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Multiple Forms (multiple + form)
Selected AbstractsMultiple forms of genetic instability within a 2-Mb chromosomal segment of 3q26.3,q27 are associated with development of esophageal adenocarcinomaGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 4 2006Lin Lin Gene amplification is one of the mechanisms to activate oncogenes in many cancers, including esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). In the present study, we used two-dimensional restriction landmark genome scanning to clone a NotI/DpnII fragment that showed increased genomic dosage in 1 of 44 EAs analyzed. This fragment maps to 3q26.3,q27, and subsequent experiments identified two intrachromosomal amplicons within a 10-Mb DNA segment in 7 of 75 (9%) EAs. The distal amplified-core region maps centromeric to the PIK3CA locus, and a microsatellite (D3S1754) within this region exhibited significant instability (MSI), in stark contrast to the genomewide microsatellite stability found in EA. D3S1754-MSI arises in premalignant Barrett's dysplastic cells and preceded amplification of the nascent MSI allele in the corresponding EA. Seven ESTs within the amplified-core were overexpressed in amplicon-containing EAs. One of these, EST AW513672, represents a chimeric transcript that initiated from an antisense promoter sequence in the 5,UTR of a full-length LINE-1 element (L1-5,ASP). Similar chimeric transcripts encoding portions of the MET oncogene and the BCAS3 gene also were overexpressed in EAs, suggesting that L1-5,ASP activation may occur at a broad level in primary EAs. Thus, the fine dissection of a 2-Mb amplified DNA segment in 3q26.3,q27 in EA revealed multiple genetic alterations that had occurred sequentially and/or concurrently during EA development. This article has supplementary material, available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Multiple forms of U2 snRNA coexist in the silk moth Bombyx moriINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002J. M. Sierra-Montes Abstract Eight U2 snRNA variants were isolated from several Bombyx mori U2-specific RT-PCR libraries. U2 sequences and secondary structures were generated and examined in terms of potential RNA and protein interactions. Analysis indicated that nucleotide changes occurred in both stem/loop and single-stranded areas. Changes in the double stranded areas were either compensatory, single substitutions (e.g. C , U) or prevented the double-stranded formation of one or two base pairs. The polymorphisms were clustered in moderately conserved regions. Some of the changes observed generated stronger base pairing. Inter-species conserved protein or RNA-binding sites were relatively unaffected. No polymorphic sites were found in known functional sequences. Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster U2 sequences are 95% and 70% similar at the 5,- and the 3,-ends of the molecule, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the U2 sequences demonstrates remarkable conservation across species. [source] Characteristics of 32 SupercentenariansJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2006Emily A. Schoenhofen BA OBJECTIVES: To report phenotypic characteristics of 32 age-validated supercentenarians. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: U.S.-based recruitment effort. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two supercentenarians. MEASUREMENTS: Multiple forms of proof were used to validate age claims. Sociodemographic, activities of daily living, and medical history data were collected. RESULTS: Age range was 110 to 119. Fifty-nine percent had Barthel Index scores in the partially to totally dependent range, whereas 41% required minimal assistance or were independent. Few subjects had a history of clinically evident vascular-related diseases, including myocardial infarction (n=2, 6%) and stroke (n=4, 13%). Twenty-two percent (n=7) were taking medications for hypertension. Twenty-five percent (n=8) had a history of cancer (all cured). Diabetes mellitus (n=1, 3%) and Parkinson's disease (n=1, 3%) were rare. Osteoporosis (n=14, 44%) and cataract history (n=28, 88%) were common. CONCLUSION: Data collected thus far suggest that supercentenarians markedly delay and even escape clinical expression of vascular disease toward the end of their exceptionally long lives. A surprisingly substantial proportion of these individuals were still functionally independent or required minimal assistance. [source] Characterization of the Photochromic Pigments in Red Fluorescent Proteins Purified from the Gut Juice of the Silkworm Bombyx mori L.PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Santosh G. Sunagar Multiple forms of red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) were observed in the gut juice of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. It is to be noted that only one RFP band is reported in the literature so far. However, we report here three electrophoretically separated RFPs (A, B and C) found to be heterogeneous with respect to their components, namely the protein part and the fluorescent tetrapyrrole pigment moiety. Of the three RFPs, band C was found to be a glycoprotein. The absorption extinction coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields of the three RFPs were estimated. Further, this is the first communication demonstrating