Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Nexus
Kinds of Nexus Selected AbstractsEXAMINING THE "CRIMINAL CAREERS" OF PROSTITUTES WITHIN THE NEXUS OF DRUG USE, DRUG SELLING, AND OTHER ILLICIT ACTIVITIES,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2000SHEILA ROYO MAXWELL This paper examines the co-occurrence of prostitution, drug use, drug selling, and involvement in non-drug crimes among women who have used serious drugs (e.g., crack, heroin). Existing perspectives on the drug use-prostitution nexus are re-examined using three dimensions of the criminal career paradigm: prevalence, lambda, and age of onset. Results show that approximately one-half of the women who reported regular drug use never prostituted, and that, except for use of crack cocaine, use of other drugs was unrelated to the prevalence, frequency, or age of onset into prostitution. The results also show that committing property crime was associated with an increased prevalence and early onset into prostitution, while selling drugs coincided with a decreased prevalence and delayed onset into prostitution. [source] THE PROFIT,INVESTMENT,UNEMPLOYMENT NEXUS AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN A STOCK-FLOW CONSISTENT MODELMETROECONOMICA, Issue 3 2010Jean-Bernard Chatelain ABSTRACT This paper studies under which conditions the share of profit in value-added, financial constraints on investment and capital shortage may foster unemployment and may limit the growth of capital and/or the growth of aggregate demand, in a stock-flow consistent model. The efficiency of demand-side versus supply-side economic policies (decrease of the real interest rate and/or of the real wage, increase of the leverage ceiling constraint) depends on capital shortage and credit rationing, which are not necessarily simultaneous due to the effects of investment on aggregate demand and supply. [source] RECONSIDERING THE INVESTMENT,PROFIT NEXUS IN FINANCE-LED ECONOMIES: AN ARDL-BASED APPROACHMETROECONOMICA, Issue 3 2008Till Van TreeckArticle first published online: 28 APR 200 ABSTRACT A Post-Keynesian growth model is developed, in which financial variables are explicitly taken into account. Variants of an investment function are estimated econometrically, applying the ARDL (auto-regressive distributed lag)-based approach proposed by Pesaran et al. (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), pp. 289,326). The econometric results are discussed with respect to a remarkable phenomenon that can be observed for some important OECD countries since the early 1980s: accumulation has generally been declining while profit shares and rates have shown a tendency to rise. We concentrate on one potential explanation of this phenomenon, which is particularly relevant for the USA and relies on a high propensity to consume out of capital income. [source] Can Patients with Brain Herniation on Cranial Computed Tomography Have a Normal Neurologic Exam?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009Marc A. Probst MD Abstract Objectives:, Herniation of the brain outside of its normal intracranial spaces is assumed to be accompanied by clinically apparent neurologic dysfunction. The authors sought to determine if some patients with brain herniation or significant brain shift diagnosed by cranial computed tomography (CT) might have a normal neurologic examination. Methods:, This is a secondary analysis of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) II cranial CT database compiled from a multicenter, prospective, observational study of all patients for whom cranial CT scanning was ordered in the emergency department (ED). Clinical information including neurologic examination was prospectively collected on all patients prior to CT scanning. Using the final cranial CT radiology reports from participating centers, all CT scans were classified into three categories: frank herniation, significant shift without frank herniation, and minimal or no shift, based on predetermined explicit criteria. These reports were concatenated with clinical information to form the final study database. Results:, A total of 161 patients had CT-diagnosed frank herniation; 3 (1.9%) had no neurologic deficit. Of 91 patients with significant brain shift but no herniation, 4 (4.4%) had no neurologic deficit. Conclusions:, A small number of patients may have normal neurologic status while harboring significant brain shift or brain herniation on cranial CT. [source] U.S. Security: the Nexus of Oil Importation and Climate ChangeCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Gary Hart No abstract is available for this article. [source] Connexins, cell motility, and the cytoskeletonCYTOSKELETON, Issue 11 2009Stephan Olk Abstract Connexins (Cx) comprise a family of transmembrane proteins, which form intercellular channels between plasma membranes of two adjoining cells, commonly known as gap junctions. Recent reports revealed that Cx proteins interact with diverse cellular components to form a multiprotein complex, which has been termed "Nexus". Potential interaction partners include proteins such as cytoskeletal proteins, scaffolding proteins, protein kinases and phosphatases. These interactions allow correct subcellular localization of Cxs and functional regulation of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication. Evidence is accruing that Cxs might have channel-independent functions, which potentially include regulation of cell migration, cell polarization and growth control. In the current review, we summarize recent knowledge on Cx interactions with cytoskeletal proteins and highlight some aspects of their role in cellular motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66: 1000,1016, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Scottish Higher Education and the FE-HE NexusHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2003Brenda Morgan-Klein Over half of Scottish higher education entrants in 2000/01 