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National Committee (national + committee)
Kinds of National Committee Selected AbstractsChemical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanocluster,Silica Composite Coatings Obtained by Sputtering,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2010Monica Ferraris Abstract Silver nanocluster,silica matrix composite coatings have been deposited by radio frequency (RF) co-sputtering on silica substrates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectra of the as deposited and heated samples (150,600,°C) revealed the presence of metal silver nanoclusters, their size depending on the heating treatment. The antibacterial activity of the as deposited and heated samples has been measured in accordance to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, and it has been demonstrated on samples heated up to 450,°C in contact mode and for samples heated at 600,°C in a liquid environment. Their antibacterial activity was still present after gamma ray and ethylene oxide gas (EtO) sterilization of the samples. Silver leaching tests on the as deposited and heated samples has been measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer, revealing an amount ranging from 0.1 to 0.9,µg mm,2, over 28 days. Tape resistance (ASTM D3359-97) and scratch resistance tests have been done on each sample revealing a good adhesion of the coatings on silica. [source] Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients over time: the Swiss HIV Cohort StudyHIV MEDICINE, Issue 6 2006TR Glass Objective Metabolic changes caused by antiretroviral therapy (ART) may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We evaluated changes in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and 10-year risk of CHD in a large cohort of HIV-infected individuals. Methods All individuals from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) who completed at least one CVRF questionnaire and for whom laboratory data were available for the period February 2000 to February 2006 were included in the analysis. The presence of a risk factor was determined using cut-offs based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III), the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7), the American Diabetes Association, and the Swiss Society for Cardiology. Results Overall, 8033 individuals completed at least one CVRF questionnaire. The most common CVRFs in the first completed questionnaire were smoking (57.0%), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (37.2%), high triglycerides (35.7%), and high blood pressure (26.1%). In total, 2.7 and 13.8% of patients were categorized as being at high (>20%) and moderate (10,20%) 10-year risk for CHD, respectively. Over 6 years the percentage of smokers decreased from 61.4 to 47.6% and the percentage of individuals with total cholesterol >6.2 mmol/L decreased from 21.1 to 12.3%. The prevalence of CVRFs and CHD risk was higher in patients currently on ART than in either pretreated or ART-naive patients. Conclusion During the 6-year observation period, the prevalence of CVRFs remains high in the SHCS. Time trends indicate a decrease in the percentage of smokers and individuals with high cholesterol. [source] Effectiveness and safety of eprosartan on pulse pressure for the treatment of hypertensive patientsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 4 2005N. R. Robles Summary A multicentre, prospective, non-comparative open-label study was conducted to assess the effect of eprosartan, 600 mg/day, on pulse pressure (PP) in patients with hypertension (stage I or II, Joint National Committee, sixth report) treated in the primary care setting, as well as safety and compliance. The duration of treatment was 16 weeks. Eprosartan decreased PP (,13 mmHg), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (,26 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (,13 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (,17.4 mmHg) significantly (p < 0.0001). The PP/MAP ratio changed significantly from 62 to 59%, so that the reduction of PP was 3% higher than the overall decrease in MAP. Twenty adverse events, mostly gastrointestinal complaints, were recorded in 12 patients (1.9%). Compliance with treatment at the end of the study was 94%. Eprosartan was a well-tolerated and an effective drug in reducing PP, SBP and DBP below the recommended levels in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, allowing a high therapeutic compliance. [source] Risk-Based Classification of Hypertension and the Role of Combination TherapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 2008Matthew R. Weir MD The recognition of a continuous relationship between elevated blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk has influenced national and international guidelines for the classification, prevention, and management of hypertension. The most recent report (2003) of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure uses BP thresholds to define categories of normal, prehypertension, and hypertension. A new definition proposed by the Hypertension Writing Group in 2005 offers an approach to diagnosis and management based on global or total risk. Thus, even in the absence of sustained elevations in BP, patients may have a moderate to high risk of vascular events due to the presence of additional cardiovascular risk factors, disease markers, and target organ damage. The 