Negative Deviations (negative + deviation)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


A mass spectrometric study of Al2O3 -SiO2 melts using a Knudsen cell

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 10 2001
Johan Björkvall
The thermodynamic activities of SiO2 in Al2O3 -SiO2 liquid slags were measured by the high-temperature Knudsen cell mass spectromeric method in the present work. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range 1863,2169,K. Tungsten crucibles were used to hold the slags. The system was calibrated using a CaF2 standard. The mass spectra obtained for pure SiO2 were in agreement with earlier data. The activities of silica, measured in the present work at 2150,K, show a slight negative deviation at very low alumina mole fractions which changed to a positive deviation at higher alumina contents. The activity values are in reasonable agreement with the assessment carried out by Hillert et al. The results were analysed on the basis of a slag model developed earlier at KTH, Stockholm. The present results are found to be compatible with the phase diagram proposed by Klug et al. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Evaluation of the sealed-tube low-temperature combustion method for the 13C/12C and 2H/1H ratio determinations of cellulose nitrate

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2001
Fa-Xiang Tao
Abstract Traditionally-suggested combustion time of 1 h at 550°C) with the sealed-tube combustion method for determining the 13C/ 12C ratio of cellulose nitrate or other nitrogen-containing components could produce large negative deviation up to 1°. Three types of cellulose are used to ascertain possible causes. The presence of nitrous oxide (N2O) formed during combustion is most likely responsible for this deviation. Prolongation of the combustion time (at least 5 h at 550°C) and intimate contact between copper oxide and organic matter can greatly improve the analysis precision and effectively reduce this deviation to an acceptable level. Regardless of scattered carbon isotope data, hydrogen isotope data are all reproducible within 2° when this method is coupled with the high temperature uranium reduction method. Thus, care should be taken for determining carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of nitrogen-containing substances using the low temperature sealed-tube combustion method. [source]


Comparison of specific interactions in P4VP/PSCA and PS4VP/PSCA blends and complexes

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008
Naima Bouslah
Abstract The compatibilization of an immiscible polymer system polystyrene/poly(4-vinylpyridine) has been induced by the introduction of carboxylic acid groups within the polystyrene chains. Poly(styrene- co -cinnamic acid), PSCA, copolymers were used to prepare blends and complexes with poly(4-vinylpyridine), P4VP, and in a second time with poly(styrene- co -4-vinylpyridine), PS4VP, copolymer in order to reduce the density of the interacting groups. The miscibility of the systems has been ascertained by DSC, which revealed that both blends and complexes exhibit a single glass transition temperature indicating their single phase nature. The Tgs of the complexes of PS4VP with PSCA15, containing 15 mol % of cinnamic acid content, were higher than those of the corresponding blends indicating that stronger interpolymer interactions were developed in the complexes. Furthermore, the application of the Kwei equation suggested that P4VP interacts more strongly with PSCA15 than does PS4VP. FTIR spectra revealed the development of hydrogen bonding within the PS4VP/PSCA system and both hydrogen bonding and ionic interaction in the P4VP/PSCA blends whereas the same interactions were expected in both systems. This observation confirmed the stronger ability of P4VP to interact with PSCA copolymer. The viscosimetric study showed both positive and negative deviations of the reduced viscosity of the blends from the additivity law confirming the presence of specific interactions within the blend solutions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source]


Molecular simulation of ammonia absorption in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([emim][Tf2N])

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 9 2009
Wei Shi
Isotherms for ammonia absorption in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([emim][Tf2N]) are computed at temperatures ranging from 298 K to 348 K using osmotic ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. The results agree well with previous experimental measurements. Activity coefficients vary from 0.5 to 0.8, indicating negative deviations from Raoult's Law. The computed enthalpy of mixing ranges from ,2 to ,11 kJ/mol. Computed partial molar volumes are on the order of 25,30 cm3/mol. Energy and radial distribution analyses indicate that ammonia interacts more strongly with the cation than the anion, in contrast to observations made of other gases in ionic liquids such as CO2. The reason for this behavior is that ammonia forms a strong hydrogen bond with the ring hydrogen atoms of the cation. The simulations predict that strategies aimed at changing the solubility of ammonia should focus on altering the hydrogen bond donating ability of the cation, and that altering the anion will have more modest effects. It is shown that this hypothesis is consistent with available experimental data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source]


An Improved Algorithm for Satellite-derived UV Radiation,

PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
Sigrid Wuttke
ABSTRACT The improved algorithm surface irradiance derived from a range of satellite-based sensors (SIDES) is presented in this article. It calculates various types of surface UV intensities, such as biologically weighted or unweighted UV spectra, integrated doses or irradiance at specific wavelengths, using data from satellite instruments. These surface UV data are mainly useful for environmental impact or process studies where high accuracy or a high temporal resolution is required. In contrast to several previous studies, SIDES has been validated with spectral measurements. By this method an averaging of positive or negative deviations over the complete wavelength range is avoided. This is especially important for UV wavelengths around 300 nm where biological effectiveness is highest. The results of SIDES deviate less than 7% from ground-based observations for wavelengths between 295 and 400 nm. In contrast, the corresponding deviations of the joint research center algorithm escalate for shorter wavelengths, reaching 35% at 295 nm. This large deviation is due to an inaccurate interpolation procedure that has been detected by spectral analysis. Thus, spectral validation is demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to detect weaknesses in such an algorithm and provides information essential for improvement. [source]


Stress,optical behaviour of polyester networks

POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2002
Evaristo Riande
Abstract Thermoelastic networks were prepared by end-linking hydroxyl terminated chains of poly(neopentylglycol hexafluoroglutarate) (PNGHFG) and poly(diethylene glycol terephthalate) (PDET) using, respectively, tri(p -isocyanate-phenyl)-thiophosphate and 2,4-bis(p -isocyanate benzyl)- p -phenylisocyanate as crosslinking agents. The plots of birefringence versus stress for PNGHFG and PDET networks exhibit negative deviations from linearity at elongation ratios greater than 1.9 and 5, respectively. The values of the optical configuration parameter ,a for the former and latter networks are 2.98,Å3 at 5,°C and 20.80,Å3 at 30,°C, respectively. Theoretical calculations carried out using the conformational energies obtained from the critical analysis of the mean-square dipole moments of diethyl hexafluoroglutarate and poly(neopentylglycol hexafluoroglutarate) give the value of 2.24,Å3 at 5,°C for this parameter, in fair agreement with the experimental result. Similar calculations carried out on PDET networks give ,a,,=,3.74,Å3 at 30,°C, a value significantly lower than the experimental result. The cause of the strong discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results observed for the optical configuration parameter of PDET is discussed. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source]