began their studies in further education. This reflects the growing diversity of higher education in Scotland as a result of institutional change and trends in policy and practice. While these changes have been constructed positively as contributing to the accessibility of Scottish higher education, clear differences between HE provision in the two sectors and sectoral differentiation in patterns of participation have given rise to two relatively disconnected systems of higher education. The emergence of parallel systems may conceal new patterns of inequality, giving rise to a new learning divide. [source] The MDG,Human Rights Nexus to 2015 and BeyondIDS BULLETIN, Issue 1 2010Mary Robinson Progress has been made in some MDG areas. But in some regions and in many Target areas, progress is overshadowed by the numbers of those left behind and by rising inequalities within and between nations. This article argues that we need better integration of human rights and development and provides some specific ways forward to do this. [source] The Migration,Development Nexus: Evidence and Policy OptionsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 5 2002Ninna Nyberg, Sørensen Migration and development are linked in many ways , through the livelihood and survival strategies of individuals, households, and communities; through large and often well,targeted remittances; through investments and advocacy by migrants, refugees, diasporas and their transnational communities; and through international mobility associated with global integration, inequality, and insecurity. Until now, migration and development have constituted separate policy fields. Differing policy approaches that hinder national coordination and international cooperation mark these fields. For migration authorities, the control of migration flows to the European Union and other OECD countries are a high priority issue, as is the integration of migrants into the labour market and wider society. On the other hand, development agencies may fear that the development policy objectives are jeopardized if migration is taken into consideration. Can long,term goals of global poverty reduction be achieved if short,term migration policy interests are to be met? Can partnership with developing countries be real if preventing further migration is the principal European migration policy goal? While there may be good reasons to keep some policies separate, conflicting policies are costly and counter,productive. More importantly, there is unused potential in mutually supportive policies, that is, the constructive use of activities and interventions that are common to both fields and which may have positive effects on poverty reduction, development, prevention of violent conflicts, and international mobility. This paper focuses on positive dimensions and possibilities in the migration,development nexus. It highlights the links between migration, development, and conflict from the premise that to align policies on migration and development, migrant and refugee diasporas must be acknowledged as a development resource. [source] Articulating the Nexus of Politics and Law: War in Iraq and the Practice within Two Legal SystemsINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Philip Liste Does law rule foreign affairs in the democratic state? Basically, one might expect that democratic executives operate on the ground of what is called the Rechtsstaat, and that in a political system with checks and balances operations,especially those eventually dropping out of that ground,are subject to judicial review. However, legal systems are more often than not willing to abstain from a legal governance of its countries' foreign policy,because of "political reasons." Moreover, democracies obviously vary according to their legal operations. At least in the area of foreign affairs, the relationship of democracy and law does not take up a necessary character. Facing this contingency, the article engages in the discursive construction of a politics and law nexus in the course of the operations of two legal systems, in the United States and Germany. For that reason, it will proceed by deconstructing two legal decisions related to the war in Iraq. Building upon the premise that legal practices are intertwined into a larger web of (legal) text, the article argues that the possibility of a judicial abstention in cases bearing reference to foreign policy issues depends on meaning produced in the course of the signification and positioning of discursive elements like "politics" and "law." Thus, speaking law is a politico-legal practice. [source] The Joint Democracy,Dyadic Conflict Nexus: A Simultaneous Equations ModelINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2003Rafael Reuveny Many statistical studies in international relations investigate the claim that democracies do not fight one another. Virtually all of these studies employ a single-equation design, where the dependent variable measures the presence or absence of a dyadic militarized interstate dispute (MID). A separate group of studies argues that conflict affects democracy and that its effect could be positive or negative. By and large, these two bodies of literature have not incorporated one another's insights. We argue that democracy and dyadic conflict affect each other significantly and that statistical models that ignore the reciprocal nature of these effects may make incorrect inferences. To test this argument, we develop a simultaneous equations model of democracy and dyadic conflict. Our sample includes all the politically relevant dyads from 1950 to 1992. We find that dyadic military disputes reduce joint democracy and joint democracy reduces the probability of MIDs. Compared with the single-equation estimates in the literature, the absolute effect of joint democracy in our paper is smaller while in relative terms, the effect is similar in size. The effect of joint democracy on MID