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Multiple Roles (multiple + role)
Selected AbstractsStyle Versus Substance: Multiple Roles of Language Power in PersuasionJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008John R. Sparks This research explores how message style influences persuasion in conjunction with message substance. Using the elaboration likelihood model, the study operationalizes message style as language power and message substance as argument quality, then considers the multiple roles language power can assume in persuasion. The authors investigate whether language power acts as a (a) central argument, (b) peripheral cue, (c) biasing influence on assessment of arguments, or (d) distraction that inhibits argument processing. Additionally, they manipulate exposure time to examine how processing ability influences which persuasive roles language power assumes. The authors find empirical support for the multiple-roles perspective and conclude that the role of message style depends partially on the ability to process message details. [source] Multiple Roles for the Endocannabinoid System During the Earliest Stages of Life: Pre- and Postnatal DevelopmentJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 2008E. Fride The endocannabinoid system, including its receptors (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands (,endocannabinoids'), synthesising and degrading enzymes, as well as transporter molecules, has been detected from the earliest stages of embryonic development and throughout pre- and postnatal development. In addition, the endocannabinoids, notably 2-arachidonyl glycerol, are also present in maternal milk. During three distinct developmental stages (i.e. embryonic implantation, prenatal brain development and postnatal suckling), the endocannabinoid system appears to play an essential role for development and survival. Thus, during early pregnancy, successful embryonic passage through the oviduct and implantation into the uterus both require critical enzymatic control of optimal anandamide levels at the appropriate times and sites. During foetal life, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor plays a major role in brain development, regulating neural progenitor differentiation into neurones and glia and guiding axonal migration and synaptogenesis. Postnatally, CB1 receptor blockade interferes with the initiation of milk suckling in mouse pups, by inducing oral motor weakness, which exposes a critical role for CB1 receptors in the initiation of milk suckling by neonates, possibly by interfering with innervation of the tongue muscles. Manipulating the endocannabinoid system by pre- and/or postnatal administration of cannabinoids or maternal marijuana consumption, has significant, yet subtle effects on the offspring. Thus, alterations in the dopamine, GABA and endocannabioid systems have been reported while enhanced drug seeking behaviour and impaired executive (prefrontal cortical) function have also been observed. The relatively mild nature of the disruptive effects of prenatal cannabinoids may be understood in the framework of the intricate timing requirements and frequently biphasic effects of the (endo)cannabinoids. In conclusion, the endocannabinoid system plays several key roles in pre- and postnatal development. Future studies should further clarify the mechanisms involved and provide a better understanding of the adverse effects of prenatal exposure, in order to design strategies for the treatment of conditions such as infertility, mental retardation and failure-to-thrive. [source] Negotiating Multiple Roles in the Field: Dilemmas of Being an Employee/ResearcherNORTH AMERICAN DIALOGUE (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Ashley Spalding More North Americanists must consider the implications of combining paid work with research since funding for our projects is not keeping up with the rising number of anthropologists conducting research in North America. In this article, I reflect on my own paid work and dissertation research in a divided "mixed income" neighborhood in Tampa, Florida. I negotiated multiple roles conducting research with both middle-class homeowners and low-income renters while working as an employee in one of the neighborhood's low-income apartment complexes. Paid work has advantages beyond making research financially possible. For instance, it enables greater access and insight into particular issues. It can also complicate a researcher's role/s in numerous ways, including how she is perceived by different members of the communities in which she works, and the practical and ethical issues that result. [source] Multiple roles of PPAR, in brown adipose tissue under constitutive and cold conditionsGENES TO CELLS, Issue 2 2010Makiko Komatsu Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , (PPAR,) is a member of the nuclear receptor family, regulating fatty acid degradation in many organs. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of brown adipose tissue (BAT) from PPAR,-null mice produced a higher-density spot. Proteomic analysis indicated that the protein was pyruvate dehydrogenase , (PDH,). To observe PDH, regulation in BAT, the organ was stimulated by long-term cold exposure, and the activities of associated enzymes were investigated. Histological and biochemical analyses of BAT showed a significant decrease in the triglyceride content in wild-type mice and some degree of decrease in PPAR,-null mice on cold exposure. Analyses of molecules related to glucose metabolism showed that the expression of PDH, is under PPAR,-specific regulation, and that glucose degradation ability may decrease on cold exposure. In contrast, analyses of molecules related to fatty acid metabolism showed that numerous PPAR,/, target molecules are induced on cold exposure, and that fatty acid degradation ability in wild-type mice is markedly enhanced and also increases to same degree in PPAR,-null mice on cold exposure. Thus, this study proposes novel and multiple roles of PPAR, in BAT. [source] Multiple roles of Lyn kinase in myeloid cell signaling and functionIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2009Patrizia Scapini Summary:, Lyn is an Src family kinase present in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. In these cell types, Lyn establishes signaling thresholds by acting as both a positive and a negative modulator of a variety of signaling responses and effector functions. Lyn deficiency in mice results in the development of myeloproliferation and autoimmunity. The latter has been attributed to the hyper-reactivity of Lyn-deficient B cells due to the unique role of Lyn in downmodulating B-cell receptor activation, mainly through phosphorylation of inhibitory molecules and receptors. Myeloproliferation results, on the other hand, from the enhanced sensitivity of Lyn-deficient progenitors to a number of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). The hyper-sensitivity to myeloid growth factors may also be secondary to poor inhibitory receptor phosphorylation, leading to impaired recruitment/activation of tyrosine phosphatases and reduced downmodulation of CSF signaling responses. Despite these observations, the overall role of Lyn in the modulation of myeloid cell effector functions is much less well understood, as often both positive and negative roles of this kinase have been reported. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the duplicitous nature of Lyn in the modulation of myeloid cell signaling and function. [source] Multiple roles of the candidate oncogene ZNF217 in ovarian epithelial neoplastic progressionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2007Peixiang Li Abstract The transcription factor ZNF217 is often amplified in ovarian cancer, but its role in neoplastic progression is unknown. We introduced ZNF217 -HA by adenoviral and retroviral infection into normal human ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSE), i.e., the source of ovarian cancer, and into SV40 Tag/tag expressing, p53/pRB-deficient OSE with extended but finite life spans (IOSE). In OSE, ZNF217-HA reduced cell,substratum adhesion and accelerated loss of senescent cells, but caused no obvious proneoplastic changes. In contrast, ZNF217-HA transduction into IOSE yielded two permanent lines, I-80RZ and I-144RZ, which exhibited telomerase activity, stable telomere lengths, anchorage independence and reduced serum dependence, but were not tumorigenic in SCID mice. This immortalization required short-term EGF treatment near the time of crisis. The permanent lines were EGF-independent, but ZNF217-dependent since siRNA to ZNF217 inhibited anchorage independence and arrested growth. Array CGH revealed genomic changes resembling those of ovarian carcinomas, such as amplicons at 3q and 20q, and deletions at 4q and 18, associated with underexpressed annexin A10, N-cadherin, desmocollin 3 and PAI-2, which have been reported as tumor suppressors. The lines overexpressed EEF1A2, SMARA3 and STAT1 and underexpressed other oncogenes, tumor suppressors and extracellular matrix/adhesion genes. The results implicate ZNF217 as an ovarian oncogene, which is detrimental to senescing normal OSE cells but contributes to neoplastic progression in OSE with inactivated p53/RB. The resemblance of the genomic changes in the ZNF217-overexpressing lines to ovarian carcinomas provides a unique model to investigate interrelationships between these changes and ovarian neoplastic phenotypes. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Diplodus spp. assemblages on artificial reefs: importance for near shore fisheriesFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2009F. LEITÃO Abstract, Artificial reefs have been deployed along the southern coast of Portugal (Algarve) since 1990 to enhance artisanal fisheries. