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Kinds of New Terms modified by New Selected AbstractsIS A NEW AND GENERAL THEORY OF MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS EMERGING?EVOLUTION, Issue 1 2009Scott V. Edwards The advent and maturation of algorithms for estimating species trees,phylogenetic trees that allow gene tree heterogeneity and whose tips represent lineages, populations and species, as opposed to genes,represent an exciting confluence of phylogenetics, phylogeography, and population genetics, and ushers in a new generation of concepts and challenges for the molecular systematist. In this essay I argue that to better deal with the large multilocus datasets brought on by phylogenomics, and to better align the fields of phylogeography and phylogenetics, we should embrace the primacy of species trees, not only as a new and useful practical tool for systematics, but also as a long-standing conceptual goal of systematics that, largely due to the lack of appropriate computational tools, has been eclipsed in the past few decades. I suggest that phylogenies as gene trees are a "local optimum" for systematics, and review recent advances that will bring us to the broader optimum inherent in species trees. In addition to adopting new methods of phylogenetic analysis (and ideally reserving the term "phylogeny" for species trees rather than gene trees), the new paradigm suggests shifts in a number of practices, such as sampling data to maximize not only the number of accumulated sites but also the number of independently segregating genes; routinely using coalescent or other models in computer simulations to allow gene tree heterogeneity; and understanding better the role of concatenation in influencing topologies and confidence in phylogenies. By building on the foundation laid by concepts of gene trees and coalescent theory, and by taking cues from recent trends in multilocus phylogeography, molecular systematics stands to be enriched. Many of the challenges and lessons learned for estimating gene trees will carry over to the challenge of estimating species trees, although adopting the species tree paradigm will clarify many issues (such as the nature of polytomies and the star tree paradox), raise conceptually new challenges, or provide new answers to old questions. [source] Functional Ecology: Instructions for AuthorsFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Article first published online: 28 FEB 200 NEW: Online submission and review of manuscripts is now available. Please follow the instructions for authors given below. When your manuscript has been prepared in accordance with these instructions, please access the following web site: http://britishecologicalsociety.manuscriptcentral.com/. You must select Functional Ecology when you log on to the online submission site. [source] WHAT IS NEW IN RESEARCH?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 3 2009Maria Perno Goldie No abstract is available for this article. [source] Journal of Applied Ecology: Instructions for AuthorsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Article first published online: 6 FEB 200 NEW: Online submission and review of manuscripts is now available. Please follow the instructions for authors given below. When your manuscript has been prepared in accordance with these instructions, please access the following web site: http://britishecologicalsociety.manuscriptcentral.com/. You must select the Journal of Applied Ecology when you log on to the online submission site. [source] INTRODUCTION: REHEARSING THE OLD AND ANTICIPATING THE NEWJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2009ON-CHO NG [source] NOMENCLATURAL NOTE ON A THECADINIUM SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE, GONYAULACALES), WHICH WAS DESCRIBED AS NEW INDEPENDENTLY THREE TIMES WITHIN TWO MONTHS,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Mona Hoppenrath Three Thecadinium species, independently described as new in three separate publications, are actually regarded as conspecific. The combined plate formula is Po 3, 1a 6, 5-7/8c 5s 6,, 2,,. The size range of the species is 38,65 l m in length and 23,42 lm in depth. It has one or two strongly lobed chloroplasts. The correct name of the species is Thecadinium yashimaense Yoshimatsu, Toriumi et Dodge 2004. Thecadinium mucosum Hoppenrath et Taylor 2004 and Thecadinium foveolatum Bolch 2004 are taxonomical synonyms. This note clarifies the plate tabulation and other features of the species. [source] NEW ON THE BOOKSHELFJUVENILE AND FAMILY COURT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Article first published online: 11 FEB 200 [source] Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of tomatoes by neutral electrolyzed waterLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003M.A. Deza Abstract Aims:, To determine the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) in killing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as nonpathogenic E. coli, on the surface of tomatoes, and to evaluate the effect of rinsing with NEW on the organoleptic characteristics of the tomatoes. Methods and Results:, The bactericidal activity of NEW, containing 444 or 89 mg l,1 of active chlorine, was evaluated over pure cultures (8·5 log CFU ml,1) of the above-mentioned strains. All of them were reduced by more than 6 log CFU ml,1 within 5 min of exposure to NEW. Fresh tomatoes were surface-inoculated with the same strains, and rinsed in NEW (89 mg l,1 of active chlorine) or in deionized sterile water (control), for 30 or 60 s. In the NEW treatments, independent of the strain and of the treatment time, an initial surface population of about 5 log CFU sq.cm,1 was reduced to <1 log CFU sq.cm,1, and no cells were detected in the washing solution by plating procedure. A sensory evaluation was conducted to ascertain possible alterations in organoleptic qualities, yielding no significant differences with regard to untreated tomatoes. