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Arguments Used (argument + used)
Selected AbstractsThe Animal Research DebateTHE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2005SIMON FESTING Animal rights extremism has encouraged the media to examine the benefits and justification of animal research. There is broad support from the scientific community and government for carefully conducted animal research; however, Parliament is hindered, as many MPs are ill-informed. The recent Nuffield Council on Bioethics investigated the issue and determined that in carefully considered cases animal research is justified, scientifically valid, and has contributed to human health. The great majority of the public accept the need for animal research for medical progress when there is no alternative method available. Arguments used by anti-vivisectionists are discussed, many of which are unfounded and based on misconceptions. [source] Beliefs on Mandatory Influenza Vaccination of Health Care Workers in Nursing Homes: A Questionnaire Study from the NetherlandsJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2009Ingrid Looijmans-van den Akker MD OBJECTIVES: To assess whether nursing homes (NHs) made organizational improvements to increase influenza vaccination rates in healthcare workers (HCWs) and to quantify the beliefs of NH administrators on the arguments used in favor of implementation of mandatory influenza vaccination of HCWs. DESIGN: Anonymous questionnaire study. SETTING: Dutch NHs. PARTICIPANTS: Dutch NH administrators. MEASUREMENTS: Influenza vaccination rates in NH residents and NH HCWs, organizational aspects of influenza vaccination of HCWs, and agreement of respondents with arguments in favor of implementation of mandatory influenza vaccination in HCWs. RESULTS: Of the 310 distributed questionnaires, 185 were returned (response rate 59.7%). The average vaccination rate in NH HCWs was 18.8% and in NH residents was 91.6%. In all, 126 (68.1%) NHs had a written policy, 161 (87.0%) actively requested that their employees be immunized, and 161 (87.0%) offered information to HCWs in any way. Despite the fact that the majority of NH administrators (>69%) agreed with all arguments in favor of implementation of mandatory influenza vaccination, only a minority (24.3%) agreed that mandatory vaccination should be implemented if voluntary vaccination fails to reach sufficient vaccination rates. CONCLUSION: Despite the low vaccination rate of NH HCWs, most NH administrators did not support mandatory influenza vaccination of NH HCWs. [source] Denying equality: an analysis of arguments against lowering the age of consent for sex between menJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Sonja J. Ellis Abstract This paper takes a human rights approach to lesbian and gay oppression and critically explores the arguments used to oppose equality in debates about the age of consent for sex between men. A thematic analysis of Hansard and newspaper reports produced in Britain during the 1990s showed that opponents of a proposal to equalize the age of consent countered with three key arguments: (1) principles of right and wrong take precedence over equality; (2) principles of democracy take precedence over equality; (3) principles of care and protection take precedence over equality. Two additional arguments (concerning the health risks of anal intercourse and escalating demands for gay rights) are also outlined. Our findings are discussed with reference to debates on other lesbian and gay rights issues and we consider the ways in which these arguments might best be resisted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The HPV Vaccine: Framing the Arguments FOR and AGAINST Mandatory Vaccination of All Middle School GirlsJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 6 2008Cheryl A. Vamos MPH ABSTRACT Background:, Human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus responsible for cervical cancer, is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large. Methods:, The purpose of this article was to articulate the arguments used by advocates who either oppose or endorse routine, mandatory administration of the vaccine to school-aged girls, thereby assisting school health personnel in being effective participants in framing the relevant issues. Results:, Controversy is grounded in moral, religious, political, economic, and sociocultural arguments including whether concerns that the vaccine increases sexual risk taking, sends mixed messages about abstaining from sexual intercourse, usurps parental authority, and increases the potential for development of new health disparities are offset by the value of administering a cost-effective, age-appropriate public health measure targeting a life-threatening problem. Conclusions:, Careful consideration of the medical evidence and public health implications is critical but understanding the context of the debate is no less important to the task of responding to public concerns. School health personnel have a role in the discussion about HPV immunization. Being able to articulate the arguments presented herein can help authorities' responsiveness to parents and community groups as the dialogue about this particular health issue evolves further. [source] Using Economic Theory and Research to Better Understand Volunteer BehaviorNONPROFIT MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP, Issue 1 2002Paul L. Govekar The literature on the determinants of volunteering for nonprofit organizations is highly complex, and noconceptual model has received general support (Winniford, Carpenter, and Grider, 1997). Researchers often cite the huge economic impact that nonprofit organizations have on the economy as a whole. However, they seldom mention the small but potentially important body of research on the determinants of the supply of volunteer labor that appears in the economics literature. ,The purpose of this article is to outline some of the economic arguments used to explain the determinants of volunteering and point out some cases where they may support other theories and concepts concerning the determinants of volunteering. [source] Impact of decision-making in a multidisciplinary perinatal teamPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 2 2007Hilmar H. Bijma Abstract Objectives (1)To describe the characteristics of decision-making about management of unborn infants with serious anomalies by a multidisciplinary perinatal team. (2)To evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary team discussions on the degree to which decisions about the management of unborn infants with serious anomalies are supported. (3)To evaluate the impact of the team discussions on the arguments used by physicians for their preferences concerning management. Methods Prospective analysis of 78 cases discussed within the multidisciplinary perinatal team of a tertiary centre by means of an anonymous one-page questionnaire with structured questions pertaining to the opinion of the responder on medical management of each case. Results We did not find systematic differences between specialties prior to the discussion of cases. However, discussion with the multidisciplinary perinatal team improved decision-making about management of unborn infants with serious anomalies by enhancing the degree of support for the decisions taken. The discussions of the team did not change the physicians' arguments mentioned for their preferences. Conclusion Multidisciplinary team discussions improve decision-making about management of unborn infants with serious congenital anomalies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Understanding two-sided persuasion: An empirical assessment of theoretical approachesPSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, Issue 7 2007Martin EisendArticle first published online: 24 MAY 200 This study tries to evaluate empirically the validity and generality of causal models based on alternative theories and the integrative frame-work provided by Crowley and Hoyer (1994) to explain the underlying persuasive mechanisms of two-sided messages in marketing. In addition to an empirical test of the models, the study theoretically discusses and empirically explores suggestions for model modifications. Applying meta-analytic-based causal estimation, the results show that the parsimonious model based on attribution theory provides high generality and affirms the prevalent use of the theory in previous studies. All other models could be meaningfully improved by integrating alternative processes of less-effortful message elaboration as suggested by dual-process theories. The results suggest that the impact of argument quality in two-sided messages is in line with previous models assuming effortful message elaboration, while less-effortful elaboration processes seem to rely on the number of arguments used in two-sided messages. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Linear lower bounds for ,c(p) for a class of 2D self-destructive percolation modelsRANDOM STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS, Issue 4 2009J. van den Berg Abstract The self-destructive percolation model is defined as follows: Consider percolation with parameter p > pc. Remove the infinite occupied cluster. Finally, give each vertex (or, for bond percolation, each edge) that at this stage is vacant, an extra chance , to become occupied. Let ,c(p) be the minimal value of ,, needed to obtain an infinite occupied cluster in the final configuration. This model was introduced by van den Berg and Brouwer. They showed, for the site model on the square lattice (and a few other 2D lattices satisfying a special technical condition) that ,c(p) , . In particular, ,c(p) is at least linear in p , pc. Although the arguments used by van den Berg and Brouwer look very lattice-specific, we show that they can be suitably modified to obtain similar linear lower bounds for ,c(p) (with p near pc) for a much larger class of 2D lattices, including bond percolation on the square and triangular lattices, and site percolation on the star lattice (or matching lattice) of the square lattice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009 [source] | |||||||||||||