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Mutual Relationships (mutual + relationships)
Selected AbstractsTest of Nyborg's General Trait Covariance (GTC) model for hormonally guided development by means of structural equation modelingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2003Martin Reuter Nyborg's General Trait Covariance (GTC) model for hormonally guided development investigates the influence of gonadal hormones and fluid intelligence on body build, achievement, and socioeconomic variables. According to the model, testosterone should be negatively related to height, fat/muscle ratio, intelligence, income, and education. It is conceived that this influence should be determined to a great extent by mutual relationships between these variables. The model was tested by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample of 4375 males who had served in the United States Armed Forces. The results largely confirm Nyborg's androtype model but in addition reflect the relationships between the variables included in a quantitative causal manner. It could be shown that testosterone has a negative influence on crystallized intelligence and that this effect is mainly mediated by the negative influence of testosterone on education. An additional multiple group analysis testing for structural invariance across age groups revealed that the mediating role of education is more pronounced in old veterans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Enhancement by pyrazole of lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice: Role of cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2A5,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Yongke Lu The mechanisms by which alcohol causes liver injury are still not certain. Either LPS or CYP2E1 are considered independent risk factors involved in alcoholic liver disease, but mutual relationships or interactions between them are unknown. In the present study, the possible synergistic action of CYP2E1 and LPS in liver injury was investigated by evaluating the effects of pyrazole (inducer of CYP2E1), Chlormethiazole (CMZ), an inhibitor of CYP2E1, and CYP2E1-knockout mice. Mice were injected with pyrazole (150 mg/kg, ip) daily for 2 days, followed by LPS injection (4 mg/kg, ip). CMZ (50mg/kg, ip) was administered 15 h before and 30 min after LPS treatment, respectively. LPS-induced liver injury was enhanced by pyrazole, as indicated by pathological changes and increases in ALT and AST, and positive TUNEL staining. LPS-induced oxidative stress was also enhanced by pyrazole as indicated by increases in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine adduct formation. CMZ protected against the pyrazole enhanced LPS liver injury and oxidative stress. CYP2E1 but also CYP2A5 were increased by the pyrazole/LPS treatment. CMZ decreased the elevated CYP2E1 activity by 90%, but CYP2A5 activity was also lowered (30%-50%). CYP2E1-knockout mice exhibited only minor liver injury after treatment with pyrazole/LPS, but wild-type mice exhibited severe liver injury. While no CYP2E1 was present in the CYP2E1 knockout mice, CYP2A5 activity was also lower. In conclusion, induction of CYP2E1 plays an important role in the enhancement of LPS liver injury by pyrazole, but some contribution by CYP2A5 cannot be excluded. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;44:263,274.) [source] Peace building: a conceptual frameworkINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 1 2001Merav Moshe An interdisciplinary legal and social work framework for peace building is presented. Inequality and its eradication are identified as linking factors transforming conflict into coexistence. Peace building is determined to entail participation in the struggle for social justice. Three conditions are identified as central to the peace building process. The first necessitates the establishment of inclusive, autonomous communities, each free to express religious, cultural and national aspirations and identity. The second requires the recognition of the legitimacy of each community to assert rights and claims without denying those of the other. This premise supports the view of the individual in relation and notes that coexistence can only be advanced through the building of mutual relationships. Finally, peace building requires recognition of human rights as a tool to promote relationships both within and between societies. [source] Dynamic changes in nerve growth factor and substance P in the murine hair cycle induced by depilationTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2006Zhanchao ZHOU ABSTRACT Increasing evidence suggests that various neurotrophins and neuropeptides play an important role in the progression of hair follicle cycling. Among them, nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P (SP) have attracted special interest recently. However, the interaction between these factors during hair cycling has not yet been systematically studied. We therefore investigated the mutual relationships between NGF and SP and the mechanism by which the anagen stage of the hair cycle is initiated. Fluctuations in numbers of SP-positive nerve fibers and variations in amounts of SP, NGF, and another neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, in skin in the C57BL/6 mouse depilation-induced hair cycle model, together with the spatiotemporal expression patterns of each of these factors, were followed simultaneously by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The main finding was that a surge in NGF expression and a rapid increase in NGF content in skin is an initial event within 1 day after depilation, followed by elevation of SP content and numbers of SP-containing fibers 2 days after the increase in NGF. Our findings suggest that a rapid and abundant increase in NGF plays a key role in the induction and progression of anagen hair cycling through keratinocyte growth promotion. NGF may also induce plastic changes such as sprouting and hyperplasia in dermal nerve fibers and enhance their SP production. Elevated levels of SP in skin may additionally contribute to the progression of consecutive anagen hair cycles. [source] Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approachBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 3 2005Jean-François Ponge ABSTRACT More realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALS, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non-hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build-up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes. [source] The 24-h frequency-volume chart in adults reporting no voiding complaints: defining reference values and analysing variablesBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2004E.P. Van Haarst OBJECTIVE To determine the variables (e.g. voiding frequency, voided volumes, urine production) and their mutual relationships and differences between age groups and genders, using a frequency-volume chart (FVC) in an adult population (representing all age groups) who denied having any voiding complaints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In all, 1152 men and women aged >,20 years completed a 24-h FVC; registration started with the first voided volume in the morning and concluded with the first voided volume the next morning. The time of voiding and volume were both recorded, and bedtime hours noted. Each participant claimed to have no voiding complaints. The statistical analysis was aimed at discerning the relationships between the FVC variables, gender and age. RESULTS There was a linear increase in mean 24-h voiding frequency and nocturia in men, from 6.0 and 0.5 in the third decade to 8.5 and 1.6 in those aged >,70 years. Contrary to men, in women the mean 24-h frequency declined slightly in the older decades; it increased from 6.9 in the third to 8.2 in the sixth, declining to 7.8 in those aged >,70 years. Nocturia in women increased linearly, although slower than in men, from 0.7 in the third decade to 1.4 in those aged >,70 years. The mean volume/void decreased significantly in both genders, from 313 to 209 mL in men, and from 274 to 240 mL in women. The mean 24-h volume was 1718 and 1762 mL in men and women, respectively. For both genders there was a strong linear association between 24-h urine production and voided volumes. CONCLUSION The volume/void and maximum voided volume decreased significantly with age in both sexes, but more prominently in men. As a result, in men the frequency increased with age, probably reflecting subclinical changes associated with the development of prostatic enlargement. In contrast to men the frequency in women increased initially and decreased in the older groups. A higher 24-h urine production was associated with a higher mean volume/void. [source] | ||||||||||