2007 European guidelines continue to classify hypertension based on cutoffs while also placing emphasis on multivariate formulations for cardiovascular risk assessment and goals of therapy. All 3 sets of guidelines acknowledge the necessity of using ,2 antihypertensive agents to attain BP goals in many patients. [source] Emerging Insights in the First-Step Use of Antihypertensive Combination TherapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 2007Keith Norris MD The blood pressure (BP) goals set by hypertension management guidelines (<140/90 mm Hg in uncomplicated hypertension; <130/80 mm Hg in type 2 diabetes or kidney disease) are not being achieved in a high proportion of patients, partly because monotherapy is insufficient in many patients. In particular, patients with uncontrolled moderate or severe hypertension and/or associated cardiovascular risk factors remain at high risk for cardiovascular events and hypertensive emergency. In recognition of the urgency of treating moderate and severe hypertension, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) advocates the initial use of 2-drug therapies in patients with systolic BP levels >20 mm Hg above goal or diastolic BP level >10 mm Hg above goal. Regimens should usually include a thiazide diuretic and, for patients with diabetes or kidney disease, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Recently, clinical trial data have shown that first-step antihypertensive treatment of moderate and severe hypertension with carefully chosen fixed-dose combinations provides a high rate of BP goal achievement, a simplified dosing regimen, and superior tolerability compared with monotherapy. [source] Microalbuminuria: Definition, Detection, and Clinical SignificanceJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 2004Robert D. Toto MD Proteinuria is a sign of abnormal excretion of protein by the kidney but is a nonspecific term including any or all proteins excreted. In contrast, albuminuria specifically refers to an abnormal excretion rate of albumin. Microalbuminuria refers to an abnormally increased excretion rate of albumin in the urine in the range of 30,299 mg/g creatinine. It is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality especially, but not exclusively, in high-risk populations such as diabetics and hypertensives. Testing for microalbuminuria is now made easy by in-office dipstick tests (semi-quantitative) and widely available laboratory testing (quantitative). Physicians should screen all diabetics for albuminuria and strongly consider screening hypertensives to identify those at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Appropriate intervention, including use of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, may be appropriate in such cases as suggested by the American Diabetes Association and the Seventh Report of Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. [source] Update on the Management of Hypertension: Recent Clinical Trials and the JNC 7JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 2004Marvin Moser MD Editor in Chief The following issues are highlighted: Emphasis is placed on the importance of systolic blood pressure elevations in estimating risk and in determining prognosis. A review of placebo-controlled clinical trials indicates that cardiovascular events are statistically significantly reduced with diuretic- or , blocker-based treatment regimens. The question of whether blood pressure lowering alone or specific medications make the difference in outcome is discussed. Based on the results of numerous trials, it is apparent that blood pressure lowering itself is probably of greater importance in reducing cardiovascular events than the specific medication used. Meta-analyses suggest, however, that the use of an agent that blocks the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system is probably more effective in diabetics and in patients with nephropathy than a regimen based on calcium channel blocker therapy. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) reported no overall difference in coronary heart disease outcome among patients treated with a diuretic-based compared to a calcium channel blocker- or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based treatment program. However, patients in the diuretic group experienced fewer episodes of heart failure than in the calcium channel blocker group and fewer episodes of heart failure and strokes than those in the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor group. Results were similar in diabetics and nondiabetics. Possible reasons for this outcome are discussed. The Australian National Blood Pressure 2 study, which was unblinded, reported a marginally significantly better outcome only in male patients receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based regimen compared to those receiving a diuretic-based program. Finally, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) is reviewed. Highlights of this report include the new designation of prehypertension, i.e., blood pressures of 120,139 mm Hg/80,89 mm Hg. The JNC 7 suggested that diuretics should be the first-step drug of choice in most patients, but listed numerous specific reasons why other agents should be used in special situations. The report stressed that the majority of patients will require two or more medications to achieve goal blood pressure. [source] Patient Knowledge and Awareness