the presence of three different chlorophyll derivatives associated with the three different RFPs. The pigments were analyzed by thin layer chromatography followed by their elution to characterize the pigments by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods. Spectral characteristics have led to the identification of monovinyl chlorophyllide a, divinyl protochlorophyllide a and monovinyl pheophytin a as being associated with RFP bands A, B and C, respectively. These three purified RFPs can serve as the source of the three pigments as the standards. [source] Multiple forms of activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity in layer V cortical neurones in vivoTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 13 2009Jeanne T. Paz Synaptic plasticity is classically considered as the neuronal substrate for learning and memory. However, activity-dependent changes in neuronal intrinsic excitability have been reported in several learning-related brain regions, suggesting that intrinsic plasticity could also participate to information storage. Compared to synaptic plasticity, there has been little exploration of the properties of induction and expression of intrinsic plasticity in an intact brain. Here, by the means of in vivo intracellular recordings in the rat we have examined how the intrinsic excitability of layer V motor cortex pyramidal neurones is altered following brief periods of repeated firing. Changes in membrane excitability were assessed by modifications in the discharge frequency versus injected current (F,I) curves. Most (,64%) conditioned neurones exhibited a long-lasting intrinsic plasticity, which was expressed either by selective changes in the current threshold or in the slope of the F,I curve, or by concomitant changes in both parameters. These modifications in the neuronal input,output relationship led to a global increase or decrease in intrinsic excitability. Passive electrical membrane properties were unaffected by the intracellular conditioning, indicating that intrinsic plasticity resulted from modifications of voltage-gated ion channels. These results demonstrate that neocortical pyramidal neurones can express in vivo a bidirectional use-dependent intrinsic plasticity, modifying their sensitivity to weak inputs and/or the gain of their input,output function. These multiple forms of experience-dependent intrinsic changes, which expand the computational abilities of individual neurones, could shape new network dynamics and thus might participate in the formation of mnemonic motor engrams. [source] Regulation of plant water loss by manipulating the expression of phospholipase D,THE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001Yongming Sang Summary Phospholipase D (PLD) has been implicated in various processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and membrane degradation. Multiple forms of PLD with distinct biochemical properties have been described in the cell. In Arabidopsis, PLD, and PLD,, but not PLD,, were detected in guard cells, and antisense suppression resulted in a specific loss of PLD,. The abrogation of PLD, rendered plants less sensitive to abscisic acid and impaired stomatal closure induced by water deficits. PLD,-depleted plants exhibited accelerated transpirational water loss and a decreased ability to tolerate drought stress. Overexpression of PLD, enhanced the leaf's sensitivity to abscisic acid. These findings provide molecular and physiological evidence that PLD, plays a crucial role in regulating stomatal movement and plant-water status. [source] Multiple forms of violence and other criminal activities as an indicator of severe child maltreatmentCHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Janet Stanley Abstract Child protection practice still appears to view child maltreatment as an event largely isolated from other family violence and criminal activities. Research undertaken by the authors suggests that children who have been subjected to the more severe forms of abuse are likely to have come from families who engage in several forms of criminal activity, inside and outside the family, which is often severe in nature. The child who has been maltreated may also become a participant in these activities. The authors recommend that these factors should be investigated in families who have maltreated a child, as the presence or absence of several forms of concurrent violence and other criminal activity may provide an important clue about the welfare of the child. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Early adversity in chronic depression: clinical correlates and response to pharmacotherapy,,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 8 2009Daniel N. Klein Ph.D. Abstract Background: There is growing evidence suggesting that early adversity may be a marker for a distinct pathway to major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined associations between childhood adversity and a broad variety of clinical characteristics and response to pharmacotherapy in a large sample of patients with chronic forms of MDD. Methods: Subjects included 808 patients with chronic forms of MDD (chronic MDD, double depression, or recurrent MDD with incomplete recovery between episodes and a total continuous duration of >2 years) who were enrolled in a 12-week open-label trial of algorithm-guided pharmacotherapy. Baseline