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Selected AbstractsCharacteristics of spousal homicide perpetrators: a study of all cases of spousal homicide in Sweden 1990,1999CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2004Professor Henrik Belfrage PhD Background In Sweden 20 000 cases of assault against women are reported to the police every year. Method All data on the perpetrators of spousal homicide in Sweden between 1990 and 1999 were investigated (n = 164). A control group of all other perpetrators of homicide in Sweden during the same period, i.e. cases of homicide not committed in the context of spouse violence (n = 690) was used. All verdicts, as well as all material in the police investigations, including interviews with all of the police investigators, were analysed. Copies of police examinations of the suspects, and forensic reports from the autopsies, were also examined. Data on all registered criminality were collected from the National Police Register, and in cases where the perpetrators had been subject to forensic psychiatric examinations, those reports were obtained from the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine. In addition, the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version scores were rated from the forensic psychiatric examinations. Results There was a four times higher suicide rate among the spousal homicide perpetrators (24%, n = 40) compared with the perpetrators in the control-group (6%, n = 39, chi-squared = 55,42df = 1 , p < 0.001). Consequently, suicidal ideation must be considered as an important risk factor for spousal homicide. In 79% of the cases the spousal homicide perpetrators were subject to forensic psychiatric examinations. All except 5% were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric diagnosis, and 34% were sentenced to forensic psychiatric treatment. If it is assumed that the psychiatric morbidity was high in the 24% of the perpetrators who committed suicide, then 80% of all perpetrators of spouse homicide during the study period can be characterized as mentally disordered. ,Psychopathic' perpetrators, who generally are over-represented in most violent criminality, were comparatively uncommon. Only seven (4%) in the study group met the diagnostic criteria for psychopathy as measured with the PCL:SV. Discussion The group of spouse killers studied here fits the dysphoric/borderline group of spouse assaulters. This is a group that may benefit from treatment. Perhaps police officers could help identify this kind of spouse assaulter before a fatality occurs. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Dieting and desire for weight loss among adolescents in Denmark: a questionnaire surveyEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 5 2002Mette Waaddegaard Abstract Objective: To report on the first study in Denmark of the prevalence of dieting and other weight-loss behaviours among adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional study of 2094 pupils from grade 8,12, aged 14,21 years, throughout Denmark. The pupils responded to a self-administered 49-item questionnaire, which was constructed by an Expert Committee in the Danish National Board of Health. Results: The prevalence of dieting and other weight-loss behaviours were comparable to results from other countries, particularly from the Nordic countries. Dieting was dependent on BMI and sex and did not increase with age. However, the desire for weight loss increased with age for both sexes and body dissatisfaction became more extreme with age. Many boys desired a weight gain instead of a weight loss. Discussion: Dieting and other weight control behaviours increased with increasing BMI. However, most dieting and wish for weight loss was not justified by obesity but seemed to depend on a perception of being overweight. The need for identifying adolescents with at-risk behaviour related to eating disorders is emphasized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Nursing competence 10 years on: fit for practice and purpose yet?JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 10 2008Ann Bradshaw PhD, Dip N Aims and objectives., This paper examines how nurses are prepared to be clinically competent and safe at registration, so that they are fit for practice and purpose. It follows up two papers on competence published in 1997 and 1998 and investigates subsequent developments. Background., In 1979, major changes in nursing affected nurse education and preparation for competence. In the following two decades, it became clear that nurses lacked clinical skills. This paper examines subsequent changes and asks the question whether this crucial shortcoming has now been remedied. This paper considers the background and context of change in nursing and nurse education in the 1980s. It looks at the new ideology, to prepare the ,knowledgeable doer' and examines the consequences of the change on nursing competency from the 1990s to the present day. Methods., This is a position paper. Professional policy documents from the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting and Nursing and Midwifery Council, government reports and legislation on nursing and relevant nursing literature are examined and critically analysed and conclusions drawn. Conclusions., From 1923,1977, mandatory nursing syllabuses set by the General Nursing Council of England and Wales required the registered nurse to have acquired certain specific clinical skills. These were rigorously tested to an explicit standard set by the General Nursing Council before a nurse was awarded state registration. Twenty-five years later, the loss of this system for ensuring this competence and the implications of this loss, have been widely recognised. As a result, many nurse training institutions have introduced clinical skills laboratories, simulation of practice and the Objective Structured Clinical Examination. However, to the authors' surprise and contrary to their initial expectations, the Nursing and Midwifery Council has not made these systems uniform or mandatory and so still has no way of ensuring