of Hypertension Is Suboptimal: Results From a Large Health Maintenance OrganizationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 4 2003Mark Alexander PhD; Patient knowledge and awareness of hypertension are important factors in achieving blood pressure control. To examine hypertensive patients' knowledge of their condition, the authors randomly surveyed 2500 hypertension patients from a large health maintenance organization; questionnaires were supplemented with clinic blood pressure measurements. Approximately 72% of the subjects completed surveys. Of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 90 mm Hg), only 20.2% labeled their blood pressure as "high" and 38.4% as "borderline high." Forty percent of respondents couldn't recall their most recent clinic-based SBP and DBP values. Overall, 71.7% and 61% were unable to report a target SBP or DBP, respectively, or identify elevated targets based on the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) criteria. Most patients perceived DBP to be a more important risk factor than SBP. Hypertensive patients' awareness of blood pressure targets and current hypertension control status, particularly with respect to SBP, is suboptimal. The authors' findings support the need to improve patient education for better management of hypertension. [source] Achieving Goal Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Conventional Versus Fixed-Dose Combination ApproachesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 3 2003George L. Bakris MD Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) demonstrate that only 11% of people with diabetes who are treated for high blood pressure achieve the blood pressure goal of <130/85 mm Hg recommended in the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). The current study tests the hypothesis that initial therapy with a fixed-dose combination will achieve the recommended blood pressure goal in patients with type 2 diabetes faster than conventional monotherapy. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study had as a primary end point achievement of blood pressure <130/85 mm Hg. Participants (N=214) with hypertension and type 2 diabetes received either amlodipine/benazepril 5/10 mg (combination) or enalapril 10 mg (conventional) once daily for 4 weeks, titrated to 5/20 mg/day or 20 mg/day, respectively at this time, if target blood pressure was not achieved. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 12.5 mg/day was added for the final 4 weeks, if target blood pressure was still not reached. Time from baseline to achieve blood pressure <130/85 mm Hg was shorter in the combination group (5.3±3.1 weeks combination vs. 6.4±3.8 weeks conventional; p=0.001). At 3 months, more participants in the combination group achieved treatment goal (63% combination vs. 37% conventional; p=0.002). Data analysis at 3 months comparing blood pressure control rates between the fixed-dose combination group (with out HCTZ) to the conventional group (receiving HCTZ) showed an even greater disparity in blood pressure goal achievement (87% combination without HCTZ vs. 37% conventional group with HCTZ; p=0.0001). We conclude that initial therapy with a fixed-dose combination may be more efficacious than conventional monotherapy approaches for achieving blood pressure goals in the diabetic patient. A fixed-dose combination approach appears as safe as the current conventional approaches. [source] A Merger of Movements: Peace and Civil Rights Activism in Postwar MiamiPEACE & CHANGE, Issue 2 2010Raymond A. Mohl This article suggests the importance of studying local peace movements in postwar America, as civil rights historians have been doing for two decades. The article also argues that peace and civil rights often reflected the same progressive impulse for social justice,thus the importance of exploring the relationships and interconnections between the two movements. This case study of peace and civil rights in postwar Miami documents the role of politically progressive Jews, especially Jewish women, in forging a social justice movement focused on peace, civil liberties, and civil rights. Mostly newcomers from northern cities, a small group of activist Jews played a major organizational role in local branches of such civil rights and peace groups as the Civil Rights Congress, the Congress of Racial Equality, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, and Women Strike for Peace. For those who chose the activist path, peace and civil rights became inseparable components of a local social justice crusade challenging racial segregation and national Cold War policies. [source] Integrating education into primary care quality and cost improvement at an academic medical centerTHE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 4 2006R. Van Harrison PhD Abstract Introduction: In 1996 the University of Michigan Health System created the Guidelines Utilization, Implementation, Development, and Evaluation Studies (GUIDES) unit to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of primary care for common medical problems. GUIDES's primary functions are to oversee the development of evidence-based, practical clinical guidelines for common medical conditions; measure and provide feedback on physicians' performance; and facilitate systemic changes to support appropriate care. Various methods are used to improve care, including evidence reviews, formal education, informal