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Rinsing in NEW reveals as an effective method to control the presence of E. coli O157:H7, S. enteritidis and L. monocytogenes on the surface of fresh tomatoes, without affecting their organoleptic characteristics. This indicates its potential application for the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces. [source] THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL-LEVEL ORIENTATION TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF NEW HIRESPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2000HOWARD J. KLEIN This quasi-experimental field study examined the impact of attending a voluntary, organizational-level new employee orientation training program on organizational socialization. Six content dimensions of socialization were measured before and 1 to 2 months following orientation training for a sample of 116 new employees in a variety of occupations. Results revealed that employees attending the orientation training were significantly more socialized on 3 of the 6 socialization content dimensions (goals/values, history, & people) than employees who did not attend the training. Employees attending the orientation training also had significantly higher levels of affective organizational commitment than nonattendees, a relationship that was fully mediated by the socialization content dimensions, primarily goals/values, and history. [source] Classic and false memory designs: An electrophysiological comparisonPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Doreen Nessler Abstract In false memory tasks new items either overlap with the semantic concepts of studied items (LURE) or do not (NEW). ERP differences between OLD and NEW items in false memory tasks have been interpreted as similar to episodic memory effects observed in classic recognition studies. However, NEW items in a false memory task can be rejected on the basis of semantic information alone, a strategy useless in classic tasks. Here a medial frontal (400 to 500 ms) episodic memory effect was revealed in both classic and false memory tasks, whereas a parietal (500 to 700 ms) episodic memory effect was found only in the classic task. In the false memory task a large, parietally focused positivity was evident for NEW items, assumed to reflect a targetlike response to new semantic information. The brain activity underlying false memory effects, therefore, cannot be interpreted as a straightforward example of that arising during a standard recognition task. [source] A NEW ,APOLOGIA': THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE WORK OF JEAN-LUC MARIONTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Christina M. GschwandtnerArticle first published online: 15 JUN 200 First page of article [source] PHYSICALISM COULD BE TRUE EVEN IF MARY LEARNS SOMETHING NEWTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 227 2007Barbara Montero Mary knows all there is to know about physics, chemistry and neurophysiology, yet has never experienced colour. Most philosophers think that if Mary learns something genuinely new upon seeing colour for the first time, then physicalism is false. I argue, however, that physicalism is consistent with Mary's acquisition of new information. Indeed, even if she has perfect powers of deduction, and higher-level physical facts are a priori deducible from lower-level ones, Mary may still lack concepts which are required in order to deduce from the lower-level physical facts what it is like to see red. [source] Childhood cancer,mainly curable so where next?ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 4 2000AW Craft More than 70% of childhood cancer is now curable with best modern therapy. The treatment is expensive but in terms of cost per life year saved, USD 1750, compares very favourably with other major health interventions. The rate of improvement in survival is slowing down. New, "designer", treatments are needed and, better still, prevention. The causes of childhood cancer are beginning to emerge. The origin for many is probably in utero and may be initiated by dietary and other environmental exposures perhaps in susceptible individuals. However, one of the great challenges for the future must be to extend the benefits of modern treatment to the 80% of the world's children who currently have little or no access to it in economically disadvantaged and emerging nations. The International Paediatric Oncology Society (SIOP) is leading the way in bringing hope for children with cancer worldwide. In India, with the support of the WHO, there is a "train the trainers" programme. In Africa, pilot studies of cost-effective treatments for Burkitt's lymphoma are producing gratifying results in Malawi and there are several examples of twinning programmes between major centres in developed and less well-developed countries. Conclusions: The future for children with cancer is bright. Most are curable and prevention may be just over the horizon. [source] The challenge of hazardous waste management in a sustainable environment: insights from electronic recovery lawsCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2005J. Halluite Abstract