all nurse training is producing safe nurses in the United Kingdom. The authors conclude that the untested educational ideology that brought root and branch change to nurse training in 1983 and which failed to produce nurses ,fit for practice and purpose' may still prevail. Relevance to clinical practice., The present paper demonstrates that United Kingdom nurse training still has no uniform and mandatory system in place to ensure, as far as is possible, that all registered nurses are clinically competent and safe to practice. [source] Changing Dentate Status of Adults, Use of Dental Health Services, and Achievement of National Dental Health Goals in Denmark by the Year 2000JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2004DrOdontSci, MSc (Sociology);, Poul Erik Petersen DDS ABSTRACT Objectives: This study analyzes the current profile of dentate status and use of dental health services among adults in Denmark at the turn of the millennium, assesses the impact on dentate status of sociodemographic factors and use of dental health services in adulthood and in childhood, and highlights the changes over time in dental health conditions among adults. Finally, the intention of the study was to evaluate the Danish dental health care system's level of achievement of the official goals for the year 2000 as formulated by the World Health Organization and the National Board of Health. The subjects of this study included a national representative sample of 16,690 Danish citizens aged 16 years and older (response rate=74.2%). A subsample (n=3,818) took part in a survey of dental care habits in childhood and prevalence of removable dentures; 66 percent of persons selected responded. Methods: Personal interviews were used to collect information on dentate status, use of dental health services and living conditions; data on dental care habits in childhood and prevalence of removable dentures were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Results: In all, 8 percent of interviewed persons were edentulous, while 80 percent had 20 or more natural teeth. At age 65,74 years, 27 percent were edentulous and 40 percent had 20 teeth or more; 58 percent wore removable dentures. Dentate status and prevalence of dentures were highly related to educational background and income, particularly for older age groups. Among persons interviewed, 80 percent paid regular dental visits and visits were most frequent among persons of high education and income. At age 35,44 years 95 percent had participated in regular dental care in childhood compared to 49 percent of 65,74-year-olds. Multivariate analyses revealed that sociobehavioral factors had significant effects on dentate status. Conclusions: Compared to similar studies carried out in 1987 and 1994, the present survey indicates a positive trend of improved dentate status in adult Danes in general and regular use of dental health services increased considerably over time. The WHO goals for better dental health by the year 2000 were achieved for 35,44-year-olds, whereas the goal of more people with functional dentitions at age 65 years or older was not achieved. It remains a challenge to the Danish dental health system to help even out the social inequalities in dental health. [source] A retrospective survey of outpatients with long-term tracheostomyACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2006G. Björling Background:, The Respiratory Unit (RU) at Danderyd University Hospital opened in 1982, with the expressed goal of supporting outpatients with long-term tracheostomy. The primary aim of this retrospective study in tracheostomized patients was to compare the need for hospital care in the 2-year period before and after the tracheostomy. Methods:, Data were collected from patient medical records at the RU, from the National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden and from the Official Statistics of Sweden. The subjects were RU patients in 1982 (Group 1, n = 27) and in 1997 (Group 2, n = 106) with long-term tracheostomy surviving at least 4 years after the tracheostomy. Results:, Both groups had few and unchanged needs for hospital care after tracheostomy. They spent ,,96% of their time out of hospital. In 1997, (group 2) the number of patients, diagnoses and need for home mechanical ventilation had increased. Life expectancy was assessed for patients in Group 1. Data showed that they lived as long as an age-matched and gender-adjusted control cohort. Conclusions:, Long-term tracheostomy may not increase the need for hospital care and does not reduce life expectancy. These clinical observations were made in a setting where patients had regular access to a dedicated outpatient unit. [source] Complaints related to respiratory events in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine from 1994 to 1998 in DenmarkACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2001C. Rosenstock Background: In Denmark, a National Board of Patients' Complaints (NBPC) was founded in 1988. This study analyses anaesthetic complaints related to adverse respiratory events filed at the NBPC from 1994 to 1998 to point out directions for possible preventive measures. Methods: All decisions made by the NBPC from 1994 to 1998 concerning personnel employed in the Danish health care system were scrutinized. Cases related to anaesthesia and intensive care medicine were reviewed. Adverse respiratory events were identified and classified by mechanism of the incident that had caused the complaint. Detailed information on anaesthetic technique, personnel involved, sequence of events, clinical manifestation of injury, and outcome was recorded. Results: A total of 284 cases was identified. One-fifth (n=60) of the complaints were related to an adverse respiratory event. The overall mortality in these cases was 50% (n=30). In 19 complaints (32%), the treatment was considered substandard. Conclusion: Complaints related to respiratory events reveal that inadequate anaesthetic and intensive care medicine treatment leads to patient damage and death. Preventive strategies should be directed at the development of guidelines