clinical "opinion leaders," feedback, reminders, and procedure changes. Twenty-four common medical conditions have been addressed through this process. More than 30 measures of clinical performance have been developed and reported. Methods: This case study describes a systematic, multifaceted program to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of primary care. Results: Illustrative results for clinical performance are presented for 2 measures of chronic care, 2 measures of preventive care, and 2 measures of acute care. All 6 measures show general improvement in performance across years, with performance near or above the National Committee for Quality Assurance's 90th percentile for Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set measures. Discussion: A systematic approach involving all relevant components of a health system integrates the synthesis of information, education about the information and how to implement it, and addressing operational barriers. Benefits include a curriculum that is shared across faculty, residents, and medical students and more uniform quality of care that faculty model for physicians-in-training. [source] Microbiology of Normal External Auditory Canal,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 11 2001David W. Stroman PhD Abstract Objectives To isolate and characterize bacteria and fungi from the healthy ear and to obtain susceptibility profiles on each bacterial isolate. Study Design Prospective. Methods Specimens were collected from the external canals and cerumen of healthy subjects. Species-level identification was obtained by combining phenotypic and genotypic data. End-point minimal inhibitory concentration testing was performed using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommended methods. Results One hundred sixty-four subjects were cultured. Seventeen canal and 16 cerumen specimens showed no growth. One hundred forty-eight cerumen specimens yielded 314 organisms, including 23 fungi. One hundred forty-seven canal specimens yielded 310 organisms, including 7 fungi. Of 291 bacteria isolated from cerumen, 99% were Gram-positive. Of 302 bacteria isolated from the canal, 96% were Gram-positive. Staphylococci were 63% of both the cerumen bacteria and the canal bacteria. Coryneforms represented 22% of the bacteria in cerumen and 19% in the canal. Turicellaotitidis was the primary coryneform isolated from both the canal and the cerumen. Streptococci-like bacteria were 10% from the cerumen, 7% from the canal. In both cerumen and canal, Alloiococcusotitis was more than 95% of the streptococci-like bacteria. Fifteen gram-negative organisms were isolated from the canal and cerumen, including four Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The percentages of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates that had high-level resistance (,8 ,g/mL) were as follows: to neomycin, 28% from cerumen and 11% from the canal; to oxacillin, 28% from cerumen and 25% from the canal; and to ofloxacin, 15% from cerumen and 19% from the canal. ConclusionsTurcella otitidis and A. otitidis were present with a much higher frequency than previously described, lending evidence that they be considered normal otic flora. Corynebacterium auris, previously reported only in children, was isolated from normal adults. [source] Characteristics of contemporary patients with hypertension and coronary artery diseaseCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 10 2004Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff PHARM.D. Abstract Background: Despite a high prevalence of hypertension in the population with CAD, there are limited data describing the clinical characteristics and treatments, as well as their interrelations in these patients. This is particularly true for black and Hispanic patients who have been underrepresented in randomized CAD trials. Hypothesis: There exist racial and ethnic differences that define the characteristics of patients with both coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. Methods: This report describes the characteristics of Caucasian, Hispanic, and black patients enrolled in the International Verapamil SR/trandolapril Study (INVEST), a prospective trial undertaken exclusively in patients with CAD and hypertension. Results: In all, 10,925 Caucasian, 8,045 Hispanic, and 3,029 black patients are described. An abnormal angiogram or documented myocardial infarction was observed more frequently in Caucasian patients (73%), while angina pectoris was more prevalent in Hispanic patients (87%). Diabetes and left ventricular hypertrophy were most common in black patients (33 and 29%, respectively), while hypercholesterolemia and prior revascularization (coronary artery bypass graft or angioplasty) were most common in Caucasian patients (64 and 41%, respectively). More than 60% of Hispanic and black patients were women,a unique characteristic for randomized CAD trials. Comparing race/ethnic cohorts, there were significant differences for all characteristics. More than 80% of patients in all race/ethnic groups were receiving antihypertensive therapy; however, only fewer than 25% had controlled blood pressure according to guidelines from the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Conclusions: This high-risk population of hypertensive patients with CAD has been undertreated and does not have well-controlled B P. Race/ethnic differences were observed for clinical