New and pending regulations requiring product take-back by manufacturers at the time of disposal are intended to create a new era of industrial ecology and environmental sustainability. However, the intended benefits of the current legislation can be confounded by obsolescence in product design based upon advances in science and technology and also by the introduction of more environmentally benign product designs. Recent changes in legislation are identified and, based upon an extensive industry survey, their resultant likely impacts on consumer electronics are considered. This industry study illustrates that unless the impacted products simultaneously possess both stable designs and input requirements then significant secondary environmental issues related to the waste storage will be encountered. Inherently, these issues cause serious societal problems when hazardous substances are involved , which is the case with many products from the electronics industry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Making the Monkey: How the Togean Macaque Went from "New Form" to "Endemic Species" in Indonesians' Conservation BiologyCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Celia Lowe Indonesian scientists inhabit a postcolonial world where they are both elite (within the nation) and subaltern (within transnational science) at precisely the same moments. A study of science that is neither "ethno" nor "Euro" requires a postcolonial refiguration not only of how science's matter is made but of where and by whom. In the 1990s, the Togean macaque (Macaca togeanus) was proposed as a new species endemic to the Togean Islands, the proposed site of a new conservation area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In the scientific production of biodiverse nature, Indonesian primatologists identified the monkey first as a "new form," then as a "dubious name," and subsequently, as an "endemic species." Throughout these acts of making, unmaking, and remaking the monkey, its unique and endemic status was important for developing Indonesian conservation biology, attracting foreign donors, and enlisting government and public interest in Togean Island nature, even as forms of nature important to Togean peoples were overwritten in this process. [source] Effective Treatment of Leg Vein Telangiectasia with a New 940 nm Diode LaserDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2001Peter Kaudewitz MD Background. A variety of lasers have been used in an attempt to treat leg vein telangiectasia Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of a new 940 nm diode laser for the treatment of leg vein telangiectasia. Methods. Thirty-one patients with leg vein telangiectasia were treated with a diode laser; 26 of these with 940 nm, 300,350 J/cm2, 40,70 msec, 1.0 mm handpiece, one pass, and 5 of these with 940 nm, 815 J/cm2, 50 msec, 0.5 mm handpiece, one pass. Each subject had three treatments of the same site at 4-week intervals. Photographs taken before and 4 weeks after the last treatment were evaluated by two independent observers for vessel clearance. Results. In those 26 patients treated with a fluence of 300,350 J/cm2, a vessel clearance of greater than 50% was achieved in 20 patients (76%), 12 of these patients had clearance rates greater than 75%. A clearance rate of less than 50% was obtained in six patients, with three of these patients showing responses of less than 25%. In five patients treated with a fluence of 815 J/cm2 a clearance rate of more than 75% was observed. Conclusions. In this preliminary study a 940 nm diode laser was shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of leg vein telangiectasia. [source] New and emerging treatments in dermatology: acneDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 2 2008A. Katsambas ABSTRACT:, Topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, and topical and oral antibiotics remain the milestone of treatment for mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Oral isotretinoin is useful for the treatment of severe nodular acne, treatment-resistant acne, and acne with a risk of physical or psychological scarring. Hormonal treatment in female acne is useful in resistant or late-onset acne. With increasing concerns regarding teratogenicity of isotretinoin and increasing antibiotic resistance, there is a clear need for therapeutic alternatives to these long-used treatments. Research in the pathogenesis of acne has allowed for new therapies and future perspectives regarding acne to evolve. They include low-dose long-term isotretinoin regimens, insulin-sensitizing agents, 5,-reductase type 1 inhibitors, topical photodynamic therapy, new combination formulations, dietary interventions, and antiinflammatory agents such as lipoxygenase inhibitors. [source] The ,Neoliberal Turn' and the New Social Policy in Latin America: How Neoliberal, How New?DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2008Maxine Molyneux ABSTRACT The term neoliberal is widely used as shorthand to describe the policy environment of the last three decades. Yet the experience of the Latin American region suggests that it is too broad a descriptor for what is in fact a sequenced, fragmented and politically indeterminate process. This article examines the evolution of social protection in the region, and argues for a more grounded, historical approach to neoliberalism, and for some analytic refinement to capture the different ,moments' in its policy evolution, its variant regional modalities, and its co-existence with earlier policies and institutional forms. It