for handling the difficult airway, education in the management of the difficult airway, instruction in the correct use of anaesthetic equipment, improvement of interpersonnel communication routines, as well as implementation of simulator training. [source] There is a trend in the utilization of psychotropics among elderly towards recommended drugs,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 10 2010Eva Lesén Abstract Purpose To analyse trends in sales of potentially inappropriate psychotropic substances (PIPS) in relation to drugs recommended by Drug and Therapeutics Committees (DTC drugs) among 75-year olds and among individuals born 1925 in Sweden. Methods Trends in sales of PIPS and DTC drugs among 75-year olds and among individuals born 1925 in Sweden during 2000,2008 were analysed with linear regression models. Sales were measured as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants and day. PIPS were defined according to a proposal from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The selection of DTC drugs was based on a review of recommendations from local DTCs. Results Among 75-year olds, PIPS sales decreased 38% and DTC drugs sales increased 31% from 2000 to 2008. The hypnotic PIPS decreased 45%, while the DTC hypnotics increased 36%. The total sales of PIPS to individuals born in 1925 decreased 12% from 2000 to 2008. The DTC drugs increased 115%. Sales of hypnotic PIPS decreased 12%, and the hypnotic DTC drugs increased 120%. Conclusions The findings indicate a trend towards the utilization of DTC drugs rather than PIPS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Communication as a determinant of organizational innovationR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2000Mika Kivimäki This study of 32 small and medium-sized industrial enterprises explored eight distinct aspects of communication, as appraised by the staff (n = 493), and innovative performance, assessed by two indicators: perceived innovation effectiveness and patent statistics obtained from the Patent Register at the National Board of Patents and Registration of Trademarks. The results showed that intra-organizational aspects of communication, such as encouragement of initiatives and critical evaluation of performance, were associated with both indicators of innovative performance. In addition, a participative climate and interaction between the personnel in R&D, marketing and production were related to perceived innovative effectiveness, whereas interaction with clients and other firms related to the number of patents in the organization. The link between communication and innovation was interdependent with the organizational and staff characteristics including the number of personnel, administrative and R&D intensity, the level of vocational training, and the age distribution of the staff. [source] Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in DenmarkACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 8 2007Kim Nielsen Abstract. Purpose:, To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hospitalized keratoconus (KC) in Denmark. Methods:, Data extracts from the National Patient Registry under the National Board of Health (which covers the entire Danish population) were analysed. Results:, The prevalence of KC was estimated at 86 patients per 100 000 residents and the incidence at 1.3 per 100 000 per year. Conclusion:, KC is rather widespread in Denmark, with more than 4600 affected individuals. [source] The association between fluoride in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children.COMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Linking data from health registers, administrative registers, environmental registers Kirkeskov L, Kristiansen E, Bøggild H, von Platen-Hallermund F, Sckerl H, Carlsen A, Larsen MJ, Poulsen S. The association between fluoride in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children. Linking data from health registers, environmental registers and administrative registers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 206,212. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract,,, Objectives:, To study the association between fluoride concentration in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children. Methods:, The study linked registry data on fluoride concentration in drinking water over a 10-year period with data on dental caries from the Danish National Board of Health database on child dental health for 5-year-old children born in 1989 and 1999, and for 15-year-old children born in 1979 and 1989. The number of children included in the cohorts varied between 41.000 and 48.000. Logistic regression was used to assess the correlations, adjusting for gender and taxable family income as a proxy variable for socioeconomic status. Results:, Fluoride concentration in drinking water varied considerably within the country from very low (<0.10 mg/l) to more than 1.5 mg/l. Only little variation was found over the 10-year study period. Dental caries in both 5-year-olds and 15-year-olds decreased over the study period. An inverse relation between the risk of dental caries and fluoride concentration in drinking water was found in both primary and permanent teeth. The risk was reduced by approximately 20% already at the lowest level of fluoride exposure (0.125,0.25 mg/l). At the highest level of fluoride exposure (>1 mg/l), a reduction of approximately 50% was found. Similar findings were found if analysis was limited to children residing in the same place during the entire study period. Conclusions:, The study confirmed previous findings of an inverse relation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and dental caries in children. This correlation was found in spite of the extensive use of fluoridated toothpaste and caries-preventive programs implemented by the municipal dental services in Denmark. Linking Danish health registers with environmental and administrative registers offers an opportunity for obtaining sample sizes large enough to identify health effect, which otherwise could not be identified. [source] | |||||||||||||