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the colonisation process; (2) assess the role of the artificial reefs in terms of juvenile recruitment and growth and as mating/spawning areas and (3) evaluate the potential of artificial reefs as near shore artisanal fishing grounds for three economically important fish species, Diplodus bellottii (Steindachner), Diplodus sargus (L.) and Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire). The fish assemblages were monitored after the deployment of a large artificial reef (Faro/Ancão) in 2002. Colonisation rates for the three species were fast. Artificial reefs play a multiple role for Diplodus spp., acting as recruitment, growth and nursery areas for juveniles, and spawning/mating areas for adults, and can thus be considered essential fish habitat. Three months after deployment of the artificial reefs, exploitable biomass was 16, 29 and 8 kg per reef group, respectively, for D. bellotti, D. sargus and D. vulgaris. These results indicate that artificial reefs quickly become good fishing grounds, where suitable financial yields may be obtained by fisher. Moreover, the artificial reefs became new and alternative fishing grounds, allowing reduction of fishing effort over traditional rocky areas that are scarce along the Algarve coast. Management measures for artificial reefs, in terms of fishing strategies, are discussed. [source] Finding Meaning in the Text: The Process of Interpretation in Text-Based DivinationTHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 2 2001David Zeitlyn Some systems of divination are used to select particular sections of text, which are typically arcane and erudite, in which lies the answer to the particular, pressing problems of the client. Celebrated examples of such systems are the Chinese I Ching and the Yoruba Ifá. Werbner's work on Kalanga and Tswapong divination provides a case-study of the detailed praxis in such systems. Diviners have a multiple role when a divination technique selects a text. At each consultation they must satisfy themselves, their client, and their audience that they have followed the correct procedures to select the text. A second stage follows. The client has a particular question and the selected text was not composed as a specific answer to it. Interpretation is required to satisfy the client that the question has been answered. The diviner thus plays the role of indigenous critic, a role both similar to and different from that of literary critics in the Western tradition. The concept of ,dialogic' used by Barber in her analysis of Yoruba praise poetry is taken to illustrate similarities and differences between diviner and critic. [source] Shaggy/GSK-3, kinase localizes to the centrosome and to specialized cytoskeletal structures in DrosophilaCYTOSKELETON, Issue 6 2006Yves Bobinnec Abstract The assembly of a functional bipolar mitotic spindle requires an exquisite regulation of microtubule behavior in time and space. To characterize new elements of this machinery we carried out a GFP based "protein trap" screen and selected fusion proteins which localized to the spindle apparatus. By this method we identified Shaggy, the Drosophila homologue of glycogen synthase kinase-3, (GSK-3,), as a component of centrosomes. GSK-3, acting in the Wingless signaling pathway is involved in a vast range of developmental processes, from pattern formation to cell-fate specification, and is a key factor for cell proliferation in most animals. We exploited our Shaggy::GFP Drosophila line to analyze the subcellular localizations of GSK-3,/Shaggy and shed light on its multiple roles during embryogenesis. We found that Shaggy becomes enriched transiently in a variety of specialized cytoskeletal structures of the embryo, including centrosomes throughout mitosis, suggesting that this kinase is involved in the regulation of many aspects of the cytoskeleton function. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Repulsive guidance molecule/neogenin: a novel ligand-receptor system playing multiple roles in neural developmentDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 6 2004Eiji Matsunaga The repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) is a membrane-bound protein originally isolated as an axon guidance molecule in the visual system. Recently, the transmembrane protein, neogenin, has been identified as the RGM receptor. In vitro analysis with retinal explants showed that RGM repels temporal retinal axons and collapses their growth cones through neogenin-mediated signaling. However, RGM and neogenin are also broadly expressed at the early embryonic stage, suggesting that they do not only control the guidance of visual axons. Gene expression perturbation experiments in chick embryos showed that neogenin induces cell death, and its ligand, RGM, blocks the pro-apoptotic activity of neogenin. Thus, RGM/neogenin is a novel dependence ligand/receptor couple as well as an axon guidance molecular complex. [source] Oda16/Wdr69 is essential for axonemal dynein assembly and ciliary motility during zebrafish embryogenesisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 8 2010Chunlei Gao Abstract In the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Oda16 functions during ciliary assembly as an adaptor for intraflagellar transport of outer arm dynein. Oda16 orthologs only occur in genomes of organisms that use motile cilia; however, such cilia play multiple roles during vertebrate development and the contribution of Oda16 to their assembly remains unexplored. We demonstrate that the zebrafish Oda16 ortholog (Wdr69) is expressed in organs with motile cilia and retains a role in dynein assembly. Antisense morpholino knockdown of Wdr69 disrupts ciliary motility and results in multiple phenotypes associated with vertebrate ciliopathies. Affected cilia