suggests that totalizing conceptions of neoliberalism as imposing an inexorable market logic with predetermined social and political outcomes fail to capture the variant modalities, adaptations and indeed resistance to the global diffusion of the structural reforms. This article outlines the systems of social welfare prevailing in Latin America prior to the reforms, and then examines the principle elements of what has been termed the ,New Social Policy' in Latin America, engaging three issues: the periodization of neoliberalism; the role of the state; and the place of politics in the neoliberal reform agenda. [source] New and experimental approaches to treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a comprehensive review of emerging treatment strategiesDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2004R. Eldor Abstract Diabetic foot ulcers occur in up to 15% of all diabetic patients and are a leading cause of nontraumatic amputation worldwide. Neuropathy, abnormal foot biomechanics, peripheral vascular disease and external trauma are the major contributors to the development of a foot ulcer in the diabetic patient. Therapy today includes repeated debridement, offloading, and dressings, for lower grade ulcers, and broad spectrum antibiotics and occasionally limited or complete amputation for higher grades, requiring a team effort of health care workers from various specialties. The large population affected by diabetic foot ulcers and the high rates of failure ending with amputation even with the best therapeutic regimens, have resulted in the development of new therapies and are the focus of this review. These include new off loading techniques, dressings from various materials, methods to promote wound closure using artificial skin grafts, different growth factors or wound bed modulators and methods of debridement. These new techniques are promising but still mostly unproven and traditional approaches cannot be replaced. New and generally more expensive therapies should be seen as adding to traditional approaches. [source] The Good, the Bad and the New: The Native American Missionary ExperienceDIALOG, Issue 2 2001Rev. Steven Charleston First page of article [source] Elusive '68: The Challenge to PedagogyDIE UNTERRICHTSPRAXIS/TEACHING GERMAN, Issue 2 2008William Collins Donahue Teaching ,68 presents pedagogical challenges far greater than assembling a set of workable classroom materials. Divisive controversies that were the hallmark of the time,e.g., the debate over the nature and appropriate use of violence,are with us still, though in a somewhat different form. Further, the instructor,s own politics and positionality can hardly be ignored,as they will certainly not be overlooked by our students. Additionally, this essay argues that fundamental terms (such as who qualifies as a ,68er) remain problematic; that the instrumentalization of the Holocaust by the German New Left continues to affect political decisions down to the present; that our investment as teachers in poststructuralist literary theory may,perhaps inadvertently,affect the way we view and therefore teach ,68; and, finally, that there is a pressing need, despite a recent explosion in Germany of publications celebrating the fortieth anniversary of ,68, for a didacticized reader designed for the North American German Studies classroom. [source] Between the Old Diplomacy and the New, 1918,1922: The Washington System and the Origins of Japanese-American Rapprochement*DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 2 2006Sadao Asada First page of article [source] New approaches for non-classically damped system eigenanalysisEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2005Karen Khanlari Abstract This paper presents three new approaches for solving eigenvalue problems of non-classically damped linear dynamics systems with fewer calculations than the conventional state vector approach. In the latter, the second-order differential equation of motion is converted into a first-order system by doubling the size of the matrices. The new approaches simplify the approach and reduce the number of calculations. The mathematical formulations for the proposed approaches are presented and the numerical results compared with the existing method by solving a sample problem with different damping properties. Of the three proposed approaches, the expansion approach was found to be the simplest and fastest to compute. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Solid Contact Micropipette Ion Selective Electrode II: Potassium Electrode for SECM and In Vivo ApplicationsELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 17-18 2009Gergely Gyetvai Abstract Micropipette ion selective electrodes are very small, but fragile, short-life time sensors with very high resistance. Their high resistance is a draw back considering application in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and in life sciences. New, low resistance potassium micropipette electrodes were prepared, and applied. The electrode contains solid internal contact made of a carbon fiber lowered down all the way close to the orifice of the micropipette. The internal contact potential was kept constant by applying a doped, electrochemically prepared PEDOT coating on the fiber surface. The electrode performed well in in vivo experiments both in plant and animal tissue without capacitance neutralization and in SECM. [source] Renewable Copper and Silver Amalgam Film Electrodes of Prolonged Application for the Determination of Elemental Sulfur Using Stripping VoltammetryELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 7 2008Robert Piech Abstract New, renewable copper (Hg(Cu)FE) and silver (Hg(Ag)FE) based amalgam film electrodes applied for the determination of elemental sulfur using differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry are presented. With surface areas adjustable from 1 to 12,mm2, both electrodes are characterized by very good surface reproducibility (,2%) and long-term stability (a few thousand measurement cycles). The mechanical refreshing of the amalgam film takes about 1,2 seconds. The effects of various factors such as instrumental parameters and the supporting electrolyte composition were optimized. Interferences from sulfides are easily removed by the addition of acid, and bubbling with argon, for Hg(Ag)FE. In the case of Hg(Cu)FE, sulfides did not interfere. The calibration graph is linear within the studied range from 16,ng L,1 to 4.8,,g L,1 for Hg(Cu)FE, and up to 6.4,,g L,1 for Hg(Ag)FE (tacc=15,s). The correlation coefficients for the two electrodes were at least 0.997. The detection limits for a low concentration of S(0) and tacc=60,s are as low as 14,ng L,1 for Hg(Cu)FE and 4,ng L,1 for Hg(Ag)FE. The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the recovery of S(0) from spiked river water. [source] Preparation, Characterization and Analytical Applications of a New and Novel Electrically Conducting PolymerELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 15 2006F. D'Eramo Abstract In this study, a glassy carbon electrode (GC) was modified with an electropolymerized film of 1-naphthylamine (1-NAP) with a subsequent overoxidation treatment in 0.2,M sodium hydroxide solution. This polymer p-1-NAPox film coated GC electrode was used for the selective determination of dopamine (DA) in the presence of a triple concentration of ascorbic acid (AA). These studies were performed using cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry at physiological pH. p-1-NAPox shows an attractive permselectivity, a marked enhancement of the current response and antifouling properties when compared to a bare GC electrode activated in basic media. With a preconcentration time of 3,minutes at open circuit, linear calibration plots were obtained for DA in buffer solution (pH,7.4) over the concentration range from 1×10,6,1×10,4 M with a detection limit of 1.59×10,7 M. [source] Production of ,-Amylase and Glucoamylase by a New Isolate of Trichoderma sp.ENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2004Using Sorghum Starch as a Carbon Source The performance of a new Trichoderma sp. isolate to produce extracellular ,-amylase and glucoamylase from raw sorghum starch was evalutated. To reduce the costs of starch saccharification and the consumption of amylolytic enzymes, this microorganism has been used for the first time in cultivations using such a carbon source without any prior gelatinization. [source] On the Boundaries of New and Old Historicisms: Thomas Harman and the Literature of RogueryENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE, Issue 2 2003Lee Beier First page of article [source] Visual Stimuli in Daily LifeEPILEPSIA, Issue 2004Dorothée G. A. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité Summary: People of all ages, but especially children and adolescents, are increasingly exposed to visual stimuli. Typical environmental stimuli that can trigger epileptic seizures in susceptible persons are televisions (TVs), computers, videogames (VGs), discothèque lights, venetian blinds, striped walls, rolling stairs (escalators), striped clothing, and sunlight reflected from snow or the sea or interrupted by trees during a ride in a car or train. Less common stimuli are rotating helicopter blades, disfunctioning fluorescent lighting, welding lights, etc. New potentially provocative devices turn up now and then unexpectedly. During the last decades especially, displays have become increasingly dominant in many of our daily-life activities. We therefore focus mainly on the characteristics of artificial light and on current and future developments in video displays and videogames. Because VG playing has been shown also to have positive effects, a rating system might be developed for provocativeness to inform consumers about the content. It is important that patients with epilepsy be informed adequately about their possible visual sensitivity. [source] New assay to detect low-affinity interactions and characterization of leukocyte receptors for collagen including leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Lei Jiang Abstract Leukocyte activity is controlled by numerous interactions between membrane receptors and ligands on the cell surface. These interactions are of low affinity making detection difficult. We developed a sensitive assay that could readily detect extremely weak interactions such as that between CD200 and the activating receptor CD200RLa (Kd>500,,M) at the protein level. We used the new technology to screen for interactions of inhibitory receptors for collagens. We confirmed that both human and mouse leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1, and in addition the related inhibitory leukocyte Ig-like receptor subfamily B member 4 (CD85K, Gp49B), bound collagen specifically, whereas other cell surface proteins gave no binding. The monomeric affinities of the interactions were then determined to allow comparison with other leukocyte interactions and indicate conditions when these interactions might lead to inhibitory signals. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||