involvement is considerably smaller for noncontiguous countries than for contiguous ones. The effects of a number of control variables in the MID equation are also found to differ from those reported previously in single- equation,based studies. [source] EXAMINING THE "CRIMINAL CAREERS" OF PROSTITUTES WITHIN THE NEXUS OF DRUG USE, DRUG SELLING, AND OTHER ILLICIT ACTIVITIES,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2000SHEILA ROYO MAXWELL This paper examines the co-occurrence of prostitution, drug use, drug selling, and involvement in non-drug crimes among women who have used serious drugs (e.g., crack, heroin). Existing perspectives on the drug use-prostitution nexus are re-examined using three dimensions of the criminal career paradigm: prevalence, lambda, and age of onset. Results show that approximately one-half of the women who reported regular drug use never prostituted, and that, except for use of crack cocaine, use of other drugs was unrelated to the prevalence, frequency, or age of onset into prostitution. The results also show that committing property crime was associated with an increased prevalence and early onset into prostitution, while selling drugs coincided with a decreased prevalence and delayed onset into prostitution. [source] Declaring victory: Toward a new value proposition for business designDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2004Carol Moore Evaluating the nexus between business and design, Carol Moore asserts that companies can establish and sustain a competitive advantage by investing in experience design, simultaneous design, and the design and delivery of urgently needed information. She identifies five promising business-design "themes" and urges designers to work in collaborative teams and fully immerse themselves in the context of their endeavors. [source] Expression of the NET family member Zfp503 is regulated by hedgehog and BMP signaling in the limbDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2008Edwina McGlinn Abstract The NET/Nlz family of zinc finger transcription factors contribute to aspects of developmental growth and patterning across evolutionarily diverse species. To date, however, these molecules remain largely uncharacterized in mouse and chick. We previously reported that limb bud expression of Zfp503, the mouse orthologue of zebrafish nlz2/znf503, is dependent on Gli3. Here, we show that Zfp503/Znf503 is expressed in a restricted pattern during mouse and chick embryogenesis, with particularly dynamic expression in the developing limbs, face, somites, and brain. We also add to our previous data on Gli3 regulation by showing that the anterior domain of Zfp503 expression in the mouse limb is responsive to genetic and nongenetic manipulation of hedgehog signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that posterior expression of Znf503 in the chick limb is responsive to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, indicating that Zfp503/Znf503 may act at the nexus of multiple signaling pathways in development. Developmental Dynamics 237:1172,1182, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A new dimension in combining data?ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 1 2010The use of morphology, phylogenomic data in metazoan systematics Abstract Giribet, G. 2010. A new dimension in combining data? The use of morphology and phylogenomic data in metazoan systematics. ,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 11,19 Animal phylogenies have been traditionally inferred by using the character state information derived from the observation of a diverse array of morphological and anatomical features, but the incorporation of molecular data into the toolkit of phylogenetic characters has shifted drastically the way researchers infer phylogenies. A main reason for this is the ease at which molecular data can be obtained, compared to, e.g., traditional histological and microscopical techniques. Researchers now routinely use genomic data for reconstructing relationships among animal phyla (using whole genomes or Expressed Sequence Tags) but the amount of morphological data available to study the same phylogenetic patterns has not grown accordingly. Given the disparity between the amounts of molecular and morphological data, some authors have questioned entire morphological programs. In this review I discuss issues related to the combinability of genomic and morphological data, the informativeness of each set of characters, and conclude with a discussion of how morphology could be made scalable by utilizing new techniques that allow for non-intrusive examination of large amounts of preserved museum specimens. Morphology should therefore remains a strong field in evolutionary and comparative biology, as it continues to provide information for inferring phylogenetic patterns, is an important complement for the patterns derived from the molecular data, and it is the common nexus that allows studying fossil taxa with large data sets of molecular data. [source] Pro-War and Prothalamion: Queen, Colony, and Somatic Metaphor Among Spenser's "Knights of the Maidenhead"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE, Issue 2 2007Benjamin P. Myers This essay charts the points of contact - or more precisely the "overlay" - between Spenser's gender ethics, his experience of the Irish landscape, and his singular reception of the Petrarchan literary heritage. Spenser portrays the Queen as Petrarchan lover against the background of a male-driven conquest of the feminized landscape, a juxtaposition in which the love-frowardness of the Petrarchan lady is translated into the frowardness of a queen hesitant to take the expensive and potentially devastating steps necessary for the expansion of her empire. Spenser uses the traditional metaphor of the land as female body to link colonial approaches to land with staunchly Protestant conceptions of marriage, working a double sense of "husbandry" to criticize the Queen for her restraint in supporting the Irish project. In an act of colonial poetic production unmatched in its era, the Faerie Queene presents a system of similitudes centering on the female body, the land, and literary history in which each term is a means of morally interpreting the remaining two. To grasp the full weight behind the colonial politics and the gender politics of the Faerie Queene one must attempt to read these three terms, often interpreted independently, as a carefully constructed nexus of meaning. To do so is to read the poem reading itself. [source] From Hostage to Host: Confessions of a Spirit Medium in NigerETHOS, Issue 1-2 2002Associate Professor Adeline Masquelier Spirit possession ostensibly solves problems by freeing the object of possession from certain responsibilities, yet it also creates a whole nexus of unavoidable obligations as the human host learns to cope with the social, financial, and moral demands of her powerful alter ego. Rather than simplifying situations, possession complicates them by introducing new relations and enabling new forms of communication. In this article, I explore what bori possession as communication entailed for a young Mawri woman from Dogondoutchi (Niger) when her possessing spirit made dramatic revelations that forced her to make changes in her life. I show that possession opens up a space of self-awareness for mediums as they struggle to gain progressive control over the terms of their relationships with spirits. In this space of reflexivity they help create and in their role as interlocutors, accusers, or diviners, spirits play a crucial role in the refashioning of human histories and identities. [source] From Countertransference to Social Theory: A Study of Holocaust Thinking in U.S. Business DressETHOS, Issue 3 2000Professor Howard F. Stein Observer countertransference is discussed as the nexus of ethnographic knowing. Psychoanalytic approaches are situated in relation to embodiment theory and knowing via the senses. Alongside the official view of managed social change as "nothing personal, just business," U.S. workers draw upon Holocaust imagery to make sense of what is happening to them. Several ethnographic vignettes from the U.S. workplaces constitute the evidential core of the paper. Observer countertransference is seen as a vital instrumentfor comprehending the psychic reality behind the invocation of Holocaust images that are camouflaged by business euphemisms. More broadly, observer countertransference, judiciously used, (1) serves as a bridge between cultural levels (say, individual, workplace, nation) and (2) contributes to the wider interpretation of culture. [source] A cross-national meta-analysis of alcohol and injury: data from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP)ADDICTION, Issue 9 2003Cheryl J. Cherpitel ABSTRACT Aims, To examine the relationship of acute alcohol consumption with an injury compared to a non-injury event in the emergency room across ERs in five countries. Design, Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the consistency and magnitude of the association of a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at the time of arrival in the ER and self-reported consumption within 6 hours prior to the event with admission to the ER for an injury compared to a non-injury, and the extent to which contextual (socio-cultural and organizational) variables explain effect sizes. Findings, When controlling for age, gender and drinking five or more drinks on an occasion at least monthly, pooled effect size was significant and of a similar magnitude for both BAC and self-reported consumption, with those positive on either measure over half as likely again to be admitted to the ER with an injury compared to a medical problem. Effect sizes were found to be homogeneous across ERs for BAC, but not for self-report. Trauma center status and legal level of intoxication were positively predictive of self-reported consumption effect size on injury. Conclusions, These data suggest a moderate, but robust association of a positive BAC and self-report with admission to the ER with an injury, and that contextual variables also appear to play a role in the alcohol,injury nexus. [source] Student learning and the teaching-research nexus in oral biologyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2001Jules Kieser Although frequently coexistent, we know little about the interactions among research, teaching and learning in higher education. This study examines the preferences of second and third year dental students for questions that require a research-based deep approach or questions that require a straightforward didactic approach. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the opinion of 114 students who took part in the Oral Biology course. 56 second year students (75%) responded while 58 (84%) of third year students responded. Questions that required an interpretive approach were found to be most appealing by 70.2% of all students. Questions which required a regurgitative approach were favoured by 11.6% of students. No significant differences were found when the sample was broken down by country of origin, year of study or gender, suggesting that dental students preferred research-based learning rather than superficial didactic learning. [source] Security, Social Control, Democracy and Migration within the ,Constitution' of the EUEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005Dario Melossi Such conditions, and the theory thereof, first developed in North America, and then increasingly in Europe after World War II and especially since the 1970s. From such a comparative-historical perspective, the paper then tries to shed light on the debate that was ignited by Dieter Grimm on the very possibility of a ,democratic constitutionalisation' of Europe. The connections between language, social control, and a (democratic) European constitution