included those in Kupffer's vesicle, where Wdr69 plays a role in generation of asymmetric fluid flow and establishment of organ laterality, and otic vesicles, where Wdr69 is needed to develop normal numbers of otoliths. Analysis of cilium ultrastructure revealed loss of outer dynein arms in morphant embryos. These results support a remarkable level of functional conservation for Oda16/Wdr69. Developmental Dynamics 239:2190,2197, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Phenotypic analysis of deflated/Ints7 function in Drosophila developmentDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 5 2009Rachael J. Rutkowski Abstract The Drosophila gene deflated (CG18176; renamed after the pupal lethal abdominal phenotype of mutant individuals) is a member of a conserved gene family found in all multicellular organisms. The human orthologue of deflated (Ints7) encodes a subunit of the Integrator complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and has been implicated in snRNA processing. Since loss-of-function analyses of deflated have not yet been reported, we undertook to investigate deflated expression patterns and mutant phenotypes. deflated mRNA was detected at low levels in proliferating cells in postblastoderm embryos and GFP tagged protein is predominately nuclear. Generation and analysis of four mutant alleles revealed deflated is essential for normal development, as mutant individuals displayed pleiotropic defects affecting many stages of development, consistent with perturbation of cell signalling or cell proliferation. Our data demonstrate multiple roles in development for an Ints7 homologue and to demonstrate its requirement for normal cell signalling and proliferation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1131,1139, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Six cadm/synCAM genes are expressed in the nervous system of developing zebrafishDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2008Thomas Pietri Abstract The Cadm (cell adhesion molecule) family of cell adhesion molecules (also known as IGSF4, SynCAM, Necl and TSLC) has been implicated in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, such as spermatogenesis, synapse formation and lung cancer. The precise mechanisms by which these adhesion molecules mediate these diverse functions remain unknown. To investigate mechanisms of action of these molecules during development, we have identified zebrafish orthologs of Cadm family members and have examined their expression patterns during development and in the adult. Zebrafish possess six cadm genes. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis suggest that four of the zebrafish cadm genes represent duplicates of two tetrapod Cadm genes, whereas the other two cadm genes are single orthologs of tetrapod Cadm genes. All six zebrafish cadms are expressed throughout the nervous system both during development and in the adult. The spatial and temporal patterns of expression suggest multiple roles for Cadms during nervous system development. Developmental Dynamics 237:233,246, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Postplasmic/PEM RNAs: A class of localized maternal mRNAs with multiple roles in cell polarity and development in ascidian embryosDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 7 2007François Prodon Abstract Ascidian is a good model to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mRNA localization with the discovery of a large family of localized maternal mRNAs, called postplasmic/PEM RNAs, which includes more than 40 members in three different ascidian species (Halocynthia roretzi, Ciona intestinalis, and C. savignyi). Among these mRNAs, two types (Type I and Type II) have been identified and show two different localization patterns from fertilization to the eight-cell stage. At the eight-cell stage, both types concentrate to a macromolecular cortical structure called CAB (for Centrosome Attracting Body) in the posterior-vegetal B4.1 blastomeres. The CAB is responsible for unequal cleavages and the partitioning of postplasmic/PEM RNAs at the posterior pole of embryos during cleavage stages. It has also been suggested that the CAB region could contain putative germ granules. In this review, we discuss recent data obtained on the distribution of Type I postplasmic/PEM RNAs from oogenesis to late development, in relation to their localization and translational control. We have first regrouped localization patterns for Type I and Type II into a comparative diagram and included all important definitions in the field. We also have made an exhaustive classification of their embryonic expression profiles (Type I or Type II), and analyzed their functions after knockdown and/or overexpression experiments and the role of the 3,-untranslated region (3,UTR) controlling both their localization and translation. Finally, we propose a speculative model integrating recent data, and we also discuss the relationship between postplasmic/PEM RNAs, posterior specification, and germ cell formation in ascidians. Developmental Dynamics 236:1698,1715, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of qBrn-1, a new member of the POU gene family, in the early developing nervous system