characteristics and medication use. [source] Characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension: A report from INVESTCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue S5 2001Serap Erdine M.D. Abstract In all, 22,599 patients with coexisting hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) from around the world are enrolled in the INternational VErapamil SR/trandolapril STudy (INVEST). As a result, much will be learned regarding the use of treatment strategies using verapamil SR and atenolol with and without trandolapril and/or hydrochlororthiazide in patients with hypertension and CAD, all of whom are at high risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This trial will provide meaningful data on optimal treatment strategies for hypertension, especially among patients who are elderly, have diabetes, have left ventricular hypertrophy, or who are dyslipidemic. This trial will be the first to use Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) guidelines as blood pressure goals to determine the relative benefits of a calcium antagonist versus a beta-blocker strategy in reducing morbidity and mortality. In addition, women and Hispanic patients participating in INVEST will provide the largest controlled experience in the management of hypertensive patients with CAD, facilitating the development of future guidelines. [source] In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a European multicenter study during 2000,2001CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 7 2003M. E. Jones Objective, To assess the current (2001) activity of respiratory fluoroquinolones and comparator agents against respiratory pathogens isolated in European countries. Methods, During 2000,2001, we prospectively collected 1995 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, 1870 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 649 isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis from hospital laboratories in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and the UK. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)-approved broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and interpretive criteria were used throughout. Results, Of the S. pneumoniae isolates, 99.6% were susceptible to moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin and levofloxacin; the corresponding figure for H. influenzae was 100%. All M. catarrhalis isolates had moxifloxacin MICs ,,0.12 mg/L. For all three pathogens, fluoroquinolone susceptibility remained unchanged from the previous 1997,98 study. The incidence of penicillin non-susceptibility in the S. pneumoniae isolates tested remained similar to or higher than that recorded in previous studies: France, 165/291 (56.7%); Germany, 46/506 (9.1%); Greece, 20/55 (36.4%); Italy, 45/364 (12.4%); Spain, 146/268 (54.5%); and the UK, 26/386 (6.7%). Significant levels of resistance to oral compounds (cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefdinir, clarithromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim,sulfamethoxazole) were detected among S. pneumoniae isolates. ,-Lactamase production among H. influenzae isolates ranged from 6.2% to 33.1% per country, and ampicillin, clarithromycin or trimethoprim,sulfamethoxazole resistance were the most common phenotypes detected. ,-Lactamase production among M. catarrhalis isolates ranged from 94.1% to 100% per country. Conclusions, With the exception of a few localized reports, resistance to moxifloxacin and other new fluoroquinolones in common respiratory pathogens is a rare occurrence, despite significant resistance to other compound classes. Surveillance will play a key role in tracking changes in fluoroquinolone susceptibility in European countries. [source] Multicenter evaluation of the reproducibility of the proposed antifungal susceptibility testing method for fermentative yeasts of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST)CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 6 2003M. Cuenca-Estrella Objective To evaluate the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a new standard for susceptibility testing of fermentative yeasts. This standard is based on the M27-A procedure of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), but incorporates several modifications, including spectrophotometric growth-dependent endpoint reading. Methods Nine laboratories participated in the study. Common material lots were used to test six Candida species (one each of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. lusitaniae), and two quality control strains (C. krusei ATCC6258 and C. parapsilosis ATCC22019). Triplicate testing on three separate days was performed in microtiter format with RPMI,2% glucose, pH 7.0. Flucytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole were tested. In total, 3888 MIC values were included in the analyses. Reproducibility was calculated by means of agreement (percentage of MICs within one two-fold dilution of the mode) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, maximum value of 1). Results The average intra-laboratory agreements were 99% and 96% after 24 h and 48 h of incubation, respectively, with ICCs of 0.98 and 0.97 (P < 0.05). Two strains exhibiting a trailing effect showed intra-laboratory agreement of 92% and ICCs of <,0.91 at 48 h. The inter-laboratory agreement was 94% and 88% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively, with ICCs