthew R. Weir MD The recognition of a continuous relationship between elevated blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk has influenced national and international guidelines for the classification, prevention, and management of hypertension. The most recent report (2003) of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure uses BP thresholds to define categories of normal, prehypertension, and hypertension. A new definition proposed by the Hypertension Writing Group in 2005 offers an approach to diagnosis and management based on global or total risk. Thus, even in the absence of sustained elevations in BP, patients may have a moderate to high risk of vascular events due to the presence of additional cardiovascular risk factors, disease markers, and target organ damage. The 2007 European guidelines continue to classify hypertension based on cutoffs while also placing emphasis on multivariate formulations for cardiovascular risk assessment and goals of therapy. All 3 sets of guidelines acknowledge the necessity of using ,2 antihypertensive agents to attain BP goals in many patients. [source] Evidence-based medicine: the need for a new definitionJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 2 2000S. Buetow MA PhD Abstract Evidence is defined by its ability to establish or support conclusions. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) equates evidence with scientific evidence and views factors such as clinical expertise as important in moving from evidence to action. In contrast, we suggest that EBM should acknowledge multiple dimensions of evidence including scientific evidence, theoretic evidence, practical evidence, expert evidence, judicial evidence and ethics-based evidence. What EBM loses by not acknowledging these dimensions as evidence is the ability, among other things, to make and defend judgements based on understandings that complement science and are no less important than those science can offer. We argue for a new definition of EBM that, without forced accommodation or unacceptable compromise, acknowledges dimensions of evidence produced within and outside science. [source] Introducing Radius of Torsure and Cylindroid of TorsureJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 8 2003David B. Dooner Robotic path planning can involve the specification of the position and orientation of an end-effector to achieve a desired task (e.g., deburring, welding, or surface metrology). Under such scenarios the end-effector is instantaneously rotating and translating about a unique axis; the ISA. Alternately, the performance of direct contact mechanisms (viz., cam systems and gear pairs) are dependent on the surface geometry between two surfaces in direct contact. Determination of this geometry can entail the parametrization of a family of geodesics curves embedded within each surface. This parametrization is tantamount to an end-effector rotating and translating about an ISA. In both scenarios there is a unique ISA for each geodesic embedded in a surface. Here, curvature and torsion of a spatial curve are coupled together to define an alternative definition for the radius-of-curvature of a spatial curve. This new definition is identified as radius of torsure to distinguish it from the classical definition for radius-of-curvature. Further, it is shown that the family of twists that corresponds to the pencil of geodesics coincident with a point on a surface defines a cylindroid: the cylindroid of torsure. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate this difference. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The two faces of knowledge diffusion: the Chilean caseJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2006Piergiuseppe Morone This paper analyses the dynamics of return to knowledge where knowledge is acquired through the combination of interactive and individual learning. We suggest that in light of this new definition of knowledge, choosing the optimal level of education is no longer an individual exercise of present and future utility maximization as suggested by formal human capital theory. We find that other external (environmental) variables might affect the individual decision of investment. We calculate the effect of individual and interactive learning on determining the wage of Chilean male workers resident in urban areas and aged between 14 and 65. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling the invisible collegeJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Alesia Zuccala This article addresses the invisible college concept with the intent of developing a consensus regarding its definition. Emphasis is placed on the term as it was defined and used in Derek de Solla Price's work (1963, 1986) and reviewed on the basis of its thematic progress in past research over the years. Special attention is given to Lievrouw's (1990) article concerning the structure versus social process problem to show that both conditions are essential to the invisible college and may be reconciled. A new definition of the invisible college is also introduced, including a proposed research model. With this model, researchers are encouraged to study the invisible college by focusing on three critical components,the subject specialty, the scientists as social actors, and the information use environment (IUE) [source] Mean-Square Radius of Gyration and Degree of Branching of Highly Branched Copolymers Resulting from the Copolymerization of AB2 With AB MonomersMACROMOLECULAR THEORY AND SIMULATIONS, Issue 8 2004Zhiping Zhou Abstract Summary: The evolution of the various structural units incorporated into hyperbranched polymers formed from the copolymerization of AB2 and AB monomers has been derived by the kinetic scheme. The degree of branching was calculated with a new definition given in this work. The degree of branching monotonously increased with increasing A group conversion (x) and the maximum value could reach 2r/(1,+,r)2, where r is the initial fraction of AB2 monomers in the total. Like the average degree of polymerization, the mean-square radius of gyration of the hyperbranched polymers increased moderately with A group conversion in the range x,<,0.9 and displayed an abrupt rise when the copolymerization neared completion. The characteristic ratio of the mean-square radius of gyration remained constant for the linear polymers. However, the hyperbranched polymers did not possess this character. In comparison with the linear polymerization, the weight average and z -average degree of polymerization increased due to the addition of the branched monomer units AB2 and the mean-square radius of gyration decreased quickly for the products of copolymerization. [source] A new relative skill measure for games with chance elementsMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 5 2004Marcel Dreef An interesting aspect of games is the relative extent to which a player can positively influence his results by making appropriate strategic choices. This question is closely related to the issue of how to distinguish between games of skill and games of chance. The distinction between these two types of games is definitely interesting from a juridical point of view. In this paper we present a modification of an existing measure of the skill level of a game, which has served as a juridical tool for the classification of games. The main difference is that this new definition does not automatically classify incomplete information games without chance moves as games of skill. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] It's effective and somewhat deceptive: The Competitive/Problem-Solving styleALTERNATIVES TO THE HIGH COST OF LITIGATION, Issue 10 2009Charles B. Craver We know that a combination of personality and circumstantial factors affects how people handle a negotiation. Now, Charles B. Craver, of Washington, D.C., explains how the iconic Cooperative/Problem Solving style has been giving way to a new definition of high effectiveness: negotiators who are ready to solve problems, but also are competitive. [source] Precision cosmology with voids: definition, methods, dynamicsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 3 2010Guilhem Lavaux ABSTRACT We propose a new definition of cosmic voids based on methods of Lagrangian orbit reconstruction as well as an algorithm to find them in actual data called DynamIcal Void Analysis. Our technique is intended to yield results which can be modelled sufficiently accurately to create a new probe of precision cosmology. We then develop an analytical model of the ellipticity of voids found by our method based on the Zel'dovich approximation. We measure in N -body simulation that this model is precise at the ,0.1 per cent level for the mean ellipticity of voids of size greater than ,4 h,1 Mpc. We estimate that at this scale we are able to predict the ellipticity with an accuracy of ,,, 0.02. Finally, we compare the distribution of void shapes in N -body simulation for two different equations of state w of the dark energy. We conclude that our method is far more accurate than Eulerian methods and is therefore promising as a precision probe of dark energy phenomenology. [source] A new neosuchian crocodylomorph (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of north-east BrazilPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2009DANIEL C. FORTIER Abstract:, A new neosuchian crocodylomorph, Susisuchus jaguaribensis sp. nov., is described based on fragmentary but diagnostic material. It was found in fluvial-braided sediments of the Lima Campos Basin, north-eastern Brazil, 115 km from where Susisuchus anatoceps was found, in rocks of the Crato Formation, Araripe Basin. S. jaguaribensis and S. anatoceps share a squamosal,parietal contact in the posterior wall of the supratemporal fenestra. A phylogenetic analysis places the genus Susisuchus as the sister group to Eusuchia, confirming earlier studies. Because of its position, we recovered the family name Susisuchidae, but with a new definition, being node-based group including the last common ancestor of Susisuchus anatoceps and Susisuchus jaguaribensis and all of its descendents. This new species corroborates the idea that the origin of eusuchians was a complex evolutionary event and that the fossil record is still very incomplete. [source] "The Humaner Instinct of Women": Hannah Bailey and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Critique of Militarism and Manliness in the Late Nineteenth CenturyPEACE & CHANGE, Issue 2 2008Tara M. McCarthy From its founding in 1887, the National Peace and Arbitration Department of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), led by Hannah Johnston Bailey (1839,1923), provided an important source of women's peace activism. Bailey used the strength and organization of the WCTU to promote the peace movement, reaching beyond male-dominated peace societies to appeal directly to women. Her work, particularly in the area of peace education, laid the foundation for other peace activists in the early twentieth century. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, when many Americans began to express concern over the decline of masculinity, the women of the WCTU challenged the association of patriotism with manliness and militarism. Instead, they advocated a new definition, seeking to replace the martial ideal with one emphasizing public service. [source] A new approach to estimating shelf-lifePHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS: THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, Issue 1 2004Andreas Kiermeier Abstract The current approach to the estimation of shelf-life and the determination of the label shelf-life as detailed in the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines to industry is presented. The shortcomings of the status quo are explained and a possible solution is offered, which gives rise to a new definition of shelf-life. Several methods for calculating a label shelf-life are presented and investigated using a simulation study. Recommendations to adopt the new definition and to increase sample sizes are made. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fallback foods and dietary partitioning among Pan and gorillaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Juichi Yamagiwa Abstract Recent findings on the strong preference of gorillas for fruits and the large dietary overlap between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees has led to a debate over the folivorous/frugivorous dichotomy and resource partitioning. To add insight to these arguments, we analyze the diets of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (DRC) using a new definition of fallback foods (Marshall and Wrangham: Int J Primatol 28 [2007] 1219,1235). We determined the preferred fruits of Kahuzi chimpanzees and gorillas from direct feeding observations and fecal analyses conducted over an 8-year period. Although there was extensive overlap in the preferred fruits of these two species, gorillas tended to consume fewer fruits with prolonged availability while chimpanzees consumed fruits with large seasonal fluctuations. Fig fruit was defined as a preferred food of chimpanzees, although it may also play a role as the staple fallback food. Animal foods, such as honey bees and ants, appear to constitute filler fallback foods of chimpanzees. Tool use allows chimpanzees to obtain such high-quality fallback foods during periods of fruit scarcity. Among filler fallback foods, terrestrial herbs may enable chimpanzees to live in small home ranges in the montane forest, whereas the availability of animal foods may permit them to expand their home range in arid areas. Staple fallback foods including barks enable gorillas to form cohesive groups with similar home range across habitats irrespective of fruit abundance. These differences in fallback strategies seem to have shaped different social features between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:739,750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||