are then discussed, and specific attention is given to the nexus that has been constructed in today's Europe between migration, criminalisation and security, as a sort of test bench of those connections. [source] The Vulnerability Cycle: Working With Impasses in Couple TherapyFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 3 2004Michele Scheinkman CSW In this article, we propose the vulnerability cycle as a construct for understanding and working with couples' impasses. We expand the interactional concept of couples' reciprocal patterns to include behavioral and subjective dimensions, and articulate specific processes that trigger and maintain couples' entanglements. We consider the vulnerability cycle as a nexus of integration in which "vulnerabilities" and "survival positions" are key ideas that bring together interactional, sociocultural, intrapsychic, and intergenerational levels of meaning and process. The vulnerability cycle diagram is presented as a tool for organizing information. We suggest a therapeutic approach for deconstructing couples' impasses and facilitating new patterns through deliberate modes of questioning, a freeze-frame technique, stimulation of calmness and reflection, separating present from past, and elicitation of alternative meanings, behaviors, empathy, and choice. This approach encourages the therapist and couple to work collaboratively in promoting change and resilience. [source] Families and Communities: An Annotated BibliographyFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 5 2005Nancy Brossoie Abstract: Connections between families and communities are dynamic and contextual, and their influences are reciprocal. We present a resource guide for family social scientists who are focusing on the nexus of families and communities by highlighting recent theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions. [source] Integrating physiology and life history to improve fisheries management and conservationFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 4 2006Jeffery L. Young Abstract Knowledge of life-history traits is increasingly recognized as an important criterion for effective management and conservation. Understanding the link between physiology and life history is an important component of this knowledge and in our view is particularly relevant to understanding marine and freshwater fishes. Such linkages (i.e. the life-history/physiology nexus) have been recently advocated for avian systems and here we explore this concept for fish. This paper highlights the gap in fisheries literature with regard to understanding the relationship between physiology and life history, and proposes ways in which this integration could improve fisheries management and conservation. We use three case studies on different fishes (i.e. the Pacific salmon, the grouper complex and tuna) to explore these issues. The physiological structure and function of fish plays a central role in determining stock response to exploitation and changes in the environment. Physiological measures can provide simple indicators necessary for cost-effective monitoring in the evaluation of fisheries sustainability. The declining state of world fisheries and the need to develop and implement restoration strategies, such as hatchery production or protected areas, provides strong incentive to better understand the influence of physiology on population and reproductive dynamics and early life history. Physiology influences key population-level processes, particularly those dealing with reproduction, which must be incorporated into the design and successful implementation of specific and broadscale initiatives (e.g. aquatic protected areas and bycatch reduction). Suggestions are made for how to encourage wider application of the physiology/life-history link, in fisheries management and conservation, as well as more broadly in education and research. [source] Performing Women: The Gendered Dimensions of the UK New Research EconomyGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 5 2007Catherine Fletcher This article explores the development and maintenance of familiar gendered employment patterns and practices in UK universities, which are exemplars of new modes of knowledge production, commodification and marketization. After discussing in detail the evidence of gender discrimination in UK higher education and the changes in the academic labour process consequent to the incorporation of universities, at least at the policy level, into the ,knowledge economy', institution-specific data is used to highlight the gendered aspects of the research economy from the three intermeshing perspectives of research culture, research capital and the research production process. This nexus is constructed in such a way as to systematically militate against women's full and equal involvement in research. Lack of transparency, increased competition and lower levels of collegiate activity coupled with networking based on homosociability are contributing to a research production process where women are marginalized. [source] Geographical Imaginations of ,New Asia-Singapore'GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2004T.C. Chang Abstract ,Geographical imaginations' constitute an important aspect in geographic research, enriching our understanding of places and societies as well as the contested meanings people have towards spaces. The marketing and development of tourist destinations offers a fertile ground for the exercise of geographical imagination. This paper explores how tourism marketing distils the essence of a place, and ,imagines' an identity that is attractive to tourists and residents alike. Such spatial identities, however, are seldom hegemonic and are often highly contested. Using the case of the ,New Asia-Singapore' (NAS) campaign launched by the Singapore Tourism Board, we explore the geographical imaginations involved in tourism marketing, and its consequent effects