of 0.93 and 0.91 (P < 0.05). Lower values of agreement and ICCs were obtained for strains exhibiting trailing after 48 h of incubation. Itraconazole yielded the lowest values of reproducibility. Conclusion The new procedure of EUCAST for antifungal susceptibility testing is a reproducible method within and between laboratories and offers several advantages over the NCCLS approved method. [source] ASNE Day ,04 Papers Sought; Focus on National CommitteesNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2003Article first published online: 29 OCT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Naturwissenschafts-, Technik- und Medizingeschichte in Deutschland, 1997,2004.BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, Issue 1 2005Literaturbericht über die Forschung an den Institutionen. Diese Bibliographie der naturwissenschafts-, technik- und medizingeschichtlichen Forschungsliteratur für die Erscheinungsjahre 1997 bis 2004 setzt die vorangegangenen Übersichten fort. Sie beinhaltet die seit 1997 erschienene Literatur und beruht wiederum auf der Nennung durch die Institutionen selbst, allerdings auf Wunsch des Deutschen Nationalkomitees der IUHPS/DHS beschränkt auf zehn Angaben pro Wissenschaftler(in). Einige Einrichtungen haben zudem auf ihre jeweilige Homepage verwiesen. Auch die persönlichen Homepages der einzelnen Forscher(innen) sind für weitere Literatur-Angaben heranzuziehen. Die Reihenfolge der Autor(inn)en ist am Alphabet der Namen orientiert und nicht mehr an dem der Institutionen. Die Kodierung hinter dem Namen ordnet die Institution zu. Ein systematischer Überblick findet sich im Anschluß an diesen Hinweis. Länger als vorgesehen dauert der Aufbau einer elektronischen Datenbank für die hier angesprochenen Wissenschaftsfelder. Hierin liegt auch der Grund für die rückwärtige Aufnahme bis zum Jahr 1997, da es zu dem bis dahin vorgesehenen Start der Datenbank schon nicht gekommen war. Die zukünftigen Datenbanken sollen in Dresden (für die Technikgeschichte), in München (für die Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte) und in Leipzig (für die Medizingeschichte) entstehen, doch haben sich trotz der abermals dankbar entgegengenommenen Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) für diesen hier vorgestellten Überblick die sich für zuständig haltenden Bundesländer bislang ihren Verpflichtungen zu einem solchen Basisprojekt der Literaturrecherche weitgehend entzogen. Die , in mehrfacher Hinsicht betroffenen , Wissenschaftler(innen) hoffen auf größere Einsicht. Diese Übersicht wäre ohne den unermüdlichen Einsatz von Frau Verena Witte M. A., Bochum, nicht möglich gewesen. Daher gilt ihr unser besonderer Dank. This compilation of German research in history of science, technology, and medicine for the years 1997 to 2004 will continue the previous ones. Researchers of the institutions have given us these information, however, only up to ten indications were requested by the national committee of the IUHPS/DHS. More research results may be found on the homepages of the larger institutes and of most of the individual researchers. The list adheres to the alphabet of the authors names, no longer to that of the institutions. After this note you will find the survey of them. A new national data base is proceeding very slowly and completion might still last some time in a country where this kind of research is considered to be of regional importance only ,! This compilation was again supported by the national German science foundation (DFG), which we appreciated very much. The compilation work was mainly done thanks to the efforts of Verena Witte MA, Bochum. [source] Negotiating local livelihoods: Scales of conflict in the Se San River BasinASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 1 2004Philip Hirsch In 1993, Vietnam began building the Yali Falls Dam 80 kilometres upstream of the point at which this westward flowing river enters Cambodia. Ninety indigenous communities along the Se San River in two provinces of north-eastern Cambodia have been impacted severely by flooding, and a dramatically altered hydrological regime that affects fisheries and all other aspects of livelihood, such as river bank agriculture. Since 2000, when the first turbines were commissioned, the affected communities have been increasingly vocal regarding the impacts of Yali and the plans for several more dams on upper reaches of the river. A complex set of actors including non-governmental organisations, village, district and provincial authorities, national committees in Cambodia and Vietnam, the Mekong River Commission and a range of international players have become involved in a two-track process, which has nevertheless allowed little space for negotiation over the Se San River on the part of those most directly affected. This case has fundamental implications for governance and conflict management in the Mekong and more widely. The Australian Mekong Resource Centre has been working with local actors to document the Se San case as part of an international project on River Basin Management: a negotiated approach, in support of six cases that involve up-scaling of grassroots river basin initiatives in Africa, Latin America and Asia. In this article, we illustrate the significance of and problematise negotiation as a socially and politically embedded conflict management principle, with reference to the Se San case. 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