and embryonic kidneyDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2006Lei Lan Abstract It has been shown that POU domain genes play critical roles in the development of the nervous system. We have obtained a new member of the class III POU domain genes, qBrn-1, from the cDNA library of embryonic day 5 quail and have made an extensive expression pattern analysis of qBrn-1 and qBrn-2 throughout the early embryonic development by in situ hybridization. With a specific antibody we prepared, further analysis by immunohistochemistry showed that the location of qBrn-1 protein was consistent with that of the transcripts in the early developing quail. Our results showed that both qBrn-1 and qBrn-2 were preferentially expressed in the developing central nervous system, and their transcripts were initially detected in the neural plate and later in the distinct regions of the neural tube with a stage-dependent pattern. Moreover, their expression was also detected in both notochord and neural crests. However, qBrn-1 signal, different from qBrn-2, was more widely found in the auditory pits, branchial arches, and in the mesodermal components of the developing kidney. And the expression of qBrn-1 in nephric region was earlier and wider than that of mouse Brn-1, suggesting the characteristic function of qBrn-1 in the kidney formation. The distinct dynamic expression patterns of qBrn-1 and qBrn-2 indicate multiple roles of the class III POU genes in quail neurogenesis and organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:1107,1114, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] What are regulatory B cells?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 10 2010David Gray Abstract B cells are now acknowledged to play multiple roles in the immune response, in addition to making antibodies. Their role in regulating T-cell responses during inflammation has come into focus recently. Thus, IL-10 production by B cells has been shown to be important in limiting auto-reactive and pathogen-driven immune pathology; however, the exact identity of the regulatory B cells remains elusive; do they belong to a committed subset or can all B cells regulate given the appropriate inducing stimuli? A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology provides insight into the IL-10-producing B cells in humans, suggesting that many B cells have the capacity to make IL-10 when optimally stimulated via the BCR and TLR9. Despite producing significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines as well, these B cells suppress T-cell proliferation. This Commentary places this study in the context of what we think we know about regulatory B cells and more importantly highlights the questions we still need to answer. [source] Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide controls the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells through downregulation of cyclin D1EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Brian Njaine Abstract During retinal development, cell proliferation and exit from the cell cycle must be precisely regulated to ensure the generation of the appropriate numbers and proportions of the various retinal cell types. Previously, we showed that pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts a neuroprotective effect in the developing retina of rats, through the cAMP,cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) (PKA) pathway. Here, we show that PACAP also regulates the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells. PACAP, PACAP-specific receptor (PAC1), and the receptors activated by both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), VPAC1 and VPAC2, are expressed during embryonic and postnatal development of the rat retina. Treatment of retinal explants with PACAP38 reduced the incorporation of [3H]thymidine as well as the number of 5-bromo-2,-deoxyuridine-positive and cyclin D1-positive cells. Pharmacological experiments indicated that PACAP triggers this antiproliferative effect through the activation of both PAC1 and VPACs, and the cAMP,PKA pathway. In addition, PACAP receptor activation decreased both cyclin D1 mRNA and protein content. Altogether, the data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a cell-extrinsic regulator with multiple roles during retinal development, including the regulation of proliferation in a subpopulation of retinal progenitor cells. [source] The heat shock protein 70 molecular chaperone network in the pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum , a quantitative approachFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 19 2007Andreas Weitzmann Traditionally, the canine pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been the workhorse for cell-free studies on protein transport into the mammalian ER. These studies have revealed multiple roles for the major ER-luminal heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, IgG heavy chain-binding protein (BiP), at least one of which also involves the second ER-luminal Hsp70, glucose-regulated protein (Grp) 170. In addition, at least one of these BiP activities depends on Hsp40. Up to now, five Hsp40s and two nucleotide exchange factors, Sil1 and Grp170, have been identified