on people and place. Specifically we discuss the role and rationale of tourism planners in formulating the NAS campaign; the actions of tourism entrepreneurs in creating NAS commodities; and the reactions from tourists and local residents towards the NAS images. We argue that the nexus of policy intent, entrepreneurial actions and popular opinions yields invaluable insights into the highly contested processes of tourism development and identity formation. [source] In Search of Causality: A Regional Approach to Urban Growth in Eighteenth-century EnglandGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000Jon Stobart The simple equation of industrialisation and urbanisation contains much truth: recent national surveys confirm that rapid coal-based industrial growth spawned massive urban development in Britain. And yet at the local level a wide diversity of growth experiences reflect a complex and overlapping nexus of growth stimuli which defy attempts at generalisation. In taking a regional perspective, this paper seeks to occupy a productive middle ground in this ongoing debate. Placing urban growth in north-west England into its real economic and geographical context, it recognises the complexities of urban growth but transcends the narrowness of the particular. In so doing, it challenges some of the certainties of industrial urbanisation, emphasising instead the importance of rural industry, urban commercial functions and inter-place linkages. Most fundamentally, it argues for a more nuanced understanding of the geography of causality. [source] SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOLITICS: THE GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES OF WATER AND SECURITY IN THE INDUS BASIN,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2007Daanish Mustafa ABSTRACT. The article identifies important themes and future research directions for analyzing water and conflict dynamics at the subnational scale in the Indus Basin. A historical overview of water development in the Indus Basin suggests that the water-security nexus was always a salient theme in the minds of water developers, even in the nineteenth century. Conflicts over contemporary large-scale water-development projects in the Indian and Pakistani parts of the Indus Basin are reviewed. Engineers' single-minded focus on megaprojects, to the neglect of the wider set of values that societies attach to water resources in the eastern and western Indus Basin are largely to blame for continuing low-grade conflict in the basin. A review of local-level conflicts over water supply and sanitation in Karachi and the distribution of irrigation water in Pakistani Punjab illustrates the critical role of governance and differential social power relations in accentuating conflict. The article argues against neo-Malthusian assumptions about the inevitability of conflict over water because of its future absolute scarcity. Instead, the article seeks to demonstrate that, despite evidence suggesting that international armed conflict over water does not exist, the potential for political instability over domestic water distribution and development issues is real. The question of whether conflict at the subnational scale will culminate in violence will depend on how water-resources institutions in the basin behave. [source] The Limits of ,Securitization': Power, Politics and Process in US Foreign Economic PolicyGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2007Nicola Phillips The concept of ,securitization' has become particularly influential in the post-9/11 world. This paper aims to scrutinize and, ultimately, reject an emerging set of claims about political economy which draw upon this framework. The contention that US foreign economic policy is increasingly subject to a process of securitization misrepresents the substance of contemporary US foreign policy, the political environment in which it is articulated and the process by which it is made. Pursuing this argument, the paper sets out a framework within which to understand the evolution of contemporary US policy, paying attention to distinctive forms of the economic,security nexus; the form of ,ad hoc reactivism' that has consistently characterized US foreign economic policy; the set of commercial and wider economic goals to which policy responds; and the dynamics of competition for leadership in key regions. [source] Towards the Spatial Patterns of Sectoral Adjustments to Trade Liberalisation: The Case of NAFTA in MexicoGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2007BENJAMIN FABER ABSTRACT A recent string of "new economic geography" (NEG) models has set focus on the impacts of trade liberalisation on the intra-national distribution of economic activity. What the existing contributions have in common is a basic two-sector assumption (agriculture/manufacturing) and a resulting focus on the question of whether liberalisation leads to a greater concentration of aggregate manufacturing activity. Reconsidering these models from a multi-sectoral perspective, the aim is to allow for sectoral differences in the spatial adjustments to liberalisation. This introduces a conceptual nexus between comparative advantage (CA)-type sectoral recomposition effects of trade and NEG-type spatial adjustments. In the analysis of Mexican manufacturing location 1993,2003, incipient empirical evidence is found in favour of the hypothesis that sectors characterised by a revealed comparative advantage and/or cross-border intermediate supplies grow faster in regions with good foreign market access, whereas import competing ones gain in relative terms in regions with higher "natural protection" from poor market access. The relevancy of the proposed NEG/CA framework concerns both efficiency and equity objectives of trade adjustment policies, and opens a new perspective on the long-run effects of trade on spatial inequality. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||