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Mycotoxin Contamination (mycotoxin + contamination)
Selected AbstractsConsumer preferences and fungal and mycotoxin contamination of dried cassava products from GhanaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Peter W. Wareing Summary Members of one hundred and twenty five households from 19 villages producing dried cassava products were interviewed in Ghana. Kokonte was the most important cassava product in 19% of the households processing it. Most kokonte was produced between January and March. Mould growth during processing or storage was a problem during June and July, which is part of the rainy season. Most producers and market traders preferred non-mouldy kokonte, although many (59%) would consume a mouldy product. There was a price premium for non-mouldy kokonte. The most commonly isolated fungi were yeasts and Cladosporium spp. (44 out of 49 samples). Other fungi isolated included Aspergillus spp. (20 samples); Penicillium spp. (15 samples) and Fusarium spp. (30 samples). Sterigmatocystin was detected in 10 samples at 0.17,1.67 mg kg,1; patulin in 4 samples at 0.55,0.85 mg kg,1; cyclopiazonic acid in 4 samples at 0.08,0.72 mg kg,1; penicillic acid in 5 samples at 0.06,0.23 mg kg,1 and tenuazonic acid in 3 samples at 0.02,0.34 mg kg,1. Mycotoxin contamination of mouldy kokonte was a potential problem; there is therefore the need to improve kokonte processing to avoid mould growth. [source] Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometryMASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2006Stefano Sforza Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal toxins produced by molds, which occur universally in food and feed derivatives, and are produced under certain environmental conditions in the field before harvest, post-harvest, during storage, processing, and feeding. Mycotoxin contamination is one of the most relevant and worrisome problem concerning food and feed safety because it can cause a variety of toxic acute and chronic effects in human and animals. In this review we report the use of mass spectrometry in connection with chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin determination by considering separately the most diffuse class of mycotoxins: patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins. Although the selectivity of mass spectrometry is unchallenged if compared to common GC and LC detection methods, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity may be extremely variable concerning the different mycotoxins, matrices, and instruments. The sensitivity issue may be a real problem in the case of LC/MS, where the response can be very different for the different ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, APPI). Therefore, when other detection methods (such as fluorescence or UV absorbance) can be used for the quantitative determination, LC/MS appears to be only an outstanding confirmatory technique. In contrast, when the toxins are not volatile and do not bear suitable chromophores or fluorophores, LC/MS appears to be the unique method to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses without requiring any derivatization procedure. The problem of exact quantitative determination in GC/MS and LC/MS methods is particularly important for mycotoxin determination in food, given the high variability of the matrices, and can be solved only by the use of isotopically labeled internal standards or by the use of ionization interfaces able to lower matrix effects and ion suppressions. When the problems linked to inconstant ionization and matrix effects will be solved, only MS detectors will allow to simplify more and more the sample preparation procedures and to avoid clean-up procedures, making feasible low-cost, high-throughput determination of mycotoxins in many different food matrices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Consumer preferences and fungal and mycotoxin contamination of dried cassava products from GhanaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Peter W. Wareing Summary Members of one hundred and twenty five households from 19 villages producing dried cassava products were interviewed in Ghana. Kokonte was the most important cassava product in 19% of the households processing it. Most kokonte was produced between January and March. Mould growth during processing or storage was a problem during June and July, which is part of the rainy season. Most producers and market traders preferred non-mouldy kokonte, although many (59%) would consume a mouldy product. There was a price premium for non-mouldy kokonte. The most commonly isolated fungi were yeasts and Cladosporium spp. (44 out of 49 samples). Other fungi isolated included Aspergillus spp. (20 samples); Penicillium spp. (15 samples) and Fusarium spp. (30 samples). Sterigmatocystin was detected in 10 samples at 0.17,1.67 mg kg,1; patulin in 4 samples at 0.55,0.85 mg kg,1; cyclopiazonic acid in 4 samples at 0.08,0.72 mg kg,1; penicillic acid in 5 samples at 0.06,0.23 mg kg,1 and tenuazonic acid in 3 samples at 0.02,0.34 mg kg,1. Mycotoxin contamination of mouldy kokonte was a potential problem; there is therefore the need to improve kokonte processing to avoid mould growth. [source] Effects of level of feed intake and Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat on rumen fermentation as well as on blood and milk parameters in cowsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3-4 2006K. Seeling Summary The aims of this study were to examine the effects of and possible interactions between dry matter (DM) intake and feeding Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat on ruminal fermentation, serum chemical parameters and milk yield of dairy cows. Fourteen dairy cows equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were analysed. All animals were fed the same ration, the daily feed amounts being adjusted to current performance. On DM basis, the ration consisted of 60% concentrate including 55% wheat [Fusarium -contaminated wheat (mycotoxin period) or control wheat (control period)] and was completed with 40% maize and grass silage. Each cow was fed the contaminated wheat [deoxynivalenol (DON), 8.21 mg/kg DM and zearalenone (ZON), 0.09 mg/kg DM] and the control wheat (0.25 mg DON/kg DM and 51 ,g ZON/kg DM). As expected, a higher organic matter (OM) intake decreased the amounts of fermented crude nutrients related to the respective intakes. An increased amount of crude protein degraded (p < 0.05) and a lower molar percentage of propionate in the rumen fluid were observed when feeding the Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat at increased OM intakes in comparison with the control wheat. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT; p < 0.001), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH; p < 0.01) and gamma glutamyl transferase (, -GT; p < 0.01) increased with increasing OM intake and were not related to the mycotoxin contamination of the wheat. [source] Towards harmonized approaches for mycotoxin analyses: an assessmentQUALITY ASSURANCE & SAFETY OF CROPS & FOOD, Issue 2 2009Anton J. Alldrick Abstract Mycotoxins (the poisonous metabolites of certain filamentous fungi) are potential contaminants of staple food commodities and, if uncontrolled, may present a significant public health hazard. In many jurisdictions, questions relating to mycotoxin contamination are addressed at both generic and specific levels by food-safety legislation. Key to the successful management of the mycotoxin question, both in terms of verifying food-safety measures by the agri-food businesses and ensuring compliance with statutory limits by enforcement agencies, is the use of reliable sampling and analytical methodology. Evidence from European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed data suggest that harmonization of methodologies used to determine the mycotoxin content of foods would contribute to improved compliance at both regulatory and commercial levels. [source] | ||||||||||