in the ER of different mammalian cell types. Here we quantified the various proteins of this chaperone network in canine pancreatic rough microsomes. We also characterized the various purified proteins with respect to their affinities for BiP and their effect on the ATPase activity of BiP. The results identify Grp170 as the major nucleotide exchange factor for BiP, and the resident ER-membrane proteins ER-resident J-domain protein 1 plus ER-resident J-domain protein 2/Sec63 as prime candidates for cochaperones of BiP in protein transport in the pancreatic ER. Thus, these data represent a comprehensive analysis of the BiP chaperone network that was recently linked to two human inherited diseases, polycystic liver disease and Marinesco,Sjögren syndrome. [source] Elucidation of the role of Grr1p in glucose sensing by Saccharomyces cerevisiae through genome-wide transcription analysisFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004Steen L. Westergaard Abstract The role of Grr1p in glucose sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was elucidated through genome-wide transcription analysis. From triplicate analysis of a strain with deletion of the GRR1 -gene from the genome and an isogenic reference strain, 68 genes were identified to have significantly altered expression using a Student's t -test with Bonferroni correction. These 68 genes were widely distributed across different parts of the cellular metabolism and GRR1 -deletion is therefore concluded to result in polytrophic effects, indicating multiple roles for Grr1p. Using a less conservative statistical test, namely the SAM test, 232 genes were identified as having significantly altered expression, and also these genes were widely distributed across different parts of the cellular metabolism. Promoter analyses on a genome-wide scale and on the genes with significant changes revealed an over-representation of DNA-binding motifs for the transcriptional regulators Mig1p and Rgt1p in the promoter region of the significantly altered genes, indicating that Grr1p plays an important role in the regulatory pathways that ultimately lead to transcriptional regulation by each of the components Mig1p and Rgt1p. [source] Multiple roles of PPAR, in brown adipose tissue under constitutive and cold conditionsGENES TO CELLS, Issue 2 2010Makiko Komatsu Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , (PPAR,) is a member of the nuclear receptor family, regulating fatty acid degradation in many organs. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of brown adipose tissue (BAT) from PPAR,-null mice produced a higher-density spot. Proteomic analysis indicated that the protein was pyruvate dehydrogenase , (PDH,). To observe PDH, regulation in BAT, the organ was stimulated by long-term cold exposure, and the activities of associated enzymes were investigated. Histological and biochemical analyses of BAT showed a significant decrease in the triglyceride content in wild-type mice and some degree of decrease in PPAR,-null mice on cold exposure. Analyses of molecules related to glucose metabolism showed that the expression of PDH, is under PPAR,-specific regulation, and that glucose degradation ability may decrease on cold exposure. In contrast, analyses of molecules related to fatty acid metabolism showed that numerous PPAR,/, target molecules are induced on cold exposure, and that fatty acid degradation ability in wild-type mice is markedly enhanced and also increases to same degree in PPAR,-null mice on cold exposure. Thus, this study proposes novel and multiple roles of PPAR, in BAT. [source] Transgenic mice for Cre-inducible overexpression of the oncogenes c-MYC and Pim-1 in multiple tissuesGENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 10 2006Meejeon Roh Abstract The transcription factor c-MYC and the serine-threonine kinase Pim-1 have multiple roles in development and cancer, including in lymphomagenesis and prostate tumorigenesis. In some cancers, MYC and Pim-1 oncogenes are co-expressed and show marked cooperativity. To facilitate the analysis of the pathological roles of MYC and Pim-1 in specific cell types and developmental stages, we generated mice carrying Cre-inducible MYC/Pim-1 transgenes. The mice carry a constitutively expressed lacZ marker and silent MYC/Pim-1 genes. Cre-mediated recombination results in deletion of the lacZ marker and concurrent activation of the MYC/Pim-1 transgene. In addition, the Pim-1 mice harbor an alkaline phosphatase gene as a positive marker for recombination. Mouse lines for each gene were established, which show distinct patterns of expression in multiple tissues. In vivo recombination was confirmed for all lines by breeding to Cre transgenic mice. These mice provide a valuable resource for investigating the significance of MYC and Pim-1 overexpression in various tissues. genesis 44:447,453, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Interleukin-10 in viral diseases and cancer: exiting the labyrinth?IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2004Alain P. Vicari Summary:, Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is unique among cytokines, as it is considered both as a potent immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive factor. This complex biology has been particularly challenging when trying to define the useful or harmful role of IL-10 in chronic viral diseases and cancer. In the present review, we emphasize how these multiple roles define IL-10 as an adaptive molecule, constantly tuning the host response against dangerous and resourceful pathogens. [source] Ethics and conflicts, the role of insolvency professionals in the integrity of the Canadian bankruptcy and insolvency system,INTERNATIONAL INSOLVENCY REVIEW, Issue 3 2004Janis Sarra Insolvency practice involves a balance between adherence to rules of ethical conduct and the avoidance of conflicts of interest, and the need to find cost effective methods of debt collection or restructuring under the statutory regime. Potential conflicts of interest are inherent in the multiple roles granted to such professionals under the insolvency system, whether the financial distress is personal or commercial. This article begins to explore whether or not these conflicts serve as barriers to the effective administration of the insolvency and bankruptcy system. It also examines whether oversight of professional ethics and avoidance of conflicts is a matter for legislative intervention or best left to the profession, including temporal and materiality issues in disclosure of potential conflicts, and accountability to stateholders through the appointment process. The key issue is how one manages those conflicts while maintaining the integrity of the system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Multiple Roles of Additives in CaCO3 Crystallization: A Quantitative Case StudyADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Denis Gebauer To date, the knowledge of the multiple roles of additives in calcium carbonate crystallization results from empirical control of crystal growth. We present a crystallization assay generating controlled supersaturation, which allows the categorization of different modes of additive action. This facilitates a novel understanding of the action of crystallization additives. [source] Rapid denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for mutation scanning of the transforming growth factor ,3 gene using a novel proof-reading polymeraseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 5 2003A. Bayat Summary We have utilized a novel variation on the conventional denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) technology, which we term rapid DHPLC, combining changes in instrumentation, cartridge technology and analysis conditions to enable significant increases in throughput to be achieved. In addition, the use of a novel proof-reading polymerase for sample amplification with a low misincorporation rate enables simplification of the DHPLC patterns and hence enhanced mutation detection recognition. This scheme for increasing DHPLC throughput has been tested by scanning the transforming growth factor (TGF) ,3 gene for the presence of mutations for which there is limited published or on-line data available regarding the presence of gene polymorphisms. TGF, isoforms have multiple roles in cell division, growth, proliferation, transformation and differentiation. TGF,3 is a TGF, cytokine isoform, and has an important role in embryogenesis, cell differentiation and wound healing. The TGF,3 gene consists of seven exons and six introns spanning 43 000 bp of the human genome on chromosome 14q23,24. The rapid DHPLC approach enabled scanning of all seven exons and part of the promoter region (1000 bp upstream from exon 1 in the 5,-flanking regions) of the TGF,3 gene in 95 Caucasian individuals in only 8 days, in comparison to the 17 days it would have previously taken. Mutations were clearly identified in the promoter region of the TGF,3 gene but were absent from the exonic regions. Understanding the genetic variations affecting the TGF,3 gene is important as this molecule has multiple regulatory functions on a variety of cell types. [source] A Thiourea-Oxazoline Library with Axial Chirality: Ligand Synthesis and Studies of the Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Bis(methoxycarbonylation) of Terminal OlefinsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2010Ying-Xiang Gao Abstract We report herein the synthesis of novel chiral S,N-heterobidentate thiourea-oxazoline ligands and their application to palladium-catalyzed enantioselective bis(methoxycarbonylation)s of terminal olefins under mild conditions. Copper salts were found to play multiple roles in this reaction. Substituted 2-phenylsuccinates were obtained in >90% yield and up to 84% ee under optimized conditions. [source] Paradoxical roles for lysyl oxidases in cancer,A prospectJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2007Stacey L. Payne Abstract Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of collagens or elastin in the extracellular compartment, thereby regulating the tensile strength of tissues. However, recent reports have demonstrated novel roles for LOX, including the ability to regulate gene transcription, motility/migration, and cell adhesion. These diverse functions have led researchers to hypothesize that LOX may have multiple roles affecting both extra- and intracellular