assessments included a semi-structured diagnostic interview, and clinician- and self-rated measures of depressive symptoms, social functioning, depressotypic cognitions, and personality traits, and childhood adversity. Patients were re-evaluated every 2 weeks. Results: A longer duration of illness; earlier onset; greater number of episodes, symptom severity, self-rated functional impairment, suicidality, and comorbid anxiety disorder; and higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes and self-criticism were each associated with multiple forms of childhood adversity. A history of maternal overcontrol, paternal abuse, paternal indifference, sexual abuse, and an index of clinically significant abuse each predicted a lower probability of remission. Among patients completing the 12-week trial, 32% with a history of clinically significant abuse, compared to 44% without such a history, achieved remission. Conclusions: These findings indicate that a history of childhood adversity is associated with an especially chronic form of MDD that is less responsive to antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Transient response of cardiac angiosarcoma to paclitaxelEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 5 2010E. CASTILLA md CASTILLA E., PASCUAL I., RONCALÉS F., AGUIRRE E. & RÍO A. DEL (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care19, 699,700 Transient response of cardiac angiosarcoma to paclitaxel Malignant tumours of the heart are a group of tumours with low incidence but very high mortality. Delays in diagnosis are common because of their multiple forms of presentation, and 80% present with metastases, further reducing the possibility for cure. We present here the case of a patient with primary cardiac angiosarcoma that highlights the misdiagnosis at clinical presentation, current diagnostic modalities and a possible new treatment using paclitaxel for cardiac angiosarcoma. [source] Genome dynamics in major bacterial pathogensFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2009Ole Herman Ambur Abstract Pathogenic bacteria continuously encounter multiple forms of stress in their hostile environments, which leads to DNA damage. With the new insight into biology offered by genome sequences, the elucidation of the gene content encoding proteins provides clues toward understanding the microbial lifestyle related to habitat and niche. Campylobacter jejuni, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogenic Neisseria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus are major human pathogens causing detrimental morbidity and mortality at a global scale. An algorithm for the clustering of orthologs was established in order to identify whether orthologs of selected genes were present or absent in the genomes of the pathogenic bacteria under study. Based on the known genes for the various functions and their orthologs in selected pathogenic bacteria, an overview of the presence of the different types of genes was created. In this context, we focus on selected processes enabling genome dynamics in these particular pathogens, namely DNA repair, recombination and horizontal gene transfer. An understanding of the precise molecular functions of the enzymes participating in DNA metabolism and their importance in the maintenance of bacterial genome integrity has also, in recent years, indicated a future role for these enzymes as targets for therapeutic intervention. [source] Accumulation of multiple forms of lamin A with down-regulation of FACE-1 suppresses growth in senescent human cellsGENES TO CELLS, Issue 3 2007Ryo Ukekawa 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) clearly induces a senescence-like phenomenon in every cell type. Proteome analysis revealed that lamin A and C were most highly increased in the nuclei of HeLa cells upon addition of BrdU. Immunoblot analysis also revealed marked accumulation of nuclear prelamin A. Consistently, farnesylated-proteins converting enzyme 1 (FACE-1) was markedly down-regulated in the same cells. Similar phenomena were also observed in normal human fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence. Immunochemical analysis confirmed the above results. Lamin A is a major component of lamina and responsible for several genetic diseases. Thus, we ectopically expressed a wild-type, a mature type and a premature type of lamin in HeLa cells. All of these forms similarly inhibited colony formation and delayed cell cycle progression mainly through G2 phase. These results suggest that a change in the amount of lamin A, rather than appearance of its truncated form, is responsible for growth retardation in affected cells. [source] Force transducer-based movement detection in fear conditioning in mice: A comparative analysisHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 1 2002Thomas Fitch Abstract Fear conditioning (FC) allows the dissociation of hippocampal and nonhippocampal behavioral function in rodents, and has become a diagnostic tool in transgenic mouse research employed to investigate mutation-induced changes in brain function. Although the procedural details of the paradigm have been established, quantification of the behavioral output, freezing, remains problematic in mice. Observation-based techniques are time-consuming and may be subject to bias, while movement detection with photocells is imprecise. Here we describe