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Multistage Model (multistage + model)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Psychology	27%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	27%
Medical Sciences	18%

Selected Abstracts

TEST OF A MULTISTAGE MODEL OF DISTAL AND PROXIMAL ANTECEDENTS OF LEADER PERFORMANCE

PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
CHAD H. VAN IDDEKINGE
The authors developed and tested a multistage model of distal and proximal predictors of leader performance in an effort to shed greater light on the intermediate linkages between broad leader traits and performance. Predictor and criterion data were obtained from 471 noncommissioned officers in the U.S. Army. A model with cognitive ability and 3 of the Big 5 personality factors as distal antecedents, leadership experiences and motivation to lead as semidistal antecedents, and the knowledge, skills, and ability (KSAs) to lead as proximal antecedents of leader performance provided a good fit to the data. More specifically, the effects of the distal and semidistal antecedents on leader performance were partially mediated by more proximal variables, whereas leader KSAs demonstrated a relatively strong, direct influence on performance. The 1 exception was that Conscientiousness,a hypothesized distal antecedent,had a notable direct effect on leader performance. The implications of these findings for leadership research and practice are discussed. [source]

A Multistage Model of Loans and the Role of Relationships

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2009
Sugato Chakravarty
We develop a multistage model of the loan granting process to understand the contradictory findings of the existing literature on bank-borrower relationships, credit availability, and loan rates. Upon estimating our model with the 1993, 1998, and 2003 versions of the Survey of Small Business Finances data set, we find that relationships matter in a borrower's decision whether to apply for a loan and in the loan approval/rejection decision by the financial institution. However, the effect of relationships on loan rates depends on the prevailing economic climate. While firms with preexisting relationships obtain credit at lower rates during periods of economic expansion, loan rates are not negatively correlated with preexisting relationships during periods of economic recession. [source]

Principles of risk assessment for determining the safety of chemicals: Recent assessment of residual solvents in drugs and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 2 2004
Ryuichi Hasegawa
ABSTRACT Risk assessment of chemicals is essential for the estimation of chemical safety, and animal toxicity data are typically used in the evaluation process, which consists of hazard identification, dose,response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard identification entails the collection of all available toxicity data and assessment of toxicity endpoints based on findings for repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity or genotoxicity and species-specificity. Once a review is compiled, the allowable lifetime exposure level of a chemical is estimated from a dose,response assessment based on several measures. For non-carcinogens and non-genotoxic carcinogens, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) is divided by uncertainty factors (e.g. with environmental pollutants) or safety factors (e.g. with food additives) to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) or acceptable daily intake (ADI), respectively. These factors include interspecies and individual differences, duration of exposure, quality of data, and nature of toxicity such as carcinogenicity or neurotoxicity. For genotoxic carcinogens, low dose extrapolation is accomplished with mathematical modeling (e.g. linearized multistage model) from the point of departure to obtain exposure levels that will be associated with an excess lifetime cancer risk of a certain level. Data for levels of chemicals in food, water and air, are routinely used for exposure assessment. Finally, risk characterization is performed to ensure that the established ,safe' level of exposure exceeds the estimated level of actual exposure. These principles have led to the evaluation of several existing chemicals. To establish a guideline for residual solvents in medicine, the permitted daily exposure (PDE), equivalent to TDI, of N,N-dimethylformamide was derived on the basis of developmental toxicity (malformation) and of N-methylpyrrolidone on the basis of the developmental neurotoxicity. A TDI for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was derived from assessment of testicular toxicity. [source]

A Multistage Model of Loans and the Role of Relationships

Long-term mortality from pleural and peritoneal cancer after exposure to asbestos: Possible role of asbestos clearance

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2008
Francesco Barone-Adesi
Abstract Models based on the multistage theory of carcinogenesis predict that the rate of mesothelioma increases monotonically as a function of time since first exposure (TSFE) to asbestos. Predictions of long-term mortality (TSFE , 40 years) are, however, still untested, because of the limited follow-up of most epidemiological studies. Some authors have suggested that the increase in mesothelioma rate with TSFE might be attenuated by clearance of asbestos from the lungs. We estimated mortality time trends from pleural and peritoneal cancer in a cohort of 3,443 asbestos-cement workers, followed for more than 50 years. The functional relation between mesothelioma rate and TSFE was evaluated with various regression models. The role of asbestos clearance was explored using the traditional mesothelioma multistage model, generalized to include a term representing elimination over time. We observed 139 deaths from pleural and 56 from peritoneal cancer during the period 1950,2003. The rate of pleural cancer increased during the first 40 years of TSFE and reached a plateau thereafter. In contrast, the rate of peritoneal cancer increased monotonically with TSFE. The model allowing for asbestos elimination fitted the data better than the traditional model for pleural (p = 0.02) but not for peritoneal cancer (p = 0.22). The risk for pleural cancer, rather than showing an indefinite increase, might reach a plateau when a sufficiently long time has elapsed since exposure. The different trends for pleural and peritoneal cancer might be related to clearance of the asbestos from the workers' lungs. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Précis of ,An Abductive Theory of Scientific Method'