cell function(s). Particularly noteworthy is aberrant LOX expression and activity that have been observed in various cancerous tissues and neoplastic cell lines. Both down and upregulation of LOX in tumor tissues and cancer cell lines have been described, suggesting a dual role for LOX as a tumor suppressor, as well as a metastasis promoter gene,creating a conundrum within the LOX research field. Here, we review the body of evidence on LOX gene expression, regulation, and function(s) in various cancer cell types and tissues, as well as stromal,tumor cell interactions. Lastly, we will examine putative mechanisms in which LOX facilitates breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Taken together, the literature demonstrates the increasingly important role(s) that LOX may play in regulating tumor progression and the necessity to elucidate its myriad mechanisms of action in order to identify potentially novel therapeutics. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1338,1354, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The integrin family of cell adhesion molecules has multiple functions within the CNSJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Richard Milner Abstract Integrins comprise a large family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate interactions between the extracellular environment and the cytoplasm. During the last decade, analysis of the expression and function of these molecules has revealed that integrins regulate many aspects of cell behavior including cell death, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Within the central nervous system (CNS), most of the early studies focused on the role of integrins in mediating adhesive and migratory events in two distinct processes: neural development and CNS inflammation. Interestingly, recent analysis of transgenic mice has provided some surprising results regarding the role of integrins in neural development. Furthermore, a large body of evidence now supports the idea that in addition to these well-described functions, integrins play multiple roles in the CNS, both during development and in the adult in areas as diverse as synaptogenesis, activation of microglia, and stabilization of the endothelium and blood-brain barrier. Many excellent reviews have addressed the contribution of integrins in mediating leukocyte extravasation during CNS inflammation. This review will focus on recently emerging evidence of novel and diverse roles of integrins and their ligands in the CNS during development and in the adult, in health and disease. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nitric oxide signalling in salivary glandsJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 10 2002Dagnia Looms Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays multiple roles in both intracellular and extracellular signalling mechanisms with implications for health and disease. This review focuses on the role of NO signalling in salivary secretion. Attention will be paid primarily to endogenous NO production in acinar cells resulting from specific receptor stimulation and to NO-regulated Ca2+ homeostasis. Due to the fact that NO readily crosses membranes by simple diffusion, endogenous NO may play a physiological role in processes as diverse as modifying the secretory output, controlling blood supply to the gland, modulating transmitter output from nerve endings, participating in the host defence barrier, and affecting growth and differentiation of surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the role of NO in the pathogenesis of human oral diseases will be considered. [source] Differential effects of strain on two forms of work performance: individual employee sales and creativityJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 1 2002Linn Van Dyne In this research, we develop and test a model of the links between psychological strain (subjective experiences of feeling conflict and tension) and work performance. Our model includes two types of strain (work strain and home strain) and two forms of work performance (quantity of individual sales performance and creativity). Thus we acknowledge the importance of work and non-work sources of strain as well as the multidimensional nature of work performance. We test the proposed relationships with data collected over six months from a field sample of 195 hair salon stylists (personal service workers who interact directly with customers and provide services directly to individuals and not to other firms). Results demonstrate a positive relation between work strain and individual employee sales performance and a negative relation between home strain and employee creativity at work. Leader,member exchange moderated the effects of work strain and home strain on creativity. We discuss findings and implications, emphasizing multiple roles, the importance of differentiating types of strain, and the multidimensionality of work performance. We conclude by suggesting that strain may be particularly relevant to work performance of employees in jobs like those in our sample which are characterized by high social interdependence and low task interdependence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||