an alternative method for movement detection, based on an electronic force transducer system that allows the quantification of acceleration forces generated by a moving subject. We compare the behavior of two inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6 and DBA/2) whose performance is known to differ in hippocampal tasks, including FC. The comparison is made using multiple techniques: the force transducer approach, and three observation-based methods, a computer-aided event-recording approach, a traditional time-sampling paper/pencil method, and a subjective impression-based scoring system. In addition, we investigate the correlation structures of behavioral elements quantified by event recording, using principal component analyses; we conclude that fear may manifest in multiple forms and in a stimulus- and genotype-dependent manner. We suggest that the force transducer system provides precise quantification of movements in an automated manner and will allow high-throughput screening for mutation and drug effects in mice. However, we also argue that fear responses can be complex, and freezing behavior may not be the only measure of fear or fear-associated memory. Hippocampus 2002;12:4,17. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway.INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 2 2005An Essential Mediator of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Other Forms of Intestinal Inflammation Abstract Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by mucosal immune cell activation that is driven by a cytokine imbalance. Several cytokines involved in IBD act through the activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family. We investigated the activation of STAT3 in the mucosa of CD and UC patients, and evaluated whether this event is specific for IBD patients. Using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, total and phosphorylated STAT3 levels were assessed in biopsy specimens, isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with CD, UC, other forms of intestinal inflammation, and control subjects. Immunoblotting revealed phosphorylated STAT3 in mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with CD, UC, celiac disease, and acute self-limited colitis, but not in the normal mucosa of control subjects. In IBD patients, STAT3 activation was confined to actively inflamed areas. Accordingly, activated STAT3 was detected in isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from inflamed IBD tissues, but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from control subjects or IBD patients. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the sources of activated STAT3 were macrophages and T lymphocytes, but not neutrophils. STAT3 activation also was detected in T cells infiltrating the duodenal mucosa of celiac disease patients. We conclude that STAT3 signaling occurs in both CD and UC, where it is strictly confined to areas of active inflammation and is limited to infiltrating macrophages and T cells. The occurrence of STAT3 signaling in other acute and chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions suggests that, rather than a specific feature of IBD, it represents a fundamental signaling pathway that is shared by multiple forms of gut inflammation. [source] Differences between students and non-students' willingness to donate to a charitable organisationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 2 2010Robin Pentecost This paper reports on a comparative study of students and non-students that investigates which psycho-social factors influence intended donation behaviour within a single organisation that offers multiple forms of donation activity. Additionally, the study examines which media channels are more important to encourage donation. A self-administered survey instrument was used and a sample of 776 respondents recruited. Logistic regressions and a Chow test were used to determine statistically significant differences between the groups. For donating money, importance of charity and attitude towards charity influence students, whereas only importance of need significantly influences non-students. For donating time, no significant influences were found for non-students, however, importance of charity and attitude towards charity were significant for students. Importance of need was significant for both students and non-students for donating goods, with importance of charity also significant for students. Telephone and television channels were important for both groups. However, Internet, email and short messaging services were more important for students, providing opportunities to enhance this group's perceptions of the importance of the charity, and the importance of the need, which ultimately impacts on their attitudes towards the charity. These differences highlight the importance of charities focussing on those motivations and attitudes that are important to a particular target segment and communicating through appropriate media channels for these segments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] What's Interesting about Karl Barth?