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2008
Brian D. HaigArticle first published online: 9 JUL 200
Abstract This short article is a précis of the author's (2005a) abductive theory of scientific method. This theory of method assembles a complex of specific strategies and methods of relevance to psychology that are employed in the detection of empirical phenomena and the subsequent construction of explanatory theories. A characterization of the nature of phenomena is given, and the process of their detection is briefly described in terms of a multistage model of data analysis. The construction of explanatory theories is shown to involve their generation through abductive, or explanatory, reasoning, their development through analogical modeling, and their fuller appraisal in terms of judgments of the best of competing explanations. The nature and limits of this theory of method are discussed in the light of relevant developments in scientific methodology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64:1,4, 2008. [source]

Organizational evolution of digital signal processing software development

JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2006
Susanna Pantsar-Syväniemi
Abstract A base station, as a network element, has become an increasingly software-intensive system. Digital signal processing (DSP) software is hard real-time software that is a part of the software system needed in a base station. This article reports practical experiences related to organizing the development of embedded software in the telecommunication industry, at Nokia Networks. The article introduces the main factors influencing the development of DSP software and also compares the evolutionary process under study with both selected organizational models for a software product line and a multistage model for the software life cycle. We believe it is vitally important to formulate the organization according to the software architecture, and it is essential to have a dedicated development organization with long-term responsibility for the software. History shows that without long-term responsibility, there is no software reuse. In this paper we introduce a new organizational model for product line development. This new hybrid model clarifies long-term responsibilities in large software organizations with hundreds of staff members and formulates the organization according to the software architecture. Our case needs a couple more constraints to keep it in the evolution stage of the software life cycle. Thus, we extend the evolution phase in the multistage model to make it relevant for embedded, hard real-time software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The poverty of economic explanations of consumption and an action theory alternative

MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 3-4 2000
Richard P BagozziArticle first published online: 27 MAR 200
The purpose of this essay is to critique economic conceptualizations of consumer behaviour and explanations of consumer choice, and to propose an alternative rooted in the philosophy of mind and action, as well as in nascent social psychological and marketing models of purposive behaviour. It is claimed that economic theory harbours ideological and methodological biases in how consumer behaviour is conceived and obscures understanding of the many decision processes constituting consumer behaviour and its causes and effects. A novel multistage model is proposed to account for consumer goal achievement/goal failure, where goal outcomes are hypothesized to be joint functions of consumer actions and physical, social, or other environmental forces. Consumer action, in turn, is proposed to begin with reasoning processes (subject to nonconscious biases found in neural operations), to undergo appraisals of anticipated goal outcomes, which are experienced as positive and negative emotions, to involve a subsequent integrative stage of desire production, where reasoning, emotional, and social processes are integrated and transformed into a decision to act or not, and finally to encompass additional affective and reasoning processes that are initiated in a stage termed, ,trying to consume', wherein decisions are planned and implemented, and goal-directed behaviours activated. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

TEST OF A MULTISTAGE MODEL OF DISTAL AND PROXIMAL ANTECEDENTS OF LEADER PERFORMANCE

Confidence Bands for Low-Dose Risk Estimation with Quantal Response Data

BIOMETRICS, Issue 4 2003
Obaid M. Al-Saidy
Summary. We study the use of simultaneous confidence bands for low-dose risk estimation with quantal response data, and derive methods for estimating simultaneous upper confidence limits on predicted extra risk under a multistage model. By inverting the upper bands on extra risk, we obtain simultaneous lower bounds on the benchmark dose (BMD). Monte Carlo evaluations explore characteristics of the simultaneous limits under this setting, and a suite of actual data sets are used to compare existing methods for placing lower limits on the BMD. [source]

Graduate Medical Education and Knowledge Translation: Role Models, Information Pipelines, and Practice Change Thresholds

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2007
Barry M. Diner MD
This article reflects the proceedings of a workshop session, Postgraduate Education and Knowledge Translation, at the 2007 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on knowledge translation (KT) in emergency medicine (EM). The objective was to develop a research strategy that incorporates KT into EM graduate medical education (GME). To bridge the gap between the best evidence and optimal patient care, Pathman et al. suggested a multistage model for moving from evidence to action. Using this theoretical knowledge-to-action framework, the KT consensus conference group focused on four key components: acceptance, application, ability, and remembering to act on the existing evidence. The possibility that basic familiarity, along with the pipeline by Pathman et al., may improve KT uptake may be an initial starting point for research on GME and KT. Current residents are limited by faculty GME role models to demonstrate bedside KT principles. The rapid uptake of KT theory will depend on developing KT champions locally and internationally for resident physicians to emulate. The consensus participants combined published evidence with expert opinion to outline recommendations for identifying the barriers to KT by asking four specific questions: 1) What are the barriers that influence a resident's ability to act on valid health care evidence? 2) How do we break down these barriers? 3) How do we incorporate this into residency training? 4) How do we monitor the longevity of this intervention? Research in the fields of GME and KT is currently limited. GME educators assume that if we teach residents, they will learn and apply what they have been taught. This is a bold assumption with very little supporting evidence. This article is not an attempt to provide a complete overview of KT and GME, but, instead, aims to create a starting point for future work and discussions in the realm of KT and GM. [source]