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Barth as Polemical, Descriptive Theologian Much of the interest in Karl Barth's theology has been found in the formal elements of his theology, whether a single thought-form or multiple forms. Most of that interest focuses on Barth's epistemology or his ,actualism'. This article suggests that material theological loci, expounded descriptively, and often with a polemical intent, were at the heart of Barth's work, and are still the richest vein of his theology. Metaphysics and epistemology were subservient to material dogmatic affirmations. The article closes with some observations on the continuing relevance of Barth's theology. [source] Beyond Presentism: Rethinking the Enduring Co-constitutive Relationships between International Law and International Relations,INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Rémi Bachand This paper challenges the views in the fields of International Relations and International Law that treat the significance of law in the international system solely on the basis of the contemporary context marked by the increased institutionalization of world politics. Instead of focusing on the relationship between rules and the conduct of actors, we conceptualize the co-constitutive relationship between law and politics, and incorporate the multiple forms of legal-political expression that constitute power relations and dynamics into our analysis. Three dimensions of the co-constitutive relations between Law and Politics are explored: legal forms, legal constraints, and the indeterminacy of law. [source] Role of the metastasis-promoting protein osteopontin in the tumour microenvironmentJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 8 2010Pieter H. Anborgh Abstract Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted protein present in bodily fluids and tissues. It is subject to multiple post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, proteolytic cleavage and crosslinking by transglutamination. Binding of OPN to integrin and CD44 receptors regulates signalling cascades that affect processes such as adhesion, migration, invasion, chemotaxis and cell survival. A variety of cells and tissues express OPN, including bone, vasculature, kidney, inflammatory cells and numerous secretory epithelia. Normal physiological roles include regulation of immune functions, vascular remodelling, wound repair and developmental processes. OPN also is expressed in many cancers, and elevated levels in patients' tumour tissue and blood are associated with poor prognosis. Tumour growth is regulated by interactions between tumour cells and their tissue microenvironment. Within a tumour mass, OPN can be expressed by both tumour cells and cellular components of the tumour microenvironment, and both tumour and normal cells may have receptors able to bind to OPN. OPN can also be found as a component of the extracellular matrix. The functional roles of OPN in a tumour are thus complex, with OPN secreted by both tumour cells and cells in the tumour microenvironment, both of which can in turn respond to OPN. Much remains to be learned about the cross-talk between normal and tumour cells within a tumour, and the role of multiple forms of OPN in these interactions. Understanding OPN-mediated interactions within a tumour will be important for the development of therapeutic strategies to target OPN. [source] Short-term dietary restriction and fasting precondition against ischemia reperfusion injury in miceAGING CELL, Issue 1 2010James R. Mitchell Summary Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and increases resistance to multiple forms of stress, including ischemia reperfusion injury to the brain and heart in rodents. While maximal effects on lifespan require long-term restriction, the kinetics of onset of benefits against acute stress is not known. Here, we show that 2,4 weeks of 30% DR improved survival and kidney function following renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Brief periods of water-only fasting were similarly effective at protecting against ischemic damage. Significant protection occurred within 1 day, persisted for several days beyond the fasting period and extended to another organ, the liver. Protection by both short-term DR and fasting correlated with improved insulin sensitivity, increased expression of markers of antioxidant defense and reduced expression of markers of inflammation and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. Unbiased transcriptional profiling of kidneys from mice subject to short-term DR or fasting revealed a significant enrichment of signature genes of long-term DR. These data demonstrate that brief periods of reduced food intake, including short-term daily restriction and fasting, can increase resistance to ischemia reperfusion injury in rodents and suggest a rapid onset of benefits of DR in mammals. [source] The roles of NADPH oxidase and phospholipases A2 in oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseasesJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2007Grace Y. Sun Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in mammalian cells through enzymic and non-enzymic mechanisms. Although some ROS production pathways are needed for specific physiological functions, excessive production is detrimental and is regarded as the basis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Among enzymes producing superoxide anions, NADPH oxidase is widespread in mammalian cells and is an important source of ROS in mediating physiological and pathological processes in the cardiovascular and the CNS. ROS production is linked to the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis, activation of Ca2+ -dependent enzymes, alteration of cytoskeletal proteins, and degradation of membrane glycerophospholipids. There is evolving evidence that ROS produced by NADPH oxidase regulate neuronal functions and degrade membrane phospholipids through activation of phospholipases A2 (PLA2). This review is intended to cover recent studies describing ROS generation from NADPH oxidase in the CNS and its downstream activation of PLA2, namely, the group IV cytosolic cPLA2 and the group II secretory sPLA2. A major focus is to elaborate the dual role of NADPH oxidase and PLA2 in mediating the oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. Elucidation of the signaling pathways linking NADPH oxidase with the multiple forms of PLA2 will be important in understanding the oxidative and degradative mechanisms that underline neuronal damage and glial activation and will facilitate development of therapeutic intervention for prevention and treatment of these and other neurodegenerative diseases. [source] Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by glutamate receptorsJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2007John Q. Wang Abstract Glutamate receptors regulate gene expression in neurons by activating intracellular signaling cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of the best characterized cascades in this regulatory process. The Ca2+ -permeable ionotropic glutamate receptor, mainly the NMDA receptor subtype, activates MAPKs through a biochemical route involving the Ca2+ -sensitive Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), however, activates MAPKs primarily through a Ca2+ -insensitve pathway involving the transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases. The adaptor protein Homer also plays a role in this process. As an information superhighway between surface glutamate receptors and transcription factors in the nucleus, active MAPKs phosphorylate specific transcription factors (Elk-1 and CREB), and thereby regulate distinct programs of gene expression. The regulated gene expression contributes to the development of multiple forms of synaptic plasticity related to long-lasting changes in memory function and addictive properties of drugs of abuse. This review, by focusing on new data from recent years, discusses the signaling mechanisms by which different types of glutamate receptors activate MAPKs, features of each MAPK cascade in regulating gene expression, and the importance of glutamate/MAPK-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory and addiction. [source] Qualitative in situ analysis of multiple solid-state forms using spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant modelingJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 7 2007Karin Kogermann Abstract This study used in situ spectroscopy to reveal the multiple solid-state forms that appear during isothermal dehydration. Hydrate forms of piroxicam and carbamazepine (CBZ) were investigated on hot-stage at different temperatures using near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate modeling. Variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Karl Fisher titrimetry were used as reference methods. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to qualitatively evaluate the phase transition. It was shown that the constructed PLS-DA models, where spectral differences were directly correlated to solid-state modifications, enabled differentiation between the multiple forms. Qualitative analysis revealed that during dehydration, hydrates, such as CBZ dihydrate, may go through several solid-state forms, which must be considered in quantitative model construction. This study demonstrates that in situ analysis can be used to monitor the dehydration and reveal associated solid-state forms prior to quantification. The utility of the complementary spectroscopic techniques, NIR and Raman, have been shown. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96: 1802,1820, 2007 [source] Toward implementing distributed scaffolding: Helping students learn science from designJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 2 2005Sadhana Puntambekar In this article, we present two studies that helped us understand the kinds of support that students need to learn science successfully from design activities. Both were enacted in the context of an approach to learning science from design called learning by design (LBD). In our first study, we designed and integrated a paper-and-pencil scaffolding tool, the design diary, into an LBD unit to support students' design-related activities. We learned two important lessons from the first study. First, we refined our understanding of the processes involved in designing and the ways we might present those processes to students. Second, and more important, we observed that in the dynamic, complex environment of the classroom, not all of the scaffolding could be provided with any one tool or agent. We found that students need multiple forms of support and multiple learning opportunities to learn science successfully from design activities. In our next study, we provided additional support through an organized system of tools and agents. Our analysis of data from the second study leads us to believe that supporting multiple students in a classroom requires us to rethink the notion of scaffolding as it applied to groups of learners in a classroom. We put forth the notion of distributed scaffolding as an approach to supporting hands-on inquiry learning in a classroom. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 185,217, 2005 [source] Platelet hyperreactivity generalizes to multiple forms of stimulationJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 9 2006D. L. YEE Summary.,Background:,Although platelet hyperreactivity constitutes an important cardiovascular risk factor, standardized methods for its measurement are lacking. We recently reported that aggregometry using a submaximal concentration of epinephrine identifies individuals with in vitro platelet hyperreactivity; this hyperreactivity was reproducible on multiple occasions over long periods of time. Objective and methods:,To better understand this aberrant reactivity, we studied in a large group of subjects (n = 386) the relationship between healthy individuals' platelet reactivity to epinephrine and their platelet phenotype as measured by other functional assays. Results:,Subjects with hyperreactivity to epinephrine were more likely to exhibit hyperfunction in each major aspect of platelet activity, including adhesion (response to low-dose ristocetin; P < 0.001), activation (surface P-selectin expression and PAC-1 binding after stimulation; P , 0.003) and aggregation to other agonists [no agonist, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, collagen, collagen-related peptide and ristocetin; P , 0.025] and to applied shear stress (PFA-100 and cone-and-plate viscometer; P < 0.05). These differences persisted after adjusting for demographic and hematologic differences between groups. We studied candidate genes relevant to epinephrine-mediated platelet activation and found that hyperreactivity to epinephrine was associated with a polymorphism on the gene (GNB3) encoding the beta-3 subunit of G proteins (P = 0.03). Conclusions:,Robust aggregation to a submaximal concentration of epinephrine establishes a true hyperreactive platelet phenotype that is ,global' as opposed to agonist specific; detection of this phenotype could be useful for studying patients at risk for arterial thrombosis. The mechanisms underlying hyperreactivity to different types of platelet stimulation may share common signaling pathways, some of which may involve specific G protein subunits. [source] Distinct patterns of serum immunoreactivity as evidence for multiple brain-directed autoantibodies in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosisNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006M. J. Lim Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) have been reported in sera from the Cln3,/, mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), and in individuals with this fatal paediatric neurodegenerative disorder. To investigate the existence of other circulating autoreactive antibodies, we used sera from patients with JNCL and other forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) as primary antisera to stain rat and human central nervous system sections. JNCL sera displayed characteristic patterns of IgG, but not IgA, IgE or IgM immunoreactivity that was distinct from the other forms of NCL. Immunoreactivity of JNCL sera was not confined to GAD65-positive (GABAergic) neurons, but also stained multiple other cell populations. Preadsorption of JNCL sera with recombinant GAD65 reduced the intensity of the immunoreactivity, but did not significantly change its staining pattern. Moreover, sera from Stiff Person Syndrome and Type I Diabetes, disorders in which GAD65 autoantibodies are present, stained with profiles that were markedly different from JNCL sera. Collectively, these studies provide evidence of the presence of autoreactive antibodies within multiple forms of NCL, and are not exclusively directed towards GAD65. [source] Mediating "The Voice of the Spirit": Musical and religious transformations in Nigeria's oil boomAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 2 2010VICKI L. BRENNAN ABSTRACT In this article, I examine a musical recording made by a Yoruba Christian church in the context of Nigeria's oil boom in the 1970s. I focus on the recording as a node of mediation: a site at which multiple forms of mediation converge to bring together institutional orders and individual subjectivities. Those responsible for the recording drew on meaningful cultural forms,in this case, religion, music, and electronic media,to make authoritative claims about morality and experience in the context of profound social change. I seek to understand how religious groups use media to create links between political-economic transformations and individual experience. [Nigeria, Christianity, mediation, music, religious authority, political economy] [source] Four kinds of authenticity?AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 3 2009Regarding Nicaraguan pottery in Scandinavian museums ABSTRACT Since the late 1970s, ceramics producers in the Nicaraguan village of San Juan de Oriente have repeatedly transformed both the design of and the technology for making their products. Different types of Scandinavian museums exhibited the most recent form of San Juanense pottery in 2006,08, which provided me with an opportunity to reflect on the history and character of the pottery in light of my own involvement with its producers since the early 1980s. This article unpacks those reflections in terms of the discourse of authenticity that anthropologists have elaborated over the past three decades. [multiple forms of authenticity, ceramics production, artisan communities, San Juan de Oriente, Nicaragua, role of anthropology, systems of value] [source] A lifetime of caring: Dimensions and dynamics in late-life close relationshipsPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, Issue 1 2006ROSEMARY BLIESZNER This review of research on close relationships in old age is informed by principles of life span developmental psychology and life course theory in sociology. It begins with an elaboration of life span and life course concepts as applied to relationships and an analysis of the multiple forms that caring can take. The discussion continues with presentation of research on the effects of sociohistorical contexts on relationships in old age and studies of the effects of personal development and life events on relationships as well. A section examining problems in late-life close relationships is followed by examples of new directions for research on the intersections of personal development and close relationships. [source] Nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in land plants and algae: phylogenic and physiological perspectivesPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 1 2002Ritsuko Inokuchi An important biochemical feature of autotrophs, land plants and algae, is their incorporation of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, into the carbon skeleton. Nitrate and ammonium are converted into glutamine and glutamate to produce organic nitrogen compounds, for example proteins and nucleic acids. Ammonium is not only a preferred nitrogen source but also a key metabolite, situated at the junction between carbon metabolism and nitrogen assimilation, because nitrogen compounds can choose an alternative pathway according to the stages of their growth and environmental conditions. The enzymes involved in the reactions are nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1-2), nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1), glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.13-14, 1.4.7.1), glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2-4), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), asparagine synthase (EC 6.3.5.4), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31). Many of these enzymes exist in multiple forms in different subcellular compartments within different organs and tissues, and play sometimes overlapping and sometimes distinctive roles. Here, we summarize the biochemical characteristics and the physiological roles of these enzymes. We also analyse the molecular evolution of glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and discuss the evolutionary relationships of these three enzymes. [source] Not all J domains are created equal: Implications for the specificity of Hsp40,Hsp70 interactionsPROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 7 2005Fritha Hennessy Abstract Heat shock protein 40s (Hsp40s) and heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) form chaperone partnerships that are key components of cellular chaperone networks involved in facilitating the correct folding of a broad range of client proteins. While the Hsp40 family of proteins is highly diverse with multiple forms occurring in any particular cell or compartment, all its members are characterized by a J domain that directs their interaction with a partner Hsp70. Specific Hsp40,Hsp70 chaperone partnerships have been identified that are dedicated to the correct folding of distinct subsets of client proteins. The elucidation of the mechanism by which these specific Hsp40,Hsp70 partnerships are formed will greatly enhance our understanding of the way in which chaperone pathways are integrated into finely regulated protein folding networks. From in silico analyses, domain swapping and rational protein engineering experiments, evidence has accumulated that indicates that J domains contain key specificity determinants. This review will critically discuss the current understanding of the structural features of J domains that determine the specificity of interaction between Hsp40 proteins and their partner Hsp70s. We also propose a model in which the J domain is able to integrate specificity and chaperone activity. [source] Lessons learned from a small native American communityPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2002Wendy Nelson Espeland The decision not to build Orme Dam was a great political victory for residents of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation in central Arizona. This article examines the conditions that gave rise to what most considered an unlikely outcome, and the lessons it suggests for understanding the politics of large water projects. These lessons include the importance of understanding that rationality takes multiple forms; that how value is expressed can be as significant as what, and how much, something is valued; that identity politics which elaborates and celebrates cultural differences can be an effective means for challenging even powerful bureaucracies; and that law can be an